China has struck back at President Trump.

中国对特朗普总统作出了反击。

On Friday evening in Beijing, in a rapid-fire series of policy announcements including 34 percent across-the-board tariffs, China showed that it has no intention of backing down in the trade war that Mr. Trump began this week with his own steep tariffs on imports from around the world.

周五晚间，北京迅速出台了一系列政策，包括34%的全面关税，这表明在本周特朗普针对全球各地出口美国商品发起的贸易战中，中国无意退让。

China’s Finance Ministry said it will match Mr. Trump’s plan for 34 percent tariffs on goods from China with its own 34 percent tariff on imports from the United States.

中国财政部表示，将对美国进口商品征收34%的关税，以回应特朗普政府对中国商品的关税计划。

Separately, China’s Ministry of Commerce said it was adding 11 American companies to its list of “unreliable entities,” essentially barring them from doing business in China or with Chinese companies. The ministry imposed a licensing system to restrict exports of seven rare earth elements that are mined and processed almost exclusively in China and are used in everything from electric cars to smart bombs.

与此同时，中国商务部宣布将11家美国公司列入“不可靠实体”名单，从实质上禁止了这些公司在中国开展业务，或与中企做生意。此外，商务部还对七种稀土元素实施许可证制度，限制它们的出口，这些元素几乎全部只在中国开采和加工，并广泛应用于从电动汽车到智能炸弹等各种领域。

The commerce ministry also announced it was beginning two trade investigations into American exports of medical imaging equipment — one of the few manufacturing categories in which the United States remains internationally competitive.

商务部还宣布，将对美国出口的医疗影像设备展开两项贸易调查，这是美国少数几个在全球范围内仍具竞争力的制造行业之一。

China’s General Administration of Customs said that it would halt chicken imports from five of America’s biggest exporters of agricultural commodities and sorghum imports from a sixth company.

中国海关总署表示，将暂停从美国五大农产品出口商进口鸡肉，并暂停从另一家公司进口高粱。

And China’s State Administration for Market Regulation announced that it suspected the China division of DuPont, the American chemicals giant, had violated China’s antimonopoly law and would investigate. DuPont had said in a statement that it took the matter very seriously and was reviewing China’s claims.

此外，中国国家市场监管总局宣布，怀疑美国化工巨头杜邦的中国公司违反了中国的反垄断法，将就此展开调查。杜邦在一份声明中表示，将严肃对待此事，正在审查中国方面的指控。

China’s new 34 percent tariffs, which are in addition to previously imposed tariffs, will hit fewer goods than President Trump’s tariffs only because China sells far more to the United States than it buys. China bought $147.8 billion worth of American semiconductors, fossil fuels, agricultural goods and other products last year. It sold $426.9 billion worth of smartphones, furniture, toys and many other products to the United States.

中国新的34%关税是在此前已实施的关税基础上进一步加征的，受影响的商品种类比特朗普的关税措施少，因为中国对美贸易存在巨大顺差。去年，中国从美国购买了价值1478亿美元的半导体、化石燃料、农产品等商品，而向美国出口了价值4269亿美元的智能手机、家具、玩具和许多其他产品。

China is America’s second-largest source of imports, after Mexico, and third-largest export market, after Canada and Mexico.

中国是美国第二大进口来源国，仅次于墨西哥，同时也是美国第三大出口市场，仅次于加拿大和墨西哥。

But while President Trump’s tariffs exempted some large categories of imports, like semiconductors and pharmaceuticals, the Chinese tariffs have no exemptions.

然而，特朗普的关税豁免了半导体、药品等大类进口商品，中国的关税却没有豁免任何类别。

Beijing’s actions triggered a sharp decline in futures markets for American shares, and on Friday, the S&P 500 opened 2.5 percent lower after posting on Thursday its worst single-day result since 2020.

