In public, President Vladimir V. Putin of Russia says his country’s growing friendship with China is unshakable — a strategic military and economic collaboration that has entered a golden era.

在公开场合，俄罗斯总统普京表示，他的国家与中国的友谊与日俱增、不可动摇，两国战略军事和经济合作已进入黄金时期。

But in the corridors of Lubyanka, the headquarters of Russia’s domestic security agency, known as the F.S.B., a secretive intelligence unit refers to the Chinese as “the enemy.”

但在俄罗斯国内安全机构（简称FSB）总部卢比扬卡大楼的走廊里，一个秘密情报部门将中国人称为“敌人”。

This unit, which has not previously been disclosed, has warned that China is a serious threat to Russian security. Its officers say that Beijing is increasingly trying to recruit Russian spies and get its hands on sensitive military technology, at times by luring disaffected Russian scientists.

这个此前未被披露的单位曾警告说，中国对俄罗斯的安全构成严重威胁。该机构的官员表示，北京越来越多地试图招募俄罗斯间谍，获取敏感的军事技术，有时是通过引诱心怀不满的俄罗斯科学家。

The intelligence officers say that China is spying on the Russian military’s operations in Ukraine to learn about Western weapons and warfare. They fear that Chinese academics are laying the groundwork to make claims on Russian territory. And they have warned that Chinese intelligence agents are carrying out espionage in the Arctic using mining firms and university research centers as cover.

情报官员说，中国正在监视俄罗斯军队在乌克兰的行动，以了解西方的武器和作战。他们担心，中国学者正在为向俄罗斯提出领土要求打基础。他们还警告说，中国情报人员利用矿业公司和大学研究中心作为掩护，在北极开展间谍活动。

The threats are laid out in an eight-page internal F.S.B. planning document, obtained by The New York Times, that sets priorities for fending off Chinese espionage. The document is undated, raising the possibility that it is a draft, though it appears from context to have been written in late 2023 or early 2024.

《纽约时报》获得的一份八页的FSB内部规划文件列出了这些威胁，其中列出了防范中国间谍活动的优先事项。这份文件没有注明日期，这增加了它是一份草稿的可能性，但从上下文来看似乎是在2023年底或2024年初写的。

Ares Leaks, a cybercrime group, obtained the document but did not say how it did so. That makes definitive authentication impossible, but The Times shared the report with six Western intelligence agencies, all of which assessed it to be authentic. The document gives the most detailed behind-the-scenes view to date of Russian counterintelligence’s thinking about China. Since Russia invaded Ukraine in February 2022, Moscow’s new bond with Beijing has shifted the global balance of power. The rapidly expanding partnership is one of the most consequential, and opaque, relationships in modern geopolitics.

网络犯罪组织阿瑞斯泄密(Ares Leaks)获得了这份文件，但没有说明是如何获得的，因此也就不可能对真伪做出可靠的评判，但时报与六家西方情报机构分享了这份报告，相关机构均认为该文件是真实的。这份文件提供了迄今为止俄罗斯反间谍机构对中国最详细的幕后看法。自俄罗斯于2022年2月入侵乌克兰以来，莫斯科与北京的新关系改变了全球力量平衡。这一迅速扩大的伙伴关系是现代地缘政治中最重要、最不透明的关系之一。

9月，莫斯科卢比扬卡广场上的警察。

Russia has survived years of Western financial sanctions following the invasion, proving wrong the many politicians and experts who predicted the collapse of the country’s economy. That survival is in no small part due to China.

入侵后，俄罗斯经受住了西方多年的金融制裁，证明许多政治人士和专家有关该国经济会崩溃的预测是错误的。这在很大程度上要归功于中国。

China is the largest customer for Russian oil and provides essential computer chips, software and military components. When Western companies fled Russia, Chinese brands stepped in to replace them. The two countries say they want to collaborate in a vast number of areas, including making movies and building a base on the moon.

中国是俄罗斯石油的最大客户，并提供必要的计算机芯片、软件和军事部件。当西方公司逃离俄罗斯时，中国品牌取而代之。两国表示，它们希望在广泛的领域进行合作，包括制作电影和在月球上建立基地。

Mr. Putin and Xi Jinping, China’s leader, are doggedly pursuing what they call a partnership with “no limits.” But the top-secret F.S.B. memo shows there are, in fact, limits.

