In January, the Catalan regional government in Spain created a specialized desk dedicated to increasing investment and trade with China, the world’s second-largest economy.

今年1月，西班牙加泰罗尼亚地区政府成立了一个专门部门，致力于增加与世界第二大经济体中国的投资与贸易。

In July, the Port of Barcelona approved plans to build a terminal with direct access to the port’s railway for electric vehicles that China is exporting to Europe.

今年7月，巴塞罗那港批准了建造一个新码头的计划，这个码头直接连接港口的铁路系统，运输中国向欧洲出口的电动车。

Last month, during a visit to Beijing by Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez, the Chinese wind turbine giant Envision Energy agreed to team up with his government and invest $1 billion to build a green hydrogen industrial park.

上个月，在西班牙首相桑切斯访问北京期间，中国风力涡轮机巨头远景能源与西班牙政府签约，承诺在西班牙投资10亿美元建设一个绿色氢技术综合体。

The activity is a sign of how Spain is trying to expand its economic ties with China when tensions with the West are growing.

在中国与西方的关系日益紧张的时候，西班牙的这些动作表明，它正试图扩大与中国的经济联系。

“China is a key economic partner” for the European Union and Spain, Carlos Cuerpo, Spain’s economic minister, said from his office in Madrid. “Europe has to find its own way.”

“中国是（欧盟和西班牙的）一个重要经济伙伴，”西班牙经济大臣卡洛斯·奎尔波在马德里的办公室表示。“欧洲必须找到自己的道路。”

It is a hard path to locate these days. This week, Europe is increasing tariffs on Chinese electric vehicles to as much as 45 percent. The European Union maintains that government subsidies have enabled Chinese companies to sell their cars at cut-rate prices, threatening the bloc’s own industry.

这条路如今并不好找。本周，欧洲将把对中国电动汽车征收的关税提高到45%。欧盟认为，中国政府的补贴让中国企业能够低价出售汽车，给欧盟自己的产业带来威胁。

西班牙外交大臣阿尔瓦雷斯（后左）与中国外交官一起出席西班牙政府与中国远景能源公司签署协议的仪式。

The vote splintered the European Union’s 27 members, drawing support from France and opposition from Germany. Spain, the union’s fourth-largest economy, was among 12 countries that abstained, reflecting how China is viewed as both an economic opportunity and a threat.

提高关税的投票在欧盟27个成员国中制造了分裂，法国支持，德国反对。12个成员国投了弃权票，欧盟第四大经济体西班牙是其中之一，反映了中国既被视为经济机遇，也被视为威胁的现实。

To skeptics, China’s attempts to inundate Europe with cheap, subsidized solar panels and electric vehicles imperil industries that are essential to the continent’s prosperity. Meanwhile, its support for Russia since the invasion of Ukraine undermines Europe’s security.

对中国持怀疑态度的人认为，中国试图向欧洲大量销售获得政府补贴的廉价太阳能电池板和电动汽车，危及对欧洲大陆的繁荣至关重要的行业。与此同时，自从俄罗斯入侵乌克兰以来，中国一直支持俄罗斯，破坏了欧洲的安全。

“This is not only about commercial interests but also geopolitical interests,” said Liana Fix, a fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations in Washington. Europe has to be careful not to become too dependent on Chinese industry and materials, she said.

“这不仅关乎商业利益，也关乎地缘政治利益，”华盛顿外交关系委员会研究员丽埃娜·菲克斯说。欧洲必须谨慎，不要过于依赖中国的工业和材料，她说。

In her view, Spain is taking a pragmatic approach by engaging in joint ventures that give its companies access to China’s advanced technology.

在她看来，西班牙正在采取一种务实的做法，通过建立合资企业，让本国企业获得中国的先进技术。

When it comes to critical industries including automobiles and agriculture, Mr. Cuerpo, the economics minister, said, “Spain has to do its own analysis.”

西班牙经济大臣奎尔波表示，当涉及汽车和农业等关键行业时，“西班牙需要做自己的分析。”

Such assessments are happening in capitals around the world as officials and businesses try to figure out how to keep their economies pumping when rivalries between the world’s superpowers are sharpening.

这种评估正在世界各国的首都进行，各国官员和企业都试图在世界超级大国之间的竞争日益激烈之际，找到保持本国经济持续增长的途径。

西班牙中部普埃托利亚诺的氢气储罐。能源是西班牙和中国投资合作的重点领域。

The freewheeling global economic system that turbocharged international trade and investment has been profoundly shaken, first by the pandemic and then by wars in Ukraine and the Middle East. And governments are struggling to balance their desire for economic growth with concerns about national security, international alliances and supply chain resilience.

