China said on Tuesday that it would begin banning the export of several rare minerals to the United States, in an escalation of the tech war between the world’s two biggest powers. The move comes a day after the Biden administration tightened Chinese access to advanced American technology.

中国周二表示将开始禁止向美国出口某些稀有矿产，这是世界上两个最大国家之间技术战的升级。此前一天，拜登政府加强了对中国获取美国先进技术的限制。

The ban signals Beijing’s willingness to engage in supply chain warfare by blocking the export of important components used to make valuable products, like weaponry and semiconductors.

这项禁令表明，中国政府愿意通过阻止用于制造武器和半导体等重要产品的重要零部件的出口来打供应链战争。

Sales of gallium, germanium, antimony and so-called superhard materials to the United States would be halted immediately on the grounds that they have dual military and civilian uses, China’s Ministry of Commerce said, citing the minerals’ use for military purposes. The export of graphite would also be subject to stricter review.

中国商务部表示，将立即停止向美国销售镓、锗、锑和所谓的超硬材料，理由是它们属于军民两用物项。石墨的出口也将受到更严格的审查。

China is central to many global supply chains, but it generally refrained from clamping down on its own exports during the first Trump administration, preferring instead to take more limited actions like buying soybeans from Brazil instead of the United States. But senior Chinese officials are worried that President-elect Donald J. Trump plans more stringent policies during his coming term in office.

中国是许多全球供应链的核心，但在特朗普的第一个任期，中国通常不会对本国的出口进行打压，而是倾向于采取更有限的行动，比如从巴西而不是美国购买大豆。但中国的高级官员担心，美国的候任总统特朗普有意在即将到来的任期内实施更严格的政策。

Mr. Trump has promised to put hefty tariffs on goods from China and further sever the trading relationship between the countries. The move on Tuesday — one of the most aggressive steps China has taken to counter increasingly restrictive policies from the U.S. government — could foreshadow more economic conflict as Mr. Trump enters the White House.

特朗普已经放话，要对来自中国的商品征收高额关税，并进一步切断两国间的贸易关系。周二的举动是中国为反制美国政府日益严厉的限制政策而采取的最激进举措之一，可能预示着随着特朗普入主白宫，会出现更多的经济冲突。

China produces nearly all the world’s supply of critical minerals needed to make advanced technologies such as semiconductors. Beijing has been tightening its grip on the materials to retaliate for clampdowns on American technology exports to China over the past two years.

全球制造半导体等先进技术产品所需的关键矿产几乎全部来自中国。北京一直在加强对这些原材料的控制，以报复过去两年美国对华技术出口的限制。

China created a legal framework last year for controlling exports of gallium and germanium, which are used in semiconductors, and on Sept. 15 China added antimony, which is used in military explosives. In October, China began requiring its exporters of rare earth metals, used in everything from advanced semiconductors to smart bombs, to disclose, step by step, how the minerals would be used in Western supply chains.

去年，中国建立了一个法律框架来控制半导体中使用的镓和锗的出口，9月15日，中国将可用于军用炸药的锑纳入控制范围。10月，中国开始要求稀土金属的出口商逐步披露这些矿物在西方供应链中的使用情况，稀土金属用于从先进半导体到智能炸弹的各种产品。

China’s exports of gallium and germanium briefly halted a year ago until officials in Beijing devised a system for approving such transactions. Shipments to the United States have never fully recovered, forcing the United States to rely more on the purchase of semi-processed materials from other countries like Japan that buy directly from China.

一年前，中国的镓和锗出口曾一度停止，直到有关部门制定了一套批准此类交易的制度。对美国的出口一直没有完全恢复，迫使美国更多地依赖从日本等其他国家购买半加工材料，这些国家可以直接从中国购买。

The move by China on Tuesday echoed an unannounced embargo on exports of rare earth metals to Japan that Beijing imposed for two months in 2010 during a territorial dispute between the countries. That embargo produced considerable distress among manufacturers in Japan worried about dwindling supplies, because China provides as much as 99 percent of the world’s supply of some rare earth metals.

周二中国的举动让人想起2010年在中日领土争端期间，北京突然对日本实施的为期两个月的稀土金属出口禁令。这一禁令在日本制造商中引发了相当大的不安，因为某些稀土金属的全球供应有99%来自中国。

The United States could be somewhat less vulnerable to China’s measures now than Japan was then. Many chemical factories in the United States have closed in recent decades, so the country already buys semi-processed materials from countries other than China.

与当时的日本相比，美国现在受中国措施的影响可能要小一些。近几十年来，美国的许多化工厂已经关闭，因此它已经在从中国以外的国家购买半成品材料。

The Chinese ban on superhard mineral exports could provoke particular unhappiness in America’s national security community. That ban appeared to be aimed at Chinese exports of tungsten, which is vital for making armor-piercing bullets and shells, said Oliver Friesen, the chief executive of Guardian Metal Resources, a London company that is planning to mine tungsten in Nevada.

中国对超硬矿物出口的禁令可能会引起美国国家安全界的特别不满。伦敦一家计划在内华达州开采钨矿的公司Guardian Metal Resources的首席执行官奥利弗·弗里森表示，这一禁令似乎是针对中国的钨矿出口，钨对于制造穿甲子弹和炮弹至关重要。

It will take close to three years to establish a new tungsten mine in Nevada, he said, adding: “We’re moving things along quite quickly.”

他说，在内华达州新开一座钨矿需要近三年的时间，并称，“我们的进展相当迅速。”

When the Biden administration broadened tariffs in September that Mr. Trump imposed in his first term, it added a 25 percent tariff on imports of tungsten from China — part of an effort to persuade tungsten users in the United States to find more dependable suppliers elsewhere.