北京的行动引发了美国股票期货市场的急剧下跌。周五，标准普尔500指数开盘下跌2.5%，该指数在周四已创下自2020年以来的最差单日表现。

China’s Finance Ministry issued a statement strongly criticizing Mr. Trump’s tariffs, which will begin to take effect on Saturday and fully kick in next Wednesday. “This practice of the U.S. is not in line with international trade rules, seriously undermines China’s legitimate rights and interests, and is a typical unilateral bullying practice,” the ministry said.

中国财政部发表声明，强烈批评特朗普的关税措施，这些措施将于周六开始生效，并在下周三全面实施。中国财政部表示：“美方做法不符合国际贸易规则，严重损害中方的正当合法权益，是典型的单边霸凌做法。”

The Chinese tariffs are scheduled to take effect next Thursday — 12 hours after the American tariffs take effect.

中国关税将于下周四生效——比美国关税生效时间晚12小时。

On Friday morning in the United States, President Trump posted his reaction to China’s retaliation on Truth Social: “CHINA PLAYED IT WRONG, THEY PANICKED — THE ONE THING THEY CANNOT AFFORD TO DO!”

美国时间周五上午，特朗普总统在Truth Social上对中国的反制措施作出回应：“中国打错牌了，他们慌了——这是他们承受不起的！”

Jude Blanchette, director of the RAND China Research Center, said China’s forceful response was “inevitable” after Mr. Trump introduced his sweeping tariffs.

兰德公司中国研究中心主任白明(Jude Blanchette)表示，在特朗普推出全面关税后，中国的强硬回应是“不可避免的”。

“Beijing can no longer maintain the fiction that diplomatic engagement with the Trump administration will prevent a full-scale trade war,” Mr. Blanchette said. “Despite White House warnings against retaliation, the total tariffs imposed on China are now so substantial that Beijing has little reason to exercise restraint.”

“北京无法再幻想与特朗普政府进行外交接触就能避免全面贸易战了，”白明表示。“尽管白宫对中国的报复措施作出警告，但美国对华关税的规模如此之大，北京几乎没有理由保持克制。”

The escalatory cycle also further dims hope of any summit soon between Mr. Trump and China’s top leader, Xi Jinping. Mr. Xi’s aides have been wary of scheduling any meeting between the two men unless a detailed agenda and resolution of pending issues can be worked out in advance.

不断升级的局势也进一步降低了特朗普与中国最高领导人习近平举行峰会的希望。习近平的助手一直对安排两人会面持谨慎态度，除非能够提前制定详细议程，并对悬而未决的问题提出解决方案。

Friday’s countermeasures highlight the retaliatory toolbox at China’s disposal, one reason Beijing feels it is better prepared to weather a trade war with the United States today than it was during the first Trump administration, said Wang Dong, executive director of the Institute for Global Cooperation and Understanding at Peking University.

北京大学中外人文交流研究基地执行主任王栋表示，周五的反制措施展示了中国可动用的报复手段，这是中国政府认为自己比以往任何时候都更有能力应对与美国的贸易战的原因之一。

“If the Trump administration’s hope is to pressure China to cave in, then it’ll be a non-starter,” he said.

“如果特朗普政府想向中国施压让其让步，那根本行不通，”他说。

Mr. Wang said Beijing is also betting that Mr. Trump will come under growing pressure at home to ease some of his tariffs because of the harm it might do to the U.S. economy.

王栋表示，北京也认为，特朗普会因美国国内经济可能受到的冲击而面临越来越大的压力，不得不放宽部分关税措施。

“China is in a better position to win this round of trade frictions,” Mr. Wang said.

“在这轮贸易摩擦中，中国的胜算更大。”王栋说。

Mr. Trump has contended that steep tariffs are essential to halt a long decline in America’s share of global manufacturing, by protecting the American market from a flood of imports. The White House has also said that the tariffs are needed to preserve the remaining industrial capacity of the United States to make munitions in case of military conflicts.

特朗普声称，高额关税对遏制美国在全球制造业份额的长期下滑至关重要，因为它能够保护美国市场免受进口商品的冲击。白宫还表示，关税措施对于维护美国剩余的工业生产能力，以确保在军事冲突发生时仍能生产军需品至关重要。

China’s ambitious “Made in China 2025” industrial policy, which began in 2015, has made the country largely self-reliant in the production of many industrial goods, from electric cars to solar panels. While Chinese officials were caught off guard by Mr. Trump’s trade actions in 2018 and 2019 and sometimes took a few days to respond, they have moved much faster this year.