曾大力推动国际贸易和投资的自由全球经济体系已受到了极大的冲击，先是新冠病毒大流行，后来是俄乌战争和中东的战争。各国政府正在努力平衡他们对经济增长的渴望与对国家安全、国家间联盟以及供应链韧性的担忧。

The cycle of tariffs and retaliation between the United States and China that began in 2018 under President Donald J. Trump has escalated to affect hundreds of billions of dollars of goods. In May, the Biden administration placed a 100 percent tariff on electric vehicles from China.

美国与中国之间的关税和反制的循环始于特朗普总统执政期间的2018年，后来不断升级，已影响到价值数千亿美元的商品。今年5月，拜登政府把对来自中国的电动汽车征收的关税提高到了100%。

The effects are rippling throughout the world’s economy.

美中贸易战的影响正在波及整个世界经济。

Nonaligned countries like Mexico and Vietnam have experienced rapid jumps in Chinese trade and investment and, in turn, have increased their exports to the United States. Such so-called connector countries serve “as a bridge between blocs,” a way for Chinese firms to get their goods into the United States but avoid import duties, said Gita Gopinath, the first deputy managing director at the International Monetary Fund.

墨西哥和越南等不结盟国家经历了中国贸易和投资的快速增长，相应地，两国对美国的出口也已增加。国际货币基金组织第一副总裁吉塔·戈皮纳特说，这些所谓的连接国家充当着“集团之间的桥梁”，是中国企业将商品运往美国但避免进口关税的一种方式。

A similar dynamic can be seen in Europe.

欧洲也出现了类似的动态。

加泰罗尼亚大区主席佩雷·阿拉贡内斯在今年4月的仪式上宣布Ebro-EV Motors与中国汽车制造商奇瑞达成协议。

“China’s strategy is clear,” said Josep Maria Gomes, international business manager at the chamber of commerce in Barcelona. “Chinese companies are coming to Europe to solve the problems with trade barriers.”

“中国的战略很明显，”巴塞罗那商会国际业务经理约瑟夫·玛丽亚·戈梅茲说。“中国企业正在为解决贸易壁垒问题来到欧洲。”

China has been increasing foreign direct investment and completing more mergers and acquisitions.

中国一直在增加对外直接投资，并完成更多的并购。

This spring, Chery, a carmaker owned by China’s Wuhu municipal government, signed a 400-million-euro agreement with the Spanish company Ebro-EV Motors. The two will produce electric vehicles at a shuttered Nissan plant in Barcelona.

今年春天，中国芜湖市政府旗下的汽车制造商奇瑞与西班牙公司Ebro-EV Motors签署了一项价值4亿欧元的协议。两家公司将在巴塞罗那一家已关闭的日产工厂生产电动汽车。

Mr. Gomes is optimistic that Spain will beat out competitors and land another deal with the state-owned Chinese carmaker MG to build an electric automobile factory.

戈梅茲对达成另一项协议表示乐观，认为西班牙将击败竞争对手，与中国国有汽车制造商上汽名爵一起在西班牙建电动汽车厂。

Chinese auto manufacturers have also struck agreements to produce electric vehicle plants in Turkey, Hungary and Poland.

中国的汽车制造商们已经达成了在土耳其、匈牙利和波兰建电动汽车厂的协议。

By producing cars on the continent, Chinese companies can sidestep tariffs. Local manufacturers get access to China’s know-how.

通过在欧洲大陆生产汽车，中国公司能避开关税。当地制造商能获得中国的专有技术。

Chinese producers clearly have “superior technology,” said Jacob Kirkegaard, a senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics in Brussels. European firms that steer clear of them risk “missing out.”

中国生产商显然拥有“卓越的技术”，布鲁塞尔彼得森国际经济研究所高级研究员雅各布·柯克加德说。避开这些公司的欧洲企业可能会“错失良机”。

西班牙北部洛斯阿尔科斯的太阳能发电厂。

Cooperation, though, can also give China leverage. After the European Union voted to impose tariffs, Chery announced that production in Spain would be postponed for a year. Spanish government officials dismissed the idea that the delay was meant to signal displeasure.

但合作也能让中国获得筹码。欧盟投票决定征收关税后，奇瑞宣布西班牙工厂投产将推迟一年。西班牙政府官员否认推迟是表达不满的信号。

Spain has long been overshadowed by the larger economies of Germany, France and Italy, but grew more than three times as much as the European Union’s average last year. Last week, the International Monetary Fund estimated that Spain’s economy would grow 2.9 percent this year, the largest increase of any major advanced industrialized nation in the West. The estimate for Germany, traditionally the engine of European growth, was zero.

