At its military parade on Wednesday, China showcased hypersonic missiles to sink ships, drones that serve as wingmen and nuclear-capable ballistic missiles that can strike the continental United States.

中国在周三举行的阅兵式上展示了可击沉舰艇的高超音速导弹、可作为僚机的无人机，以及可打击美国本土的核弹道导弹。

The jets that screamed across the sky and the columns of missiles and armored vehicles that rolled past Tiananmen Square in Beijing provided a rare look at China’s new weapons.

喷气式飞机呼啸而过，导弹和装甲车纵队驶过天安门广场，让人们得以罕见地一睹中国的新式武器。

阅兵式上的所有军事装备。注：仅展示地面阅兵的装备，未包括三个支援与后勤方队。

The massive military parade, presided over by China’s leader Xi Jinping, was a warning to his country’s prospective foes.

中国领导人习近平主持的这场盛大阅兵式是对该国潜在敌人发出的警告。

The anti-ship missiles seemed tailor-made to menace American forces in the Asia-Pacific region. Long-range rocket launchers magnified Beijing’s threat to Taiwan, the self-governed island democracy. The armored vehicles that can be dropped from planes appeared to extend China’s ability to defend its growing global interests.

反舰导弹似乎是专门为危及亚太地区的美国军队量身定做的。远程火箭发射器增强了北京对民主自治的台湾的威胁。可空投的装甲车则显示出中国在维护其不断扩大的全球利益方面具备了更强的能力。

If one theme stood out, analysts said, it was that the People’s Liberation Army is betting on unmanned systems to gain a potential edge in battle.

分析人士指出，如果说有一个主题引人注目的话，那就是中国人民解放军正押注无人系统，以在战斗中获得可能的优势。

New Missile Threats to U.S. Navy Ships

美国海军舰艇面临新的导弹威胁

One of the parade’s strongest warnings to U.S. forces was in four new models of anti-ship missiles, three of which were hypersonic, according to state media, meaning they travel at least five times the speed of sound and can maneuver to evade defenses.

此次阅兵式对美军最强烈的警示当属四种新型反舰导弹，据中国官媒报道，其中三种是高超音速导弹，飞行速度至少是音速的五倍，而且能机动地躲避反导系统。

“Beijing’s decision to showcase these weapons sends a not-so-subtle message to Taiwan and Washington that China has the ability to threaten American warships,” said Timothy R. Heath, a senior researcher at the global policy institute RAND who studies the Chinese military.

“北京决定展示这些武器，把一个不加掩饰的信号发给台湾和华盛顿，那就是中国具备威胁美国军舰的能力，”在兰德公司全球政策研究所研究中国军事的高级研究员蒂莫西·R·希思说。

For China, having more advanced hypersonic missiles bearing down at different speeds and angles on enemy warships may make it harder for an enemy navy to avoid or counter attacks.

从中国的角度来看，拥有更先进的以不同速度和角度攻击敌方军舰的高超音速导弹，也许会让敌方的海军更难躲避或反击。

The most notable of the anti-ship missiles might be the YJ-19, a cruise missile that appears to use a “scramjet,” which burns its fuel in an airflow moving at supersonic speed, a design that helps give the missile its high speed.

在这些反舰导弹中，最引人注目的或是“鹰击-19”。这种巡航导弹似乎采用了“超燃冲压发动机”，即在超音速气流中燃烧燃料，这种设计有助于提高导弹的速度。

超音速反舰导弹

The missile’s features suggest that it could have both a highly unpredictable flight path and the ability to fly its last leg at a lower altitude than ballistic missiles, albeit at a slower speed, said Eric Heginbotham, a principal research scientist in the security studies program of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

该导弹的特性表明，它可能具备极其难以预测的飞行路径，而且有在最后阶段比弹道导弹更低的高度完成飞行的能力，尽管速度会减慢，麻省理工学院安全研究项目的首席研究员埃里克·赫金博坦说。

It was unclear whether the YJ-19 and other new missiles were already in service. The potential impact on U.S. Navy ships’ vulnerability will depend on how many of the missiles China can make and deploy, Mr. Heginbotham said.

