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中国汽车巨头进军巴西,梦想称霸南美大陆

SOMINI SENGUPTA

2025年7月23日

在巴西伊拉塞马波利斯长城汽车新工厂接受培训的工人。 Victor Moriyama for The New York Times

A two-hour drive beyond the traffic jams of São Paulo, past the vast valleys of sugar cane, one of the first Chinese battery-powered car factories in the Americas is getting ready to open.

驱车两小时,穿过圣保罗的交通拥堵地带,驶过广袤的甘蔗田,就来到了中国在美洲的首批电池动力汽车工厂之一。

Its goal is to reinvent the way Brazil drives, and ultimately, the rest of Latin America, much as Chinese automakers have already done across much of Asia and want to do in Europe.

这座即将投产的工厂意在重塑巴西人的驾驶方式,并最终改变拉丁美洲其他地区的驾驶格局,就像中国汽车制造商在亚洲大部分地区已经做到的那样,而且他们还希望在欧洲实现这一目标。

Until recently, this factory was run by Mercedes-Benz, the German giant of 20th century automotive innovation that churned out cars powered by gasoline. Today, it’s owned by Great Wall Motor, a company that is now one of China’s leading exporters of stylish, affordable electric vehicles.

就在不久前,这家工厂还由梅赛德斯-奔驰运营——这家德国巨头在20世纪引领了汽车创新,大量生产以汽油为动力的汽车。如今,该工厂归长城汽车所有,长城汽车是中国领先的时尚、经济型电动汽车出口商之一。

The change in hands reflects a profound disruption for one of the world’s most vital industries. If American and European gas-guzzling cars once dominated global tastes and trends, that era appears to be fast turning to China’s favor.

这一转手反映出全球最重要的产业之一正经历深刻变革。如果说过去美国和欧洲的高油耗汽车一度主导全球市场趋势,那么如今时代似乎正迅速向有利于中国的方向转变。

Today, not only does China make and export more cars of all types than any other country in the world, Chinese firms dominate the global manufacture of battery-powered vehicles of the future. They also control the supply chain for virtually everything that goes into those cars.

如今,中国不仅是全球各类汽车产量和出口量最大的国家,中国企业还在未来电动汽车制造领域占据主导地位,并且几乎掌控着电动汽车所有零部件的供应链。

China’s EV s are among the most advanced in the world. Some today go as far on a single charge as top-of-the-line Teslas, at lower prices. One Chinese carmaker, BYD, short for Build Your Dreams, has developed technology that can deliver a full charge in just five minutes.

中国的电动汽车位居全球最先进行列。如今,部分中国电动汽车单次充电续航里程可与顶级特斯拉相媲美,且价格更低。中国汽车制造商比亚迪——其英文缩写意为Build Your Dreams(“成就你的梦想”)——已研发出仅需五分钟即可充满电的技术。

Little wonder that Tesla sales in China are lagging, and that the United States, under both Presidents Joe Biden and Donald Trump, have essentially banned Chinese car imports.

难怪特斯拉在中国的销量不尽如人意,也难怪美国在拜登和特朗普两任总统执政期间,基本上都禁止中国汽车进口。

For China, that leaves the rest of the world.

对中国而言,这就意味着要转向世界其他地区。

Its electric and hybrid manufacturers have set up, or are in the process of setting up, factories in Hungary, Indonesia, Russia, Thailand and Turkey. These efforts, including Great Wall’s Brazilian factory, are part of a globe-spanning campaign by China to seize a major share of the world’s auto industry, a powerful source of revenues, jobs and also national prestige.

中国的电动汽车和混合动力汽车制造商已在匈牙利、印度尼西亚、俄罗斯、泰国和土耳其建立工厂,或正在建设中。这些举措,包括长城汽车在巴西的工厂,都是中国一项全球行动的组成部分,其目的是在全球汽车产业中占据重要份额——汽车产业是收入、就业岗位的重要来源,也是国家声望的重要体现。

Western auto giants are alarmed.

这让西方汽车巨头警觉了起来。

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“We are in a global competition with China,” Jim Farley, the CEO of Ford Motor Co., said at the Aspen Ideas conference in June. “It’s not just EVs. And if we lose this, we do not have a future at Ford.”