虽然西班牙长期以来在欧盟前三大经济体德国、法国和意大利面前显得逊色，但西班牙去年的经济增长速度是欧盟平均水平的三倍多。上周，国际货币基金组织估计，西班牙经济今年将增长2.9%，是西方主要工业化国家中增长最快的。而国际货币基金组织对历来作为欧洲增长引擎的德国今年经济增长的预测为零。

The automobile industry is considered essential to Spain’s economic success. Already the second-largest manufacturer in Europe after Germany, Spain exported 87 percent of its automotive production last year.

汽车行业被认为对西班牙经济成功至关重要。西班牙已经是仅次于德国的欧洲第二大汽车生产国，去年87%的汽车产量出口到国外。

Investment and trade with the United States still dwarf investment and trade between Spain and China. And there is a risk that European cars produced with Chinese technology could be shut out of the American market because of security concerns.

西班牙与美国的投资和贸易往来仍远远高于西班牙与中国的。而且，使用中国技术生产的欧洲汽车可能会因国家安全问题而被排除在美国市场之外。

Still, there is “huge potential” in the relationship with China, said Marta Blanco, president of the international relations committee at the Spanish Confederation of Business Organizations, a trade association that represents more than two million companies and businesspeople.

尽管如此，西班牙商业组织联合会国际关系委员会主席玛塔·布兰科表示，与中国的关系仍有“巨大潜力”。西班牙商业组织联合会是一个代表着200多万个公司和商人的行业协会。

And for Chinese investors, Spain’s longstanding cultural and economic ties to other Spanish-speaking countries mean that it can also serve as a gateway to Latin America — a region where countries engage with China despite concerns about its flooding their markets with exports.

对中国投资者来说，西班牙与其他讲西班牙语的国家有着长期的文化和经济联系，这意味着它能成为通往拉丁美洲的门户——尽管该地区的国家担心中国向其市场抛售产品，但仍与中国保持着联系。

Chinese direct investment in Spain has been growing over the last decade, more than doubling to nearly $12 billion since 2017. The agreement with Envision followed an announcement by the Chinese-owned manufacturer Hygreen Energy to invest more than $2 billion on hydrogen generation projects in southern Spain.

过去十年来，中国对西班牙的直接投资一直在增长，2017年以来已增长了一倍多，达到了近120亿美元。在西班牙政府与远景能源达成协议之前，中国控股的制造商中电丰业已宣布将在西班牙南部的绿氢工厂项目上​​投资20多亿美元。

西班牙经济大臣奎尔波称中国是欧盟和西班牙的“重要经济伙伴”。

Spain, which already generates more than 60 percent of its electricity from renewable sources, wants to become a leader in producing clean energy for Europe.

西班牙电力生产的60%以上已经来自可再生能源，它希望成为欧洲清洁能源生产的领军人。

Maintaining good relations with China is also a major concern for many agricultural producers in Spain.

与中国保持良好关系也是西班牙许多农业生产者的主要关切事项。

“China is an essential market,” said Daniel de Miguel, deputy director of Interporc, the association of pork producers. Spain exported more than 500,000 tons of white pork to China last year, a quarter of the sector’s total exports, according to the association.

“中国是一个重要的市场，”西班牙猪肉生产商协会Interporc的副主任丹尼尔·德米格尔说。据该协会称，西班牙去年向中国出口了50多万吨白猪肉，占该行业总出口量的四分之一。

And worries about an escalating trade war between Europe and China are palpable.

对欧洲和中国之间贸易战升级的担忧是显而易见的。

Within days of the vote to impose tariffs on Chinese electric vehicles, Beijing announced a temporary tariff on European brandy. The Chinese government has also opened an investigation into whether the European pork industry is exporting to China at low prices that violate trade rules.

在投票决定对中国电动汽车征收关税的几天后，中国政府宣布对欧洲白兰地实施临时反倾销措施。中国政府还对欧洲的猪肉行业是否违反贸易规则，低价向中国出口展开调查。

“We are really nervous,” said Mr. de Miguel, who was part of a delegation that accompanied Spain’s prime minister on his trip in September. After the visit, Mr. Sánchez switched his position on the European Union’s electric vehicle tariffs, which he previously publicly said he supported.

“我们真的很紧张，”德米格尔说，他是今年9月陪同西班牙首相访华的代表团成员之一。访问结束后，桑切斯改变了西班牙在欧盟对中国电动汽车征收关税问题上的立场，此前他曾公开表示支持欧盟征收关税。

Like other European countries whose economies depend on global exports and supply chains, Spain is trying to walk a thin line between cooperation and competition with China.

与其他经济依赖全球出口和供应链的欧洲国家一样，西班牙正试图在与中国的合作和竞争之间走钢丝。

“We have to be open but not naïve,” Mr. Cuerpo, the economics minister, said.

“我们必须持开放的态度，但不能天真，”经济大臣奎尔波说。