普京和中国领导人习近平坚定不移地追求他们所谓“没有止境”的伙伴关系。但是，FSB的绝密备忘录显示，事实上是有止境的。

“You have the political leadership, and these guys are all for rapprochement with China,” said Andrei Soldatov, an expert on Russia’s intelligence services who lives in exile in Britain and who reviewed the document at the request of The Times. “You have the intelligence and security services, and they are very suspicious.”

流亡英国的俄罗斯情报机构专家安德烈·索尔达托夫应时报的要求审阅了这份文件。他说，“一边是政治领导层，这些人都支持与中国修好。一边是情报和安全部门，他们非常多疑。”

Mr. Putin’s spokesman, Dmitri S. Peskov, declined to comment. The Chinese Foreign Ministry did not respond to requests for comment on the document.

普京的发言人德米特里·佩斯科夫拒绝置评。中国外交部没有回应就该文件置评的请求。

The Russian document describes a “tense and dynamically developing” intelligence battle in the shadows between the two outwardly friendly nations.

俄罗斯的文件描述了这两个表面友好的国家之间在暗中进行的“紧张且瞬息万变”的情报战。

Three days before Mr. Putin invaded Ukraine in 2022, the F.S.B. approved a new counterintelligence program called “Entente-4,” the document reveals. The code name, an apparent tongue-in-cheek reference to Moscow’s growing friendship with Beijing, belied the initiative’s real intent: to prevent Chinese spies from undermining Russian interests.

文件显示，在普京于2022年入侵乌克兰的三天前，FSB批准了一项名为“协约-4”的新反间谍项目。这个代号显然是在调侃莫斯科与北京之间日益加深的友谊，它掩盖了该计划的真正意图：防止中国间谍损害俄罗斯的利益。

The timing almost certainly was not accidental. Russia was diverting nearly all of its military and spy resources to Ukraine, more than 4,000 miles from its border with China, and most likely worried that Beijing could try to capitalize on this distraction.

这个时机几乎可以肯定不是偶然的。俄罗斯将几乎所有的军事和间谍资源都转移到了距离中国边境约6400公里的乌克兰，它很可能会担心北京试图利用它的无暇旁顾。

去年在俄罗斯巴泰斯克，应征入伍的俄罗斯士兵准备前往驻地。

Since then, according to the document, the F.S.B. observed China doing just that. Chinese intelligence agents stepped up efforts to recruit Russian officials, experts, journalists and businesspeople close to power in Moscow, the document says.

根据这份文件，FSB观察到中国在那之后正是这么做的。文件说，中国情报人员加大力度，招募俄罗斯官员、专家、记者和与莫斯科当权者关系密切的商人。

To counter this, the F.S.B. instructed its officers to intercept the “threat” and “prevent the transfer of important strategic information to the Chinese.” Officers were ordered to conduct in-person meetings with Russian citizens who work closely with China and warn them that Beijing was trying to take advantage of Russia and obtain advanced scientific research, according to the document.

为了应对这种情况，FSB指示其官员拦截“威胁”，并“防止向中国人转移重要的战略信息”。根据这份文件，官员们被命令与同中国密切合作的俄罗斯公民进行面对面的会谈，并警告他们称北京正试图利用俄罗斯，获得先进的科学研究。

The F.S.B. ordered “the constant accumulation of information about users” on the Chinese messaging app WeChat. That included hacking phones of espionage targets and analyzing the data in a special software tool held by a unit of the F.S.B., the document says.

FSB下令，在中国即时通讯应用微信上“不断积累有关用户的信息”。文件显示，其中包括窃听间谍目标的电话，并用FSB一个部门拥有的一种特殊软件工具对数据进行分析。

The possible long-term alignment of two authoritarian governments, with a combined population of nearly 1.6 billion people and armed with some 6,000 nuclear warheads, has stoked deep concern in Washington.

两个有近16亿人口、总计拥有约6000枚核弹头的威权政府长期结盟的可能性引起了华盛顿的深切关注。

Some members of the Trump administration believe that, through outreach to Mr. Putin, Washington can begin to peel Russia away from China and avoid what Secretary of State Marco Rubio has called “two nuclear powers aligned against the United States.”

