Over the past three years, Washington has claimed broad power to impose global rules that bar companies anywhere in the world from sending cutting-edge computer chips or the tools needed to make them to China. American officials have argued that approach is necessary to make sure China does not gain the upper hand in the race for advanced artificial intelligence.

过去三年，美国政府宣称拥有广泛权力，可强制推行全球规则，禁止全球任何企业向中国出口尖端计算机芯片及其制造所需设备。美国官员辩称，此举旨在确保中国不会在先进人工智能竞赛中占据上风。

But a sweeping set of restrictions announced by Beijing last week showed that two can play that game.

但中国上周宣布的一系列全面限制措施表明，这一手段并非美国一方所独有。

The Chinese government flexed its own influence over worldwide supply chains when it announced new rules clamping down on the flow of critical minerals that are used in everything from computer chips to cars to missiles. The rules, which are set to take effect later this year, shocked foreign governments and businesses, which may now need to acquire licenses from Beijing to trade their products even outside China.

中国政府通过旨在管控关键矿产流通的新规彰显了其在全球供应链中的影响力。这些矿产广泛应用于计算机芯片、汽车、导弹等各类产品，将于今年晚些时候生效的新规令外国政府和企业震惊——如今即便在境外开展相关产品贸易，可能也需获得北京的许可。

With its dominance over the production of these rare earth minerals and its control of other strategic industries, China may have an even greater ability than the United States to weaponize supply chains, analysts say.

分析人士指出，凭借在稀土矿产生产领域的主导地位以及对其他战略产业的掌控，中国将供应链作为武器的能力可能比美国更强。

“The U.S. now has to face up to the fact it has an adversary which can threaten substantial parts of the U.S. economy,” said Henry Farrell, a political scientist at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. The United States and China are now very clearly “in a much more delicate stage of mutual interdependence,” he added.

“美国现在必须面对一个事实：对手有能力威胁到美国经济的多个重要领域，”约翰斯·霍普金斯大学高级国际研究学院政治学家亨利·法雷尔表示。他还说，美中两国如今显然“处于相互依存的更微妙阶段”。

“China has really begun to figure out how to take a leaf from the U.S. playbook and in a certain sense play that game better than the U.S. is currently playing it,” Mr. Farrell said.

法雷尔说：“中国确实已经开始学会借鉴美国的策略，而且在某种意义上，比美国当前的运用更胜一筹。”

China’s move has rekindled tensions between the world’s two largest economies, with Mr. Trump threatening to increase already substantial tariffs on Chinese imports by imposing an additional 100 percent tax on Nov. 1 unless Beijing backs down from its new restrictions.

中国的这一举措重新点燃了全球两大经济体之间的紧张关系。特朗普威胁称，若北京不撤销新限制措施，将从11月1日起，在已对中国进口商品征收高额关税的基础上额外加征100%关税。

The type of supply chain restriction that China is embarking on first came into play in 2020. Washington dusted off an obscure provision known as the foreign direct product rule to target the Chinese tech giant Huawei, which the U.S. government considered a national security threat. But instead of restricting American technology exports just to Huawei, the United States said any company anywhere in the world could not ship a product to Huawei if it contained U.S. parts or was made with U.S. equipment or software.

中国此次采取的供应链限制模式，最早于2020年由美国率先使用。当时，美国政府启用了一项名为“外国直接产品规则”的冷门条款，目标直指被其视为国家安全威胁的中国科技巨头华为。但美国不仅是限制美国技术向华为出口，更规定全球任何企业若其产品包含美国零部件或使用美国设备及软件制造，均不得向华为提供产品。

Because of the United States’ key role in the global chipmaking industry, the rules basically encompassed all advanced technology. It was a broad exertion of U.S. economic power that became the basis of a series of global tech rules during the Biden administration. Although foreign governments chafed at being told what to do, many cooperated for fear of being cut off from U.S. technology.

由于美国在全球芯片制造产业中占据关键地位，这些规则实际上涵盖了所有先进技术。这是美国经济实力的广泛彰显，并成为拜登政府时期一系列全球科技规则的基础。尽管外国政府对这种发号施令感到不满，但许多国家因担心被切断美国技术供应而选择合作。

The question now is: Will the Chinese restrictions persuade the Trump administration to walk back its tariffs or longstanding technology restrictions, or will China’s government fold under pressure first?

如今的问题是：是中国的限制措施促使特朗普政府撤销关税或长期以来的技术限制，还是中国政府在压力下先妥协？

The administration seemed caught off guard by China’s restrictions, which could cripple American industries. Mr. Trump threatened on Friday to cancel a planned meeting with the Chinese leader, Xi Jinping, as well as adding a 100 percent tariff. After stock markets plunged, the president posted on social media on Sunday, “Don’t worry about China, it will all be fine!”