“我们正与中国展开全球竞争,”福特汽车公司首席执行官吉姆·法利在6月的阿斯彭思想节上表示。“这不仅仅是电动汽车领域的竞争。如果我们输掉这场竞争,福特就没有未来。”

Great Wall Motor took over the Mercedes plant in the industrial town of Iracemápolis, near São Paulo, after the German carmaker closed shop in 2021, blaming a slump in luxury car sales. BYD took over a Ford factory after years of poor sales and steep losses forced the U.S. car giant to end its long history of manufacturing in Brazil.

2021年,梅赛德斯-奔驰因豪华车销量下滑而关闭了位于圣保罗附近工业城镇伊拉塞马波利斯的工厂,之后长城汽车接管了该工厂。而美国汽车巨头福特因多年销量不佳、亏损严重,终止了在巴西的长期制造业务,比亚迪随后接管了它的一家工厂。

Farley at the time called the closures “difficult but necessary actions.” Ford had assembled cars in Brazil for a century, starting with the Model T.

法利当时称这些关闭的举措是“艰难但必要的行动”。福特在巴西组装汽车已有一个世纪的历史,最早可追溯到T型车。

“For the first time in decades, we’re seeing a real challenge to the dominance of American and European brands, not just in terms of market share, but in shaping the future of mobility,” said Natalie Unterstell, president of a climate research and advocacy organization called Talanoa Institute, based in Rio de Janeiro.

“几十年来,我们首次看到美国和欧洲品牌的主导地位面临真正挑战,这不仅体现在市场份额上,还体现在对未来出行方式的塑造上,”总部位于里约热内卢的气候研究与倡导组织塔拉诺阿研究所总裁娜塔莉·昂特斯特尔说。

Brazil, the world’s sixth largest car market, is trying to take advantage of it, instead of being steamrolled. It’s prodding companies, no matter where they’re from, to make cars on Brazilian soil, the less polluting the better, while also imposing steadily rising tariffs on imports.

作为全球第六大汽车市场,巴西正试图利用这一机遇,而非被其碾压。巴西一方面鼓励各国企业在本土生产汽车,而且越环保越好,另一方面不断提高进口关税。

It hasn’t all been smooth sailing. There have been union clashes over Chinese labor practices. But the government’s overall message: If you want access to our car buyers, then come and create factories and factory jobs here.

这一过程并非一帆风顺。围绕中国劳工待遇问题,曾有过工会方面的冲突。但巴西政府的总体态度是:若想进入我们的汽车消费市场,那就来这里建厂,创造工厂就业岗位。

“We don’t want to be an importer of technologies produced in other countries only,” said Rafael Dubeux, special adviser to the Finance Ministry, in an interview in Brazil’s capital, Brasília. “We also want to take advantage of this profound change in the world, in manufacturing facilities, so that Brazil also has a part in the value chains that we think are the ones that will prevail.”

“我们不想仅仅成为其他国家所产技术的进口国,”巴西财政部特别顾问拉斐尔·杜贝克斯在巴西首都巴西利亚接受采访时表示,“我们还希望利用全球制造业格局这一深刻变革的契机,让巴西在我们认为将占主导地位的价值链中也占有一席之地。”

At least three Chinese firms are opening assembly plants in Brazil. In addition to Great Wall Motor and BYD, another Chinese automaker, Chery, has teamed up with a Brazilian company, Caoa, to produce cars in central Goias state.

至少有三家中国企业正在巴西开设组装厂。除了长城汽车和比亚迪,另一家中国汽车制造商奇瑞已与巴西公司Caoa合作,在戈亚斯州中部生产汽车。

Nevertheless, Marcio Lima Leite, head of the Brazil automaker association, remains worried. The new Chinese auto plants are mainly assembling cars with components imported from China, including the most valuable component, batteries. That, he said, will not advance the industry in Brazil.

尽管如此,巴西汽车制造商协会会长马西奥·利马·莱特仍忧心忡忡。他表示,中国新建的汽车工厂主要使用从中国进口的零部件进行组装,其中包括最有价值的零部件——电池,而这对于巴西汽车产业的发展并无助益。

“It’s very important to have competitiveness in Brazil, to produce the new technology in Brazil,” he said.

“在巴西形成竞争力,在巴西生产新技术,是至关重要的,”他说。

Chinese carmakers have had to bend to local needs in important ways. In Brazil, that means the needs of the powerful ethanol industry. Ethanol is produced from the country’s huge sugar cane crop, and Brazilian law requires every liter of gasoline to be a little more than 25% ethanol.