特朗普政府的一些成员认为，通过与普京接触，华盛顿可以开始让俄罗斯脱离中国，避免出现国务卿鲁比奥所说的“两个核大国联合起来对付美国”。

“I’m going to have to un-unite them, and I think I can do that, too,” Donald J. Trump said shortly before his election in November. “I have to un-unite them.”

“我将不得不拆散他们，我认为我也能做到，”特朗普在11月当选前不久说。“我必须拆散他们。”

Read one way, the F.S.B. document lends credence to the theory that, with the right approach, Russia can be cleaved away from China. The document describes mistrust and suspicion on both sides of the relationship. China is conducting polygraphs on its agents as soon as they return home, tightening scrutiny of the 20,000 Russian students in China and trying to recruit Russians with Chinese spouses as potential spies, the document says.

从一个角度来看，FSB的文件为这样一种理论提供了证据：只要采取正确的方法，可以把俄罗斯与中国分开。这份文件描述了两国关系中双方的不信任和猜疑。该文件称，中国在特工回国后立即对其进行测谎，加强对在华2万名俄罗斯学生的审查，并试图招募有中国配偶的俄罗斯人作为潜在间谍。

But another reading of the document leads to the opposite conclusion. The fact that Mr. Putin is apparently well aware of the risks of a closer relationship with China and has decided to push ahead anyway could suggest little opportunity for the United States to get Russia to change course.

但是对这份文件的另一种解读却得出了相反的结论。普京显然很清楚与中国建立更密切关系的风险，并决定无论如何都要推进这一进程，这一事实表明，美国几乎没有机会让俄罗斯改变路线。

“Putin believes that he can go much deeper into this Chinese embrace, and it’s not risk free, but it is worth it,” said Alexander Gabuev, the director of the Carnegie Russia Eurasia Center, who reviewed the document at the request of The Times. “But we also see there are people within the system who are skeptical of that approach.”

“普京认为他可以更深地投入中国的怀抱，这不是没有风险，但值得一试，”卡内基俄罗斯欧亚中心主任亚历山大·加布耶夫说。他应时报的要求审阅了这份文件。“但我们也看到，体制内部有人对这种做法持怀疑态度。”

Mr. Putin has courted Mr. Xi for years, in more than 40 personal meetings, and has cemented a far deeper partnership with China since invading Ukraine. The two countries have a natural economic synergy, with Russia being one of the world’s largest energy producers and China the world’s largest energy consumer.

普京多年来一直在向习近平献殷勤，两人进行了40多次私人会晤，在入侵乌克兰后，普京巩固了与中国更深层次的伙伴关系。俄罗斯是世界上最大的能源生产国之一，中国是世界上最大的能源消费国，两国在经济上有着天然的协同效应。

4月，一艘原油油轮停靠在中国青岛港。中国已成为俄罗斯石油的最大客户。

That poses a delicate challenge for Russian counterintelligence agents. The document shows them trying to contain the risks posed by Chinese intelligence without causing “negative consequences for bilateral relations.” Officers were warned to avoid any public “mention of the Chinese intelligence services as a potential enemy.”

这给俄罗斯反情报人员带来了微妙的挑战。该文件显示，他们试图遏制中国情报构成的风险，同时不会对“双边关系造成负面影响”。官员们被警告要避免公开“提及中国情报机构是潜在的敌人”。

Most likely written for circulation to F.S.B. field offices, the directive offers a rare glimpse into the inner world of one of the most powerful parts of the Russian intelligence establishment: the F.S.B.’s Department for Counterintelligence Operations, known as the D.K.R.O. The document was written by the D.K.R.O.’s 7th Service, which is responsible for countering espionage from China and other parts of Asia.

这份指令很可能是为了分发给FSB的外地办事处而写的，它难得地让我们得以一窥俄罗斯情报机构中最强大的部门之一——FSB的反间谍行动部（简称DKRO）的内部世界。这份文件由DKRO第七局撰写，该部门负责打击来自中国和亚洲其他地区的间谍活动。

Anxiety about Russia’s susceptibility to an increasingly powerful Beijing dominates the memo. But it is unclear how common those worries are across the Russian establishment, beyond the counterintelligence unit. Even allied nations regularly spy on one another.