美国政府似乎对中国的限制措施感到措手不及——这些措施可能重创美国产业。特朗普上周五威胁要取消与中国国家主席习近平的原定会面，并加征100%关税。股市暴跌后，总统上周日在社交媒体上发文称：“别担心中国，一切都会好起来！”

On Tuesday, Mr. Trump renewed his barbs, telling a crowd of reporters and the president of Argentina that Mr. Xi “gets testy because China likes to take advantage of people and they can’t take advantage of us.” That afternoon, Mr. Trump wrote on social media that the United States was considering terminating cooking oil imports from China, as well as potentially other business.

周二，特朗普再次发难，在面对一群记者和阿根廷总统时表示，习近平“会变得暴躁，因为中国喜欢占别人便宜，而他们不能占我们的便宜”。当天下午，特朗普在社交媒体上写道，美国正考虑终止从中国进口食用油，并可能终止其他贸易往来。

周三，美国财政部长斯科特·贝森特（左）与美国贸易代表杰米森·格里尔合影。他们称中国针对稀土供应的新规定是全球权力争夺的体现。

On Wednesday morning, Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent and Jamieson Greer, the U.S. trade representative, described the Chinese licensing system as a global power grab and said the United States stood ready to impose its tariffs if China moved forward.

周三上午，财政部长贝森特和贸易代表格里尔称，中国的许可制度是在夺取全球权力，并表示如果中国推进相关措施，美国已准备好实施关税。

“Our expectation is that this never goes into effect,” Mr. Greer said.

“我们的预期是，这项制度永远不会生效，”格里尔说。

Chinese officials have long criticized America's extraterritorial enforcement of economic measures and insisted that Beijing has acted with consistency in the face of renewed threats from Washington.

中国官员长期以来一直批评美国在域外强制执行经济措施的做法，并坚称面对华盛顿的新一轮威胁，中国的行动始终保持了一致性。

“The United States talks about engagement on one hand while resorting to threats and intimidation on the other, imposing steep tariffs and introducing new restrictive measures,” Lin Jian, a spokesman for the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, said on Wednesday. “This is not the right way to engage with China.”

“美方一边要谈，一边威胁恐吓加征高额关税，出台新的限制措施，这不是与中方相处的正确之道，”中国外交部发言人林剑周三表示。

Jiang Tianjiao, an associate professor at Fudan University, said that Chinese officials had noted recent efforts by the United States to restart its own rare earth industry and that they wanted to demonstrate their leverage before a possible meeting between Mr. Trump and Mr. Xi.

复旦大学副教授江天骄表示，中国官员已注意到美国近期重启本土稀土产业的努力，他们希望在特朗普与习近平可能会面之前展示自身的影响力。

U.S. officials and analysts said the impacts of the Chinese licensing system would be much broader than U.S. technology controls, which have targeted only more advanced computer chips.

美国官员和分析人士表示，中国许可制度的影响范围将远大于美国的技术管制——后者仅针对较先进的计算机芯片。

China’s efforts to weaponize supply chains also predate U.S. chip controls, some analysts point out. Concerned about depending on antagonistic nations for oil and technology, the government has for decades carried out plans to build up strategic industries. And in 2010, China cut off rare earth exports to Japan during a maritime dispute.

部分分析人士指出，中国将供应链用作武器的做法早于美国的芯片限制。出于对依赖敌对国家石油和技术的担忧，中国政府数十年来一直推行战略产业培育计划。2010年，在一场海上争端期间，中国曾切断对日本的稀土出口。

It’s not clear when Chinese officials started developing the rare earths licensing system. But Mr. Trump’s aggressive actions — including new fees for Chinese-owned ships that dock at U.S. ports — have given Beijing the opportunity to try out these measures.

目前尚不清楚中国官员何时开始制定稀土许可制度。但特朗普的激进举措——包括对停靠美国港口的中资船只征收新费用——为中国提供了试行这些措施的契机。

In April, after Mr. Trump imposed additional tariffs of 34 percent on China, Beijing rolled out an initial rare earth licensing system for exports to automakers and defense industries. U.S. businesses panicked as mineral supplies dwindled. Ford Motor and other auto companies stopped some production. Mr. Trump responded by escalating his tariffs to a minimum of 145 percent, bringing much trade between the countries to a halt.

今年4月，在特朗普对中国加征34%的额外关税后，中国推出了针对汽车制造商和国防工业的初步稀土出口许可制度。随着矿产供应减少，美国企业陷入恐慌，福特汽车等车企暂停了部分生产。特朗普的回应是将关税提升至最低145%，导致两国间的大量贸易陷入停滞。

In meetings this spring and summer, the countries restored a fragile truce in which the United States reduced its tariffs and China allowed mineral exports to flow more easily. But the United States has continued to issue technology controls, prompting painful countermeasures by China.

