China imposed sanctions on more than a dozen U.S. defense firms and several American defense industry executives on Thursday in retaliation for the Biden administration’s latest batch of arms sales to Taiwan, the self-governing island claimed by Beijing.

周四，中国对十多家美国军工企业及数名高级管理人员采取制裁措施，以报复拜登政府再次向台湾出售武器。中国宣称对自治的台湾拥有主权。

China’s Foreign Ministry said Washington’s approval last month of a $387 million defense package for Taiwan, which included spare parts for fighter jets, had “seriously damaged China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity.”

拜登政府上个月批准了一项价值3.87亿美元的对台军售计划，其中包括战斗机备件。中国外交部称这一决定“严重损害中国主权和领土完整”。

China named 13 American firms in its action on Thursday, including the drone makers RapidFlight and BRINC Drones. Six executives were also sanctioned, including Barbara Borgonovi, president of Naval Power at Raytheon, and Blake Resnick, the founder and chief executive of BRINC Drones.

中国周四宣布制裁时点名13家美国公司，包括无人机制造商急速飞行公司和BRINC无人机公司。六名受制裁的高管包括雷神公司海军力量战略业务部总裁芭芭拉·博尔戈诺维，以及BRINC无人机公司创始人兼首席执行官布莱克·雷斯尼克。

In announcing the sanctions, Beijing invoked its recently established Anti-Foreign Sanctions Law, which is part of an expanding assortment of countermeasures mirroring many of the punitive actions that the United States takes against China.

中国政府说，制裁的依据是最近颁布的《反外国制裁法》，面对美国对其实施的许多惩罚性措施，该法是一系列不断扩大的反制措施的一部分。

China last imposed sanctions on U.S. defense firms in response to arms sales to Taiwan in September.

中国上次对美国军工企业实施制裁是在今年9月，以回应美国对台军售。

The moves, which forbid the companies from doing business in China and the executives from traveling there, typically have little practical effect, because U.S. companies that make armaments are already largely barred from doing business in China by U.S.-imposed restrictions.

制裁措施包括禁止这些企业在中国开展业务，禁止这些企业的高管去中国旅行，但通常没有什么实际效果，由于美国政府实施的限制措施，这些军火公司已基本被禁止在华开展业务。

“The P.R.C. under Xi Jinping has been increasingly open to using economic levers to exert pressure on external parties,” said Ja Ian Chong, an associate professor of political science at the National University of Singapore, referring to the People’s Republic of China and its top leader.

“中国在习近平领导下已越来越公开地使用经济手段向外部施加压力，”新加坡国立大学政治学副教授庄嘉颖说。

“That said, given that U.S. defense contractors have restrictions in what business they can do with the P.R.C., the sanctions are largely symbolic and perhaps intend to warn defense firms from other countries against selling equipment and services to Taiwan,” Mr. Chong continued.

“话虽如此，但考虑到美国国防承包商已在对华开展业务方面受到限制，这些制裁在很大程度上是象征性的，或许是为了警告其他国家的军工企业不要向台湾出售设备和服务。”

China regards Taiwan as the “core of its core interests.” Mr. Xi has called reunification with the island “inevitable,” and said that Beijing would use force if necessary.

中国将台湾问题视为“核心利益中的核心”。习近平称两岸统一“不可避免”，并表示中国将在必要时使用武力。

The question of arms sales has been one of the most disputed aspects of how Washington and Beijing interpret Taiwan’s status. The United States adheres to the terms of the Taiwan Relations Act of 1979 that obligate it to provide Taiwan with defensive weapons to ensure its stability. In 1982, Washington and Beijing issued a communiqué agreeing that arms sales would decrease as the status of Taiwan approached a peaceful resolution.

对台军售一直是中美两国政府在如何解释台湾地位时最具争议的问题之一。美国根据1979年《台湾关系法》的条款向台湾提供防御性武器，以确保其稳定。中美两国政府曾在1982年发表联合公报，称美国愿意逐步减少对台军售，这取决于中国持续承诺和平解决台湾问题。

China says that the United States has violated that promise. The United States says that China’s growing military pressure, including daily flybys and war games encircling the island, has made it ever more important that Taiwan is sufficiently armed.

中国称美国违背了这项承诺。美国则表示，中国正在对台湾施加越来越大的军事压力，包括每天派飞机在台湾附近飞行以及越来越频繁的绕台军演，这已使得台湾拥有足够多的武装变得比以往任何时候都更加重要。

It remains to be seen how the incoming Trump administration will deal with the issue. President-elect Donald J. Trump has sent mixed signals about his support for the island democracy. He has called for Taiwan to sharply increase its spending on defense and complained about its dominance in the global semiconductor industry. At the same time, he has proposed cabinet members who are sympathetic toward Taiwan, including Senator Marco Rubio of Florida as secretary of state.

即将上任的特朗普政府将如何处理这个问题还有待观察。候任总统特朗普已对是否支持台湾民主发出了矛盾的信号。他已要求台湾大幅增加国防开支，还曾抱怨台湾在全球半导体行业的主导地位。与此同时，他提名同情台湾的人为内阁成员，包括佛罗里达州联邦参议员马可·卢比奥为国务卿人选。