The semiconductor industry has lobbied two presidential administrations to go easy with restrictions on selling cutting-edge computer chips to China. Jensen Huang, the chief executive of Nvidia, the world’s leading artificial intelligence chip maker, even traveled to Mar-a-Lago this month to discuss policy with President Trump.

半导体行业已经游说两届政府，放宽对中国的尖端计算机芯片销售限制。领先全球的人工智能芯片制造商英伟达的首席执行官黄仁勋本月甚至前往马阿拉歌庄园，与特朗普总统讨论相关政策。

But with the Trump administration putting new curbs on A.I. chip sales this week, it is clear that the industry’s pushback has failed. The fallout has set off a scramble among chipmakers to reset expectations for a future with less sales to China and prompted fears that their retreat could turn the Chinese tech giant Huawei into a global chip-making powerhouse.

但随着特朗普政府对人工智能芯片的销售实施新的限制，该行业的反对显然未能奏效。芯片制造商们因此陷入慌乱，纷纷重新设定预期，以适应对华销售减少的未来，同时也引发了撤出中国市场可能会让本土科技巨头华为变成全球芯片制造巨头的担忧。

The Trump administration said on Tuesday that it was taking measures to restrict the sale of A.I. chips by Nvidia, Advanced Micro Devices and Intel. The crackdown essentially closed the door on a fast-growing business in China, which buys more chips than any other country.

特朗普政府上周二表示，将采取措施限制英伟达、AMD和英特尔的人工智能芯片销售。这一打压等于关闭了这些公司快速增长的中国业务，中国是全球芯片购买量最大的国家。

In the two days after the limits became public, shares of Nvidia, the world’s leading A.I. chipmaker, fell 8.4 percent. AMD’s shares dropped 7.4 percent, and Intel’s were down 6.8 percent.

在限制措施公布后的两天内，英伟达股价下跌了8.4%。AMD的股价下跌了7.4%，英特尔的股价则下跌了6.8%。

“For the U.S. semiconductor industry, China is gone,” said Handel Jones, a semiconductor consultant at International Business Strategies, which advises electronics companies. He projects that Chinese companies will have a majority share of chips in every major category in China by 2030.

为电子公司提供咨询服务的国际商业策略公司半导体顾问汉德尔·琼斯表示：“对美国半导体行业来说，中国市场已经远去。”他预计，到2030年，中国公司将在中国的每个主要芯片品类中占据多数份额。

The U.S. companies’ challenges are a reflection of how U.S.-Chinese tensions are reordering the global economy. For years, U.S. companies created and designed many of the world’s best-selling products, while relying on China to produce most of them and buy many of them.

美国公司面临的挑战反映了中美紧张局势正在重塑全球经济格局。多年来，美国企业创造和设计了世界上许多最畅销的产品，但大部分由中国生产，其中很大一部分被中国购买。

But over the past decade, the balance shifted as China began to develop homegrown rivals and Mr. Trump began imposing tariffs. A.I. has heightened those tensions. The technology has the potential to create trillions of dollars in economic value and funnel tremendous power to the two countries vying for A.I. supremacy: the United States and China.

但在过去十年中，随着中国开始培育本土竞争对手，以及特朗普开始征收关税，平衡出现转变。人工智能加剧了这种紧张局势。这项技术有创造数万亿美元经济价值的潜力，并为争夺人工智能霸主地位的两个国家——美国和中国——输送了巨大的力量。

Computer chips are the building blocks of artificial intelligence. Nvidia, in particular, dominates the market for chips used to build A.I. systems. It was on the verge of becoming the first publicly traded company worth $4 trillion before a stock swoon over the past few months dropped its value below $2.5 trillion.

计算机芯片是人工智能的基石。特别是英伟达，它在用于构建人工智能系统的芯片市场占据着主导地位。在过去几个月的股价暴跌使其价值跌破2.5万亿美元之前，该公司即将成为首家价值4万亿美元的上市公司。

In 2022, the Biden administration started imposing rules to restrict China’s ability to buy Nvidia A.I. chips. The administration added more limits each subsequent year. Then, this week the Trump administration blocked the last A.I. chip that Nvidia was selling to China, the H20, saying it was in the government’s national and economic security interest.

2022年，拜登政府开始实施措施限制中国购买英伟达人工智能芯片的能力。此后，政府每年都增加更多限制。然后，在本周，特朗普政府禁止了英伟达最后一款仍在对华销售的人工智能芯片H20，称此举符合政府的国家和经济安全利益。

英伟达的黄仁勋一直在游说特朗普政府放松对人工智能芯片的出口管制。

The timing couldn’t have been worse for Nvidia. Mr. Huang had a scheduled trip to China this week. He spent Thursday with Chinese leaders, stressing how important the country was to his business.

对英伟达来说，这个时机再糟糕不过。黄仁勋按原计划访问了中国。上周四，他与一些中国领导人会面，强调了中国市场对其业务的重要性。

“We’re going to continue to make significant effort to optimize our products that are compliant within the regulations and continue to serve China’s market,” Mr. Huang said during a meeting with the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade.