备忘录的主要内容是担心俄罗斯容易受到日益强大的中国的影响。但目前尚不清楚，除了反情报部门之外，这些担忧在俄罗斯权力集团中有多普遍。即使是盟国之间也经常互相监视。

“To go back to the old adage, there is no such thing as friendly intel services,” said Paul Kolbe, a senior fellow at Harvard’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, who served for 25 years in the C.I.A. Directorate of Operations, including in Russia. “You don’t have to scratch very deep in any Russian military or intel official to get deep suspicion of China. In the long run, China is, in spite of the unlimited partnership and how useful they are, also a potential threat.”

哈佛大学贝尔弗科学与国际事务中心高级研究员保罗·科尔比说：“老话说，世上没有友好的情报机构。”科尔比曾在中情局行动局工作了25年，包括在俄罗斯工作。“你不必深入了解任何俄罗斯军方或情报官员，也会对中国产生深深的怀疑。尽管两国之间的伙伴关系没有止境，而且非常有用，但从长远来看，中国也是一个潜在的威胁。”

China targets Russia’s war secrets and scientists

中国以俄罗斯的战争机密和科学家为目标

Soon after Russian troops pushed across the border into Ukraine, officials from Chinese defense firms and institutes tied to Chinese intelligence began flooding into Russia. Their goal, according to the F.S.B. document, was to better understand the war.

俄罗斯军队入侵乌克兰后不久，与中国情报机构有联系的中国国防公司和研究所的官员开始涌入俄罗斯。FSB的文件显示，他们的目的是为了更好地了解这场战争。

China has world-class scientists, but its military has not fought a war since a monthlong conflict with Vietnam in 1979. The result is anxiety in China about how its military would perform against Western weapons in a conflict over Taiwan or the South China Sea. Chinese intelligence officials are eager to understand Russia’s fight against an army backed by the West.

中国拥有世界一流的科学家，但其军队自1979年与越南的一场持续一个月的冲突以来还没有打过一场战争。因此中国对其军队在台湾或南海冲突中面对西方武器时的表现感到焦虑。中国情报官员渴望了解俄罗斯与西方支持的军队作战的情况。

“Of particular interest to Beijing is information about combat methods using drones, modernization of their software and methods for countering new types of Western weapons,” the F.S.B. document says, adding that Beijing believes the war in Ukraine will become drawn-out. The conflict has revolutionized warfare technology and tactics.

FSB文件称，“北京特别感兴趣的是有关使用无人机的作战方法、软件现代化以及对抗西方新型武器的方法的信息。”文件还说，北京认为乌克兰的战争将会持续很长时间。这场冲突使战争技术和战术发生了革命性的变化。

China has long lagged behind Russia in its aviation expertise, and the document says that Beijing has made that a priority target. China is targeting military pilots and researchers in aerohydrodynamics, control systems and aeroelasticity. Also being sought out, according to the document, are Russian specialists who worked on the discontinued ekranoplan, a hovercraft-type warship first deployed by the Soviet Union.

中国在航空技术方面长期落后于俄罗斯，该文件称北京已将其作为优先目标。中国的目标是军事飞行员和航空流体动力学、控制系统和气弹力学方面的研究人员。根据这份文件，中国还在寻找曾参与已中止的“地效飞行器”项目——一种类似气垫船的军事舰艇——的俄罗斯专家，这种舰艇最早是由苏联投入使用的。

“Priority recruitment is given to former employees of aircraft factories and research institutes, as well as current employees who are dissatisfied with the closure of the ekranoplan development program by the Russian Ministry of Defense or who are experiencing financial difficulties,” the report says.

报告说：“优先招聘的是飞机工厂和研究机构的前雇员，以及对俄罗斯国防部关闭地效飞行器项目感到不满或遇到经济困难的在职雇员。”

2023年，在北京一家购物中心的大屏幕，显示的是中国人民解放军飞机参加台湾周边战备巡逻的新闻画面。

It is not clear from the document whether those recruitment efforts are limited to hiring Russian specialists for Chinese ventures or also extend to recruiting them as spies.