目前尚不清楚“鹰击-19”和其他新型导弹是否已经服役。这些武器对美国海军舰艇脆弱性造成的潜在影响，将取决于中国的量产和部署能力，赫金博坦说。

“Not all of what they will show will be operational,” he said of the parade. “That’s been true in the past, and it remains true now.”

“阅兵展示的装备并非未来都投入使用，”他在谈到此次阅兵时说。“过去如此，现在亦然。”

New Weapons for Ground Troops

地面部队的新武器

The parade showcased new armored ground vehicles that could be dropped from transport planes. The vehicles had what appeared to be periscope-like viewers to allow troops to observe their surroundings from inside the vehicles.

阅兵式展示了可从运输机空投的新型地面装甲车。这些战车有类似潜望镜的观察装置，让士兵能够从车内观察周围环境。

新空降兵战车

The new vehicles showed that China was investing in possible rapid deployment to Taiwan or even far beyond China, said Joshua Arostegui, the research director of the China Landpower Studies Center at the U.S. Army War College.

这些新式战车表明，中国正在投资研发可能用于快速部署到台湾甚至更远地区的装备，美国陆军战争学院中国陆地力量研究中心研究主任约书亚·阿罗斯特吉说。

“Adding such advanced armor to the airborne corps will give these light infantry forces much more firepower and protection when they are dropped behind enemy lines or rapidly responding to dangerous situations abroad,” he said.

“为空降兵配备这种先进战车，将使轻步兵在敌后空降或快速响应海外危险情况时拥有更强大的火力和防护，”他说。

Also featured were remote-controlled armored buggies that can clear mines and pick up wounded soldiers. “The biggest issue with these systems is going to be cost and repair,” Mr. Arostegui noted.

阅兵式上还展示了遥控装甲车，它们能用于扫雷和搬运伤员。“这些系统最大的问题将是成本和维修，”阿罗斯特吉指出。

A Glimpse of Future Sea and Air Combat

对未来海空作战的一瞥

Two sleek submersible drones made their debut, signaling China’s ambitions to compete with the United States beneath the waves using “extra-large uncrewed undersea vehicles.”

两艘造型流畅的无人潜航器在阅兵式上首次亮相，示意了中国使用“巨型无人水下载具”在海下与美国展开竞争的雄心。

One was a 60-foot, torpedo-shaped vessel with a smooth hull, while the other had small masts that could be used for communications.

其中一艘是20米长的鱼雷形潜艇，船体外表光滑；另一艘配备了可用于通信的小型桅杆。

水下无人机

Little is publicly known about China’s new undersea vehicles, or how they stack up against similar vehicles being developed by the United States, Russia and other naval powers. What stands out is the sheer number of undersea vehicles that China is developing, said Jennifer Parker, a former anti-submarine warfare officer in the Australian Navy.

公众对中国的新型无人潜航器知之甚少，也不清楚它们与美国、俄罗斯，以及其他拥有强大海军的国家正在研发的类似潜航器相比能力如何。令人瞩目的是中国正在研发的无人潜航器数量之多，已从澳大利亚海军反潜战部门退役的军官詹妮弗·帕克说。

“The range of types indicates they may be more advanced in this endeavor than other countries,” said Ms. Parker, now an expert at the National Security College of Australian National University.

“型号之多表明，中国在这方面可能比其他国家更先进，”帕克说，她现在是澳大利亚国立大学国家安全学院的专家。

China may also be looking to arm some of its models, Ms. Parker suggested, pointing to the features of the AJX002 model shown at the parade. “Given the lack of masts and its size, it looks like it’s weaponized,” she said. “Could be some sort of self-propelled mine or torpedo-like capability.”

帕克指出，从阅兵式上展示的AJX002型号的特征来看，中国可能也在考虑为某些型号的潜航器配备武器。“考虑到它没有桅杆，而且尺寸庞大，看起来它是配备了武器的，”她说。“可能是某种自航水雷或类似鱼雷的武器。”

Jet fighters, bombers and other air force planes also roared through the sky, while on the ground, trucks carried large drones that looked like small fighter jets. It was a sign of China’s plans to pair manned and unmanned aircraft in future wars.