今年9月，拜登政府扩大了特朗普在第一任期内征收的关税，对从中国进口的钨征收25%的关税，这是为了说服美国的钨用户在其他地方寻找更可靠供应商。

Even before China instituted the ban Tuesday, it had begun limiting its overall antimony exports tightly enough that global prices for the material have doubled in the past three months.

甚至在周二颁布禁令之前，中国就已经开始严格限制锑的整体出口，以至于全球锑价格在过去三个月里翻了一番。

According to the United States Geological Survey, China has been supplying 54 percent of the germanium used by the United States, a material used in infrared technology and fiber optics.

根据美国地质调查局的数据，美国使用的锗有54%来自中国。锗是一种用于红外技术和光纤的材料。

The United States has not mined its own gallium, used in semiconductors, since 1987. Japan supplies 26 percent of American imports of gallium, China 21 percent and Germany 19 percent, along with several smaller suppliers.

自1987年以来，美国就再也没有开采过可用于半导体的镓。在美国进口的镓中，日本占26%，中国占21%，德国占19%，还有几个较小的供应国。

Halting exports of critical minerals can backfire. After China temporarily halted exports to Japan in 2010, the Japanese government helped Lynas, a company in Australia, to develop a large rare earth metals mine there as an alternative supplier.

停止关键矿物出口的效果可能会适得其反。2010年中国暂停对日本的出口后，日本政府帮助澳大利亚的Lynas公司在当地开发了一个大型稀土金属矿，作为替代供应。

On Monday, the Biden administration expanded its curbs on technology to China by prohibiting the sale of certain types of chips and machinery and adding more than 100 Chinese companies to a restricted-trade list. American officials characterized the limits as a routine action to update the existing curbs and close loopholes that some businesses had used to circumvent prohibitions.

周一，拜登政府扩大了对华技术出口的限制，禁止出售某些类型的芯片和制造这些芯片的设备，并将100多家中国公司列入了贸易限制名单。美国官员称这些限制是例行行动，目的是更新现有的限制措施，堵塞一些企业用来规避禁令的漏洞。

It was the third significant action in the past three years in the Biden administration’s bid to prevent China from catching up to the United States in cutting-edge technologies. The Biden administration has steadily expanded other restrictions on doing business with China, like curbing U.S. investment in certain Chinese industries, and blocking Chinese electric vehicles out of concern their operating systems could share data with Beijing.

拜登政府稳步扩大了与中国做生意的其他限制，比如限制美国对中国某些行业的投资，以及阻止中国电动车进入美国市场，因担心其操作系统可能与北京共享数据。

Mr. Trump has promised his own aggressive measures that would further cut down on trade between the countries. For example, he campaigned on a promise to add tariffs of 60 percent or more on Chinese products and remove so-called permanent normal trade relations with China, which would also result in higher tariffs on Chinese goods.

特朗普承诺将采取积极措施，进一步减少两国间的贸易。例如，他在竞选时承诺对中国产品征收60%或更多的关税，并取消与中国的所谓永久正常贸易关系，这也将导致对中国商品征收更高的关税。

China criticized the technology curbs by the United States, calling them “illegal.”

中国将美国实施技术限制批评为“非法”。

“Such practices seriously undermine the international economic and trade order, disrupt the stability of global production and the supply chain, and harms the interests of all countries,” said Lin Jian, a spokesman for China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

“这种做法严重破坏国际经贸秩序，扰乱全球产供链稳定，损害所有国家利益，”中国外交部发言人林剑说。

In response to U.S. technology curbs, Chinese industry groups representing business sectors, including semiconductors and auto manufacturing, also released statements on Tuesday calling for Chinese companies to purchase more chips domestically or from countries other than the United States.

针对美国的技术限制，中国代表半导体和汽车制造等行业的行业团体于周二发表声明，呼吁中国企业更多地从国内或美国以外的国家采购芯片。

“American chip products are no longer safe and reliable, and related Chinese industries will have to be cautious in purchasing American chips,” the China Semiconductor Industry Association said.

中国半导体行业协会表示：“美国芯片产品不再安全、不再可靠，中国相关行业将不得不谨慎采购美国芯片。”

These associations include some of the world’s largest consumers of semiconductors, so the warning could have financial implications for U.S. chip makers.

这些行业协会代表着一些全球最大的半导体消费企业，因此这一警告可能对美国芯片制造商产生财务影响。

U.S. companies like Micron and Intel were previously targeted by national security investigations in China that threatened to cut them off from a major market. Chinese government officials have also been discouraged from using foreign-made devices, threatening Apple’s market share.

美光和英特尔等美国公司此前曾是中国国家安全调查的目标，这些调查可能会切断它们与一个主要市场的联系。中国政府还不鼓励官员使用外国制造的电子产品，这对苹果公司的市场份额构成了威胁。

In a statement, John Neuffer, the president of the Washington-based Semiconductor Industry Association, said that the group was evaluating the impact of the proposals and that “any claims that American chips are ‘no longer safe or reliable’ are simply inaccurate.”

总部设在华盛顿的半导体行业协会主席约翰·诺伊弗在一份声明中表示，该组织正在评估这些提议的影响，并指出，“任何关于美国芯片‘不再安全、不再可靠’的说法都是不准确的。”

The association had “long urged that export controls should be narrow and targeted to meet specific national security objectives,” he said. “We encourage both governments to avoid further escalation.”

他表示，该协会“长期以来一直主张出口管制应缩小范围且有针对性，以满足特定的国家安全目标”。他还表示：“我们鼓励两国政府避免事态进一步升级。”