黄仁勋在中国国际贸易促进委员会的一次会议上表示：“我们将继续不遗余力优化符合监管要求的产品体系，坚定不移地服务中国市场。”

Mr. Huang’s message spoke to one of his biggest fears. For years, he has worried that Huawei, China’s telecommunications giant, will become a major competitor in A.I. He has warned U.S. officials that blocking U.S. companies from competing in China would accelerate Huawei’s rise, said three people familiar with those meetings who spoke on the condition of anonymity.

黄仁勋的这番话道出了他最大的担忧之一。多年来，他一直担心中国电信巨头华为会成为人工智能领域的主要竞争对手。据三名要求匿名的知情人士透露，他曾警告美国官员，阻止美国公司在中国市场竞争将加速华为的崛起。

If Huawei gains ground, Mr. Huang and others at Nvidia have painted a dark picture of a future where China will use the company’s chips to build A.I. data centers across the world for the Belt and Road Initiative, a strategic effort to increase Beijing’s influence by paying for infrastructure projects around the world, a person familiar with the company’s thinking said.

一位知情人士透露，黄仁勋及其他一些英伟达公司人士描绘了一幅灰暗的未来图景，如果华为站稳了脚跟，中国将利用华为的芯片在全球各地为“一带一路”倡议建设人工智能数据中心。“一带一路”是一项通过资助全球基础设施项目来提升中国影响力的战略举措。

Huawei has entered and conquered other markets. Over the years, it has surpassed Ericsson and Nokia in telecommunications and took on Apple in smartphones.

华为已经进入并征服了许多海外市场。多年来，它在电信领域超越了爱立信和诺基亚，在智能手机领域则与苹果展开了竞争。

But the company’s semiconductor business faces challenges. Washington has blocked China from making chips in Taiwan, which produces the world’s most powerful semiconductors. It also prevents Chinese companies from buying machines made by ASML, the Dutch company whose machines are essential for manufacturing the most advanced semiconductors.

但该公司的半导体业务面临着挑战。华盛顿方面阻止中国在台湾生产芯片，后者生产了全球最强大的半导体。美国还阻止中国公司购买荷兰阿斯麦的产品，该公司生产的设备对于制造最先进的半导体至关重要。

Nvidia’s previous generation of chips perform about 40 percent better than Huawei’s best product, said Gregory C. Allen, who has written about Huawei in his role as director of the Wadhwani A.I. Center at the Center for Strategic and International Studies.

作为战略与国际研究中心下设瓦德瓦尼人工智能中心的主任，格雷戈里·艾伦曾经撰写有关华为的文章，他表示，英伟达的上一代芯片性能比华为最好的产品高出约40%。

But that gap could dwindle if Huawei scoops up the business of its American rivals, Mr. Allen said. Nvidia was expected to make more than $16 billion in sales this year from the H20 in China before the restriction. Huawei could use that money to hire more experienced engineers and make higher-quality chips.

但艾伦表示，如果华为接手美国竞争对手的业务，这种差距可能会缩小。在限制措施出台之前，预计英伟达的H20今年在中国的销售额将超过160亿美元。华为可以用这笔钱聘请更有经验的工程师，生产质量更高的芯片。

Mr. Allen said the U.S. government’s restrictions also could help Huawei bring on customers like DeepSeek, a leading Chinese A.I. start-up. Working with those companies could help Huawei improve the software it develops to control its chips. Those kinds of tools have been one of Nvidia’s strengths over the years.

艾伦还表示，美国政府的限制措施还可能帮助华为吸引DeepSeek这样的客户。与这些公司合作可以帮助华为改进其为控制芯片而开发的软件。多年来，这类工具一直是英伟达的优势之一。

Huawei didn’t immediately respond to requests for comment.

华为没有立即回应置评请求。

To prevent Huawei from gaining ground, said Dylan Patel, chief analyst for the research firm SemiAnalysis, who closely follows the rise of A.I. technologies, U.S. officials must prevent China from buying American chip-making equipment.

密切关注人工智能技术发展的研究公司SemiAnalysis的首席分析师迪伦·帕特尔表示，为了阻止华为取得进展，美国官员必须阻止中国购买美国的芯片制造设备。

The U.S. government allows some Chinese companies to buy American machinery. Chinese companies have exploited that loophole, Mr. Patel said. His firm has reported that approved companies have bought equipment and transferred it to Chinese companies that have been blocked from buying it.

美国政府允许一些中国公司购买美国机器。帕特尔说，中国公司已经利用了这一漏洞。他的公司报告说，获得批准的公司已经购买了设备，然后将其转让给被禁止购买设备的中国公司。

“Huawei is a ferocious competitor,” Mr. Allen said. “It brings a mixture of very high-quality talent, psychotically driven work culture and the deep backing of the Chinese government.”

艾伦说：“华为是一个极其强大的竞争对手。它汇聚了非常优秀的人才、疯狂的工作文化以及中国政府的大力支持。”