喷气式战斗机、轰炸机和其他空军飞机也在空中呼啸而过，地面上的卡车运载着外形类似小型战斗机的大型无人机。这表明在未来战争中，中国计划把有人驾驶的飞机与无人机搭配起来。

无人机

China and other powers are betting that artificial intelligence will make it possible for piloted jets to fly alongside such so-called “loyal wingmen” drones, which may help surveil and attack enemy aircraft and block missiles from hitting the manned fighters.

中国和其他大国都在押注人工智能，它将使有人驾驶的飞机与被称为“忠诚僚机”的无人机并肩飞行成为可能，这种僚机也许能帮助监视和攻击敌机，防止导弹击中有人驾驶的战斗机。

The number of large drones and unmanned planes in the parade showed that China is heavily committed to this new field, said Andreas Rupprecht, an expert on Chinese military aviation who is based in Germany. “In many technological areas, it is in the fast lane — sometimes on par with, or even ahead of, leading powers,” he said.

阅兵式上展示的大型无人机和无人驾驶飞机的数量表明，中国正大力发展这一新领域，在德国研究中国军事航空的专家安德烈亚斯·鲁普雷希特说。“中国在许多技术领域处于快车道上，有时与领先国家并驾齐驱，甚至超过了它们，”他说。

None of the unmanned planes were shown in flight, though. They may still be a work in progress.

不过，阅兵式上并没有展示任何无人驾驶飞机的飞行。它们可能仍在研发中。

Nuclear Expansion

扩大核武

Among the most closely watched weapons were China’s nuclear forces. That included the missiles labeled “DF-31BJ” that rumbled past Tiananmen Square, hinting at the country’s plans to expand its intercontinental force, which could strike the United States.

阅兵式上最受关注的武器之一是中国的核力量。其中包括从天安门广场上隆隆驶过的标有“东风-31BJ”字样的导弹，暗示着中国计划扩大能达到美国本土的洲际核力量。

The label indicated that the missile may be a version of China’s road-mobile DF-31 intercontinental nuclear missile, adapted for silo launch, said Ankit Panda, a senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and author of “The New Nuclear Age.”

卡内基国际和平基金会高级研究员、《新核时代》一书的作者安基特·潘达表示，该导弹标的型号表明，它可能是中国的公路机动型东风-31洲际核导弹的一个版本，适用于井基发射。

新核导弹

China displayed nuclear-capable missiles for submarines and aircraft at the parade, but it does not disclose how many nuclear weapons it has. The Federation of American Scientists estimates that China has about 600 warheads. China has also upgraded the missiles, submarines and bombers that can carry the warheads.

中国在阅兵式上展示了可由潜艇和飞机携带的核导弹，但它从未公开说明其核武器的数量。美国科学家联合会的估计是，中国拥有约600枚核弹头。此外，中国还对可搭载核弹头的导弹、潜艇和轰炸机进行了升级换代。

In recent years, China built three missile silo fields in its northern deserts, and the appearance of the DF-31BJ missile at the parade seemed to bolster U.S. military assessments that the missile would be installed in at least some of the 320 or so silos, Mr. Panda said.

近年来，中国在北部沙漠地区建造了三个导弹发射井场。这次阅兵式上亮相的东风-31BJ导弹似乎印证了美国军方的评估，即该导弹可能部署在三个井场约320个发射井中的一部分，潘达说。

About 10 of the silos in each field may have already been loaded with missiles, the Federation of American Scientists said in a recent report. But the Chinese government has said little in public about the silo fields.

美国科学家联合会在最近发布的一份报告中称，每个发射井场中约有10个发射井可能已经安装了导弹。但中国政府很少在公开场合提及这些发射井。

“For now, parading the DF-31BJ is likely the closest we’ll come to China acknowledging new silos,” Mr. Panda said.

“就目前而言，东风-31BJ导弹在阅兵式上出现，可能是我们距离中国承认新发射井存在最近的一次，”潘达说。