从文件无法确定这些招募工作是否仅限于为中国的项目雇佣俄罗斯专家，还是扩展到招募他们作为间谍。

The document also shows that Russia is very concerned about how China views the war in Ukraine and is trying to feed Beijing’s spies with positive information about Russian operations. And it commands Russian counterintelligence operatives to prepare a report for the Kremlin about any possible changes in Beijing’s policy.

这份文件还显示，俄罗斯非常关心中国如何看待乌克兰战争，并试图向北京的间谍提供有关俄罗斯行动的正面信息。它还命令俄罗斯反情报人员为克里姆林宫准备一份报告，说明北京政策可能发生的任何变化。

Western leaders have accused China of providing Russia with essential weapons components and working to conceal it. The F.S.B. document lends support to that claim, stating that Beijing had proposed establishing supply chains to Moscow that circumvent Western sanctions and had offered to participate in the production of drones and other unspecified high-tech military equipment. The document does not say whether those proposals were carried out, though China has supplied Russia with drones.

西方领导人指责中国向俄罗斯提供重要的武器部件，并设法隐瞒。FSB的文件支持了这种说法，称北京曾提议建立绕开西方制裁的莫斯科供应链，并表示愿意参与无人机和其他未指明的高科技军事装备的生产。该文件没有说明这些提议是否得到了执行，不过中国已经向俄罗斯提供了无人机。

The F.S.B. memo also hints at Chinese interest in the Wagner mercenary group, a Russia-backed paramilitary group that propped up governments in Africa for years and fought alongside Russian troops in Ukraine.

FSB的备忘录还暗示了中国对瓦格纳雇佣兵组织的兴趣，这是一个俄罗斯支持的准军事组织，多年来一直在非洲扶持政府，并在乌克兰与俄罗斯军队并肩作战。

“The Chinese plan to use the experience of Wagner fighters in their own armed forces and private military companies operating in the countries of Southeast Asia, Africa and Latin America,” the directive says.

“中国计划利用瓦格纳战士在本国武装部队和在东南亚、非洲和拉丁美洲国家开展业务的私营军事公司中的经验，”该文件说。

The wording of the report does not indicate whether the F.S.B. believes that China wants to recruit former Wagner fighters for its own formations or simply wants to learn from their experience.

报告的措辞没有表明FSB是否认为中国想招募前瓦格纳战斗人员加入自己的部队，或者只是想学习他们的经验。

Moscow worries Beijing is trying to encroach on its territory

莫斯科担心北京试图侵占其领土

Russia has long feared encroachment by China along their shared 2,615-mile border. And Chinese nationalists for years have taken issue with 19th-century treaties in which Russia annexed large portions of land, including modern-day Vladivostok.

俄罗斯长期以来一直担心中国在双方共有的4209.3公里边界上的侵犯。中国的民族主义者多年来一直对19世纪俄罗斯吞并大片中国土地（包括现在的符拉迪沃斯托克）的条约持异议。

That issue is now of key concern, with Russia weakened by the war and economic sanctions and less able than ever to push back against Beijing. The F.S.B. report raises concerns that some academics in China have been promoting territorial claims against Russia.

这个问题现在已成为关键，俄罗斯受到战争和经济制裁的削弱，比以往任何时候都更无力反击北京。FSB的报告引发了人们的担忧，即中国的一些学者一直在宣扬对俄罗斯的领土主张。

上个月在俄罗斯符拉迪沃斯托克参加胜利日阅兵的俄罗斯水兵，符拉迪沃斯托克是19世纪俄罗斯从中国吞并的地区的一部分。

China is searching for traces of “ancient Chinese peoples” in the Russian Far East, possibly to influence local opinion that is favorable to Chinese claims, the document says. In 2023, China published an official map that included historical Chinese names for cities and areas within Russia.

该文件称，中国正在俄罗斯远东地区寻找“古代中国人”的踪迹，可能是为了影响当地支持中国主张的舆论。2023年，中国发布了一份官方地图，其中包括俄罗斯境内城市和地区的中文古称。

The F.S.B. ordered officers to expose such “revanchist” activities, as well as attempts by China to use Russian scientists and archival funds for research aimed at attaching a historical affiliation to borderlands.