中国于2015年启动了雄心勃勃的产业政策“中国制造2025”，这使得该国在从电动汽车到太阳能电池板等许多工业品的生产方面基本实现了自给自足。尽管中国官员在2018年和2019年对特朗普的贸易行动措手不及，有时需要几天时间才能作出回应，但今年他们的行动要快得多。

They acted on Friday, 36 hours after his latest tariffs, even though it was a national holiday.

在特朗普宣布最新关税措施仅36小时后，北京于周五采取了行动——尽管当天是中国的法定节假日。

But the Chinese economy depends heavily on exports, which is why Mr. Trump’s tariffs have caused alarm in Beijing and across the country. China’s trade surplus last year in manufactured goods — the amount by which exports exceeded imports — was equal to a tenth of the entire economy and rising.

然而，中国经济高度依赖出口，因此特朗普的关税措施在北京及全国范围内引发了担忧。去年，中国制成品贸易顺差（出口额超过进口额的部分）相当于GDP的十分之一，并且仍在上升。

Chinese officials said this week that if tariffs restrict their access to the American market, they will shift exports to other markets. But China already runs large and widening surpluses with most of Europe and the developing world, triggering a wave of tariffs by countries elsewhere on Chinese goods.

中国官员本周表示，如果关税限制了中国商品进入美国市场，他们将把出口转向其他市场。然而，目前中国对欧洲和发展中国家的贸易顺差已经很大，并且仍在扩大，这也导致其他国家对中国商品实施了一系列关税措施。

China has been more cautious about responding to those tariffs, as it has tried to portray Washington as leading a global shift toward protectionism.

面对这些国家的关税，中国的回应更加谨慎，该国一直试图将华盛顿描绘成引领全球转向保护主义的国家。

Mr. Trump also imposed steep tariffs this week on imports from dozens of other countries. Many of these countries rely on running large trade surpluses with the United States to pay for their big trade deficits with China.

特朗普本周还对数十个其他国家的进口商品征收了高额关税。其中许多国家依赖对美贸易顺差来弥补它们对中国的贸易逆差。

Some of these countries — like Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaysia and Mexico — buy enormous quantities of components from China for assembly into finished goods for sale to the United States, with little or no tariffs paid. If the new U.S. tariffs stay in effect, China’s exports to these countries could also wither.

其中一些国家，如越南、柬埔寨、马来西亚和墨西哥，从中国大量采购零部件并组装成成品销往美国，且几乎无需缴纳关税或仅需缴纳很少的关税。如果美国的新关税持续生效，中国对这些国家的出口也可能大幅减少。

China’s new export licensing system for rare earth metals may trigger further difficulties for American industry, and possibly for companies in Europe and elsewhere as well. Previous introductions of export licenses for other minerals have resulted in months of delays as civil servants and companies figure out the new rules.

中国新出台的稀土金属出口许可制度可能会给美国工业，甚至欧洲及其他地区的企业带来更大困难。此前，中国出台的其他矿物出口许可制度曾因政府官员和企业需要时间来厘清新规则而导致数月的延误。

China imposed a two-month freeze on shipments of rare earths to Japan in 2010 during a territorial dispute.

2010年，中日爆发领土争端期间，中国曾暂停向日本出口稀土达两个月。

The Obama administration responded by calling for the United States to restart its own mining and processing of rare earths, which mostly shut down in the 1990s. But 15 years after the Japan embargo, mining has resumed in the United States but most of the ore is shipped to China for processing into valuable materials, as rare earths refining has proved technically challenging.

作为回应，奥巴马政府呼吁美国重新启动自1990年以来已停止的稀土开采和加工。然而，15年过去了，美国虽然已经恢复了稀土开采，但大部分矿石仍需运往中国进行精炼，因为稀土加工技术极为复杂。