在今年春夏的会谈中，两国恢复了脆弱的休战状态：美国降低了关税，中国则让矿产出口更加顺畅。但美国仍在持续出台技术限制措施，引发了中国采取令人痛苦的反制措施。

China’s much more expansive minerals licensing system followed a Sept. 29 move by the United States to expand trade restrictions to the subsidiaries of any company on the so-called entity list, which restricts the kind of U.S. technology they can buy.

9月29日，美国将贸易限制扩大至所谓实体清单上企业的子公司，限制它们购买美国技术的类型，随后，中国推出此次更为全面的矿产许可制度。

Analysts say Chinese officials viewed the move as disrupting a tentative thaw after Mr. Trump spoke with Mr. Xi by phone less than two weeks earlier and said they had agreed to a preliminary deal to divest TikTok’s U.S. operations from its Chinese parent company.

分析人士称，中国官员认为，此举破坏了此前的试探性缓和——不到两周前，特朗普与习近平通电话，表示已就TikTok美国业务从其中国母公司剥离达成初步协议。

Beijing responded with other restrictive measures, too. It announced controls on equipment needed to make batteries for electric cars, opened an antimonopoly investigation into the U.S. chipmaker Qualcomm, imposed additional port fees on U.S. ships and added several American businesses to a restricted trade list.

中国还采取了其他限制性措施作为回应：宣布对电动汽车电池生产所需设备实施管制、对美国芯片制造商高通发起反垄断调查、对美国船只加征港口费用，并将多家美国企业列入贸易限制清单。

But the mineral restrictions stand out for the authority they allow Beijing to claim over the global supply of the tiny chips that power virtually all electronics.

但矿产限制措施尤为引人注目，因为它赋予中国政府对全球微型芯片供应的管控权——这些芯片驱动着几乎所有电子产品的运转。

“It scares the rest of the world how far China is willing to go in upending the global supply chain,” said Xiaomeng Lu, a director with Eurasia Group, a political consultancy and research group in Washington.

“中国在颠覆全球供应链方面无所不用其极，这让世界其他国家感到恐慌，”华盛顿政治咨询与研究机构欧亚集团主任鲁小萌表示。

Chris Miller, a professor at Tufts University and the author of “Chip War: The Fight for the World’s Most Critical Technology,” said that the implications of China’s news licensing system could be “extraordinarily broad,” affecting almost all semiconductors made globally.

塔夫茨大学教授、《芯片战争——世界最关键技术的争夺战》(Chip War: The Fight for the World’s Most Critical Technology)一书作者克里斯·米勒表示，中国新许可制度的影响可能“极为广泛”，几乎会波及全球制造的所有半导体。

Companies and governments in the United States, Europe, Japan, India, South Korea and elsewhere are also concerned about the extensive corporate information that the Chinese government is requesting in the licensing process.

中国政府在许可申请过程中会要求提供大量企业信息，对此美国、欧洲、日本、印度、韩国等国家和地区的企业及政府也表达了担忧。

Foreseeing “a lot of resistance” to providing that information, Dr. Miller said it could accelerate efforts to build non-Chinese supply chains for rare earths. The argument is similar to one that critics of U.S. technology controls have long made, that they could push the world to adopt non-U.S. chip technology.

米勒表示，预计要求提供信息将面临“巨大阻力”，这可能会加速构建非中国主导的稀土供应链。这一观点与美国技术限制的批评者长期以来的论调相似——即美国的技术限制可能促使全球采用非美国的芯片技术。

The United States and China are each leveraging a supply chain that the other has struggled for years to boost domestically. But while China has spent billions on its chip industry, spurring the growth of its own chipmakers, the United States could need years to restart rare earth production.

美中两国各自利用的供应链，都是对方多年来难以在本土提升的领域。但是，中国已在芯片产业投入数十亿美元，推动本土芯片制造商发展，美国可能仍需数年时间才能重启稀土生产。

“If China is able to get around the chip restrictions but it takes the U.S. longer to get around the rare earths controls, that’s going to be a big problem for the United States,” said Martin Chorzempa, a senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics.

“如果中国能够规避芯片限制，而美国需要更长时间才能摆脱稀土管制的影响，那对美国来说将是个大问题，”彼得森国际经济研究所高级研究员马丁·科尔泽帕表示。

Yeling Tan, a professor at Oxford University, said the events of the past months had put China in a stronger negotiating position than the one it held during the first Trump administration. But she said the controls “might end up being costly for China, in terms of how the extraterritorial requirements might alarm other trading partners.”

牛津大学教授谭叶凌表示，过去几个月的事态发展，使中国处于比特朗普第一任期时更强的谈判地位。但她表示，就“域外适用条款可能引发其他贸易伙伴的担忧”而言，这些管制措施“最终可能让中国付出代价”。

“This threatens to undermine China’s credibility as a reliable trading nation," she said. “It is an incredibly delicate balance to strike.”

“这可能会损害中国作为可靠贸易伙伴的信誉，”她说，“这是一种极其微妙的平衡。”