俄罗斯联邦安全局命令官员揭露此类“收复失地主义”活动，以及中国利用俄罗斯科学家和档案基金进行研究的企图，这些研究旨在为边境地区建立一种历史隶属关系。

“Conduct preventative work with respect to Russian citizens involved in the said activities,” the memo orders. “Restrict entry into our country for foreigners as a measure of influence.”

“对参与上述活动的俄罗斯公民开展预防工作，”备忘录命令。“限制作为影响力措施的外国人进入我国。”

China is unnerving Russia in Central Asia and the Arctic

中国在中亚和北极的活动让俄罗斯感到不安

The concerns about China expanding its reach are not limited to Russia’s Far East borderlands.

对中国扩张势力范围的担忧并不局限于俄罗斯的远东边境。

Central Asian countries answered to Moscow during the Soviet era. Today, the F.S.B. reports, Beijing has developed a “new strategy” to promote Chinese soft power in the region.

在苏联时代，中亚国家服从于莫斯科。如今，FSB报告说，北京已经制定了一项“新战略”来提升中国在该地区的软实力。

China began rolling out that strategy in Uzbekistan, according to the document. The details of the strategy are not included in the document other than to say it involves humanitarian exchange. Uzbekistan and neighboring countries are important to Mr. Putin, who sees restoring the Soviet sphere of influence as part of his legacy.

文件显示，中国开始在乌兹别克斯坦推行这一战略。该战略的细节没有包括在文件中，只是说它涉及人道主义交流。乌兹别克斯坦及其邻国对普京来说很重要，他将恢复苏联的势力范围视为自己政治遗产的一部分。

The report also highlights China’s interest in Russia’s vast territory in the Arctic and the Northern Sea Route, which hugs Russia’s northern coast. Historically, those waters have been too icy for reliable shipping, but they are expected become increasingly busy because of climate change.

报告还强调了中国对俄罗斯在北极的广阔领土和靠近俄罗斯北部海岸的北海航线的兴趣。从历史上看，这些水域过于冰冷，不利于可靠的航运，但由于气候变化，它们预计会变得越来越繁忙。

今年，俄罗斯圣彼得堡卡诺内斯基岛加勒尼航道上的俄罗斯核动力破冰船，这艘船正在前往芬兰湾进行试航途中，其设计目的是支持北极地区的航运，推动北冰洋航线的发展。

The route slashes shipping time between Asia and Europe. Developing that route would make it easier for China to sell its goods.

这条航线缩短了亚洲和欧洲之间的航运时间。开发这条航线将有助于中国销售其商品。

Russia historically tried to maintain strict control over Chinese activity in the Arctic. But Beijing believes that Western sanctions will force Russia to turn to China to maintain its “aging Arctic infrastructure,” according to the F.S.B. document. Already, the Russian gas giant Novatek has relied on China to salvage its Arctic liquefied natural gas project, after previously using the American oil services firm Baker Hughes.

俄罗斯历来试图严格控制中国在北极的活动。但FSB的文件称，北京认为，西方的制裁将迫使俄罗斯转向中国，以维持其“老化的北极基础设施”。俄罗斯天然气巨头诺瓦泰克公司目前依靠中国来挽救其北极液化天然气项目，此前该公司合作的是美国石油服务公司贝克休斯。

The F.S.B. asserts that Chinese spies are active in the Arctic, as well. The report says Chinese intelligence is trying to obtain information about Russia’s development of the Arctic, using institutions of higher education and mining companies in particular.

FSB断言，中国间谍在北极也很活跃。报告说，中国情报部门正试图获取有关俄罗斯在北极开发的信息，特别是利用高等教育机构和矿业公司。

But despite all of these vulnerabilities, the F.S.B. report makes clear that jeopardizing the support of China would be worse. The document squarely warns officers that they must receive approval from the highest echelons of the Russian security establishment before taking any sensitive action at all.

但是，尽管存在所有这些漏洞，FSB的报告明确指出，来自中国的支持出现动摇将是更糟糕的局面。该文件明确警告官员，在采取任何敏感行动之前，他们必须得到俄罗斯安全机构最高层的批准。