The Chinese government said on Tuesday that it would restrict any effort to transfer out of China eight key technologies for manufacturing electric vehicle batteries, a move that could cement the country’s already dominant role in the production of electric cars.

中国政府周二表示，将限制八项电动汽车关键电池制造技术的对外输出，此举可能会巩固中国在电动汽车制造领域已占据的主导地位。

The plan could make it harder for Chinese electric carmakers to set up factories overseas, as the European Union has pushed them to do. Effective immediately, any overseas transfer of these technologies through trade, investment or technological cooperation will first require a license from the Chinese government, the Ministry of Commerce said in a statement.

该计划可能加大中国电动汽车制造商在海外建厂的难度，而欧盟一直在推动它们这样做。中国商务部在一份声明中表示，自即日起，通过贸易、投资或技术合作等方式将这些技术转移到海外，必须事先获得中国政府的许可。

Chinese manufacturers have achieved important breakthroughs in the past five years in making inexpensive batteries that can provide considerable driving range for electric vehicles. The new generation of battery technology is central to China’s success in building electric cars that are considerably cheaper than electric and gasoline-powered cars made in other countries.

过去五年中，中国制造商在电动车的低成本高续航电池领域取得重大突破。新一代电池技术是中国在打造电动车方面取得成功的核心优势，使其售价远低于其他国家生产的电动车和燃油车。

The European Union has been pressing Chinese automakers and battery manufacturers to set up operations in the bloc as an unofficial condition for continued growth in sales of Chinese cars there. The United States has been more wary of Chinese investment, but plans for at least two Chinese electric car battery factories have been proposed in Michigan.

欧盟一直在施压中国汽车制造商和电池制造商，要求它们在欧盟境内设厂，作为维持对欧出口增长的一个非正式条件。虽然美国对中国投资更为警惕，但目前已有至少两家中国电动车电池工厂计划在密歇根州落地。

2025年4月，一名员工正在中国东部淮北的一家工厂的锂电池生产线上工作。

The new restriction on battery technologies comes less than three months after Beijing began requiring licenses for exports of seven kinds of rare earth metals and the magnets made from them. Those restrictions have already caused considerable disruption to companies in the West and Japan that manufacture cars, robots and other advanced devices that require electric motors with small but powerful rare earth magnets.

这项出台针对电池技术的新限制前不到三个月，北京开始对七种稀土金属及其制造的磁体出口实行许可制度。这些限制已经对西方和日本的多家公司造成了相当大的干扰，这些公司生产的汽车、机器人及其他先进设备依赖小型高性能稀土磁体电机。

BYD, which is based in Shenzhen, China, and has recently overtaken Tesla as the world’s largest manufacturer of electric cars, made a technological breakthrough five years ago when it introduced a new line of lithium-ion batteries. Instead of using a costly chemistry based on nickel, cobalt and manganese, the new batteries used inexpensive iron and phosphate. The new chemistry also appears less likely to catch fire in collisions and other incidents.

总部位于中国深圳的比亚迪最近已超越特斯拉，成为全球最大的电动汽车制造商。五年前，比亚迪在技术上取得了突破，推出了一系列新型锂离子电池。这些电池摒弃了成本较高的镍、钴和锰化学体系，转而采用价格低廉的铁和磷酸盐。此外，这种新型电池化学体系还显著降低了碰撞事故中的起火风险。

BYD’s archrival, CATL in Ningde, China, introduced similar technology at almost the same time. Lithium iron phosphate batteries now command more than half the global market and are made almost entirely in China. Battery and chemicals companies in Japan, South Korea, Germany and the United States still rely mainly on chemistries with nickel, cobalt and manganese, but they have been trying to catch up.

比亚迪的主要竞争对手宁德时代几乎在同一时间推出了类似的技术。如今，磷酸铁锂电池已占据全球市场的半壁江山，且几乎完全由中国制造。日本、韩国、德国和美国的电池及化工公司仍主要依赖含镍、钴和锰的电池化学体系，但它们一直在努力追赶。

BYD declined to comment Tuesday evening on the Ministry of Commerce’s announcement. CATL — its full name in English is Contemporary Amperex Technology Company Ltd. — also declined to comment. Ford Motor, which is building a $3 billion factory in Michigan to manufacture lithium iron phosphate batteries with CATL technology, also declined to comment.

比亚迪在周二晚间拒绝对中国商务部的公告发表评论。宁德时代同样拒绝置评。正在密歇根州斥资30亿美元建设工厂、计划使用宁德时代技术生产磷酸铁锂电池的福特汽车公司也拒绝发表评论。

2021年，比亚迪位于中国西宁的工厂。该工厂生产锂电池。

The Ministry of Commerce provided few details in its statement about why it was imposing the license requirement. “This is an adjustment to the existing restricted technologies based on the development and changes of technology,” the statement said.

商务部在声明中没有详细说明为何要实施许可制度。声明中表示：“这是基于技术的发展和变化，对现有限制技术的一项调整。”

China has close to 50 graduate programs that focus on either battery chemistry or the closely related subject of battery metallurgy. By contrast, only a handful of professors in the United States are working on batteries.

中国有近50个研究生学位项目专注于电池化学或与之密切相关的电池冶金学科。相比之下，美国目前从事电池研究的教授寥寥无几。

The Ministry of Commerce imposed the new license requirement on overseas transfers of three core technologies of lithium iron phosphate batteries. It also imposed a license requirement on five key technologies for producing lithium for all kinds of batteries.

商务部对锂铁磷酸电池的三项核心技术实施新的海外转让许可制度。同时，对生产各种电池所需的五项关键锂技术也施加了许可要求。

Lithium iron phosphate batteries were invented nearly 30 years ago in the United States. But for many years, these batteries could be fully recharged only a few times.

锂铁磷酸电池最初是在美国发明的，距今已有近30年历史。但多年来，这种电池只能充放电有限次数。

With many years of study, Japanese researchers gradually developed ways to increase the number of recharges that these batteries could withstand. BYD and CATL then figured out a way to further increase the number of recharges, making it comparable to more traditional battery chemistries. They also figured out how to pack more electricity into each of the new batteries and how to mass-produce them.

经过多年的研究，日本科学家逐渐开发出增加锂铁磷酸电池充电次数的方法。随后，比亚迪和宁德时代进一步提升了电池的充电次数，使其达到与传统电池化学体系相当的水平。他们还解决了如何在单个新电池中存储更多电能以及如何实现批量生产的问题。

中国拥有近50个电池化学与冶金学的研究生学位项目，而美国在该领域的研究人员仅有几位。

China has been racing ahead of the rest of the world in many areas of research, including chemistry. Researchers in China lead the world in publishing widely cited papers in 52 of 64 critical technologies, according to calculations last year by the Australian Strategic Policy Institute.

在包括化学在内的多个研究领域，中国领先于世界其他国家。根据澳大利亚战略政策研究所去年的统计，在64项关键技术中，中国研究人员有52项在发表被广泛引用的论文数量上位居世界第一。

A once-a-decade meeting last summer of China’s Communist Party leadership chose scientific training and education as one of the country’s top economic priorities. That goal received more attention in the meeting’s final resolution than any other policy did, except strengthening the party itself.

去年夏天，中国共产党领导层举行了二十届三中全会，会议将科学培训和教育确定为国家的首要经济重点之一。该目标在会议最终决议中所占篇幅仅次于加强党的自身建设，超过了其他所有政策。