中国汽车制造商不得不针对当地需求做出重要调整。在巴西,这意味着要考虑强大的乙醇产业的需求。巴西的乙醇由大量甘蔗制成,且巴西法律规定,每升汽油中乙醇的占比需略高于25%。

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So the auto companies aren’t just making fully electric cars in Brazil. They are also having to make hybrids that run partly on the gas-ethanol blend and partly on batteries. “We need to produce what customers are looking for,” said Marcio Renato Alfonso, a Brazilian who worked for an American carmaker for many years and is now Great Wall’s director of research and development for Brazil. “High technology with an affordable price.”

因此,这些汽车公司在巴西不仅生产纯电动汽车,还必须生产混合动力汽车——部分依靠汽油与乙醇的混合燃料驱动,部分依靠电池驱动。“我们需要生产客户想要的产品,”曾在美国一家汽车制造商工作多年、如今担任长城汽车巴西研发总监的巴西人马西奥·雷纳托·阿方索说,“要兼顾高科技和可负担的价格。”

Along Henry Ford Avenue in the industrial city of Camaçari, what was once a Ford factory is now becoming a BYD factory.

在工业城市卡马萨里的亨利·福特大道上,一座曾经的福特工厂如今正变身比亚迪工厂。

This had been Ford’s newest plant. Every day, starting in 2001, it churned out hundreds of gas-powered cars. It employed some 5,000 workers. It also lost huge amounts of money.

这座工厂曾是福特最新的工厂。从2001年开始,每天有数百辆汽油动力汽车从这里下线,它雇佣了约5000名工人,但亏损严重。

In 2021, the Ford plant shut down.

2021年,这座福特工厂关闭了。

“It was a shock,” said Júlio Bonfim, who was president of the metal workers union at the factory. “I imagined my son would also work at the plant. It didn’t happen.”

“这是一个打击,”该厂金工工人的工会主席胡里奥·邦芬说,“我曾想象我儿子也会在这里工作,但这没能实现。”

The state government offered BYD a basket of incentives to take over the plant. But almost as soon as the Chinese company arrived, it got enmeshed in a labor scandal.

州政府向比亚迪提供了一系列激励措施,吸引其接管该工厂。但这家中国公司一进驻,就卷入了一场劳工丑闻。

In December, Brazilian officials accused BYD’s contractor, Jinjiang Construction Group, with keeping 163 Chinese workers in “conditions akin to slavery” and in violation of Brazilian labor laws. It embodied the reckoning that Chinese companies face as they seek to expand in Brazil, which has robust unions.

去年12月,巴西官员指控比亚迪的承包商晋江建设集团给163名中国工人“类似奴役”的待遇,违反了巴西劳动法。这一事件体现出中国企业在巴西扩张时面临的与工会的矛盾——巴西的工会力量很强大。

The workers were sent back home. Construction slowed down. Company officials said they expect to start production later this year. When it does, Bonfim’s union insists that Brazilians must be hired to work the line. It has threatened to strike if Chinese workers are brought in.

这些工人已被遣返回国,工厂建设进度放缓。公司官员表示,预计今年晚些时候开始生产。邦芬所在的工会坚称,生产线必须雇佣巴西人,并威胁称若引进中国工人,将举行罢工。

BYD’s top executive for Brazil, Alexandre Baldy, said the firm had taken steps to address the violations. In May the labor prosecutor’s office filed charges against the carmaker and its contractors for human trafficking. The company said it plans to challenge the charges.

比亚迪巴西区最高负责人亚历山大·巴尔迪表示,公司已采取措施纠正违规行为。今年5月,劳动检察官办公室对比亚迪及其承包商提起了人口贩运指控。该公司表示计划对这些指控提出抗辩。

In the meantime, the Great Wall factory in Iracemápolis will almost assuredly already be fully operational. An opening ceremony is planned for August. Cars are due to roll off the factory floor soon after.

与此同时,伊拉塞马波利斯的长城汽车工厂几乎肯定会全面投产。开工仪式计划于8月举行,之后不久汽车将陆续下线。

The factory first plans to produce one hybrid model and three plug-in hybrids.

该工厂计划首先生产一款混合动力车型和三款插电式混合动力车型。

摄影:Victor Moriyama

Flávia Milhorance自里约热内卢、Jack Ewing自纽约对本文有报道贡献。

Somini Sengupta是《纽约时报》气候团队的国际气候记者。

翻译:纽约时报中文网

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