China on Thursday singled out dozens of companies from the United States, including Raytheon, Boeing and Lockheed Martin, in a series of punitive trade measures that could ratchet up tensions between the two superpowers.

中国周四公布了一系列惩罚性贸易措施，列明了包括雷神、波音和洛克希德·马丁在内的数十家美国公司，这可能会加剧两个超级大国之间的紧张关系。

With weeks to go before President-elect Donald J. Trump takes the office with a promise to impose new tariffs and sanctions on China, Beijing is once again showing it is ready to strike back.

此时距离候任总统唐纳德·特朗普上任只有几周时间，他承诺将对中国征收新的关税并实施新的制裁，北京再次表明已做好反击的准备。

China’s Ministry of Commerce said it added 28 companies to an export control list to “safeguard national security and interests.” It also banned the export of so-called dual-use items, which have both civilian and military applications, to those companies. And it placed 10 companies on what it calls an “unreliable entities list” related to the sale of arms to Taiwan, preventing them from doing any business in China and prohibiting their executives from entering or living in the country.

中国商务部表示，为了“维护国家安全和利益”，已将28家公司列入了出口管制名单。它还禁止向这些公司出口所谓的军民两用产品。此外，商务部还将10家公司列入了所谓的“不可靠实体名单”，该名单与向台湾出售武器有关，禁止这些公司在中国开展任何业务，并禁止这些公司的高管进入中国或在中国生活。

Chinese authorities have taken similar — albeit narrower — actions in the past on these companies, most of which have a limited presence within China, said Andrew Gilholm, a China expert at the consulting firm Control Risks.

咨询公司化险集团(Control Risks)的中国问题专家安德鲁·吉尔霍姆表示，中国政府过去也对这些公司采取过类似行动，尽管范围较小，这些公司大多在中国的业务有限。

“Most of this is probably at the symbolic level because so many of these entities were already subject to sanctions,” he said. But, he added, “what we’re seeing is the widening scope and number of entities being added in a single listing.”

“其中大部分可能只是象征性的，因为这些实体中有许多已经受到制裁，”他说。但他还表示，“我们看到的是，在一次列名中增加的实体的范围和数量在不断扩大。”

Among the companies called out by China were the leading American makers of defense systems, including Raytheon Missile Systems, Boeing Defense, Space and Security and Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control. The companies did not immediately respond to emailed requests for comment.

被中国点名的公司包括美国主要的国防系统制造商，如雷神导弹系统公司、波音防务、太空与安全公司和洛克希德·马丁导弹与火控公司。这些公司没有立即回复电子邮件置评请求。

Michael Hart, president of the American Chamber of Commerce in China, said that Chinese authorities have generally been careful not to take action that directly affected the business of companies on the ground.

中国美国商会总裁何迈可(Michael Hart)表示，中国政府一般都很谨慎，不会采取直接影响当地公司业务的行动。

“Normally the actions China takes do not impact companies who are benefiting China’s economy,” Mr. Hart said.

“通常情况下，中国采取的行动不会影响那些为中国经济带来好处的公司，”他说。

Beijing has adopted an increasingly aggressive stance as it prepares for a second presidential term with Mr. Trump, an outspoken critic of China and its economic might.

随着北京为特朗普连任总统做准备，该国采取了越来越强硬的立场，特朗普常常直截了当地批评中国及其经济实力，

Chinese regulators have announced an investigation into the American computer chip company Nvidia, banned the export of rare minerals to the United States, and have taken more targeted swipes at individual companies to expose their supply chain vulnerabilities.

中国监管机构已宣布对美国计算机芯片公司英伟达展开调查，禁止向美国出口稀有矿产，并对个别公司进行了更有针对性的打击，以暴露其供应链漏洞。

The steps are part of an economic tit-for-tat that has escalated in recent months. It began during Mr. Trump’s first term, after he took aim at China with tariffs and restrictions on trade. At that time, Beijing took mostly symbolic and measured responses in retaliation.

这些措施是最近几个月不断升级的经济对峙的一部分。它始于特朗普的第一任期，当时他对中国征收关税并限制贸易。中国政府主要采取了象征性和有节制的报复措施。

Since then, the Biden administration has also expanded its restrictions on Chinese companies and imposed bans on dual-use products, recently targeting 140 Chinese companies. On Thursday, the administration said it was considering a new rule that could restrict or ban Chinese drones in the United States.

此后，拜登政府扩大了对中国公司的限制，并对军民两用产品实施禁令，最近又将目标对准了140家中国公司。本周四，拜登政府表示正在考虑一项新规定，可能会限制或禁止中国无人机进入美国。

In recent years, China has laid the legal groundwork to mirror Washington’s tactics, creating blacklists and sanctions that can cut American companies off from critical resources. Beijing is now showing a greater willingness to take action, Mr. Gilholm said.

近年来，中国已经为效仿华盛顿的策略奠定了法律基础，建立了黑名单和制裁措施，可以切断美国公司与关键资源的联系。吉尔霍姆表示，中国政府现在更愿意采取行动了。

“The pace of things are picking up. The drumbeat of these things is going to be more frequent.”

“事情的节奏正在加快。这方面的交锋会越来越多。”