From cars and computer chips to tanks and fighter jets, China’s new export restrictions represent a sweeping effort to control global commerce and have set off a renewed trade fight that pits Beijing against not only the United States but also Europe.

从汽车和电脑芯片到坦克和战斗机，中国新出台的出口限制措施标志着其全面掌控全球贸易的努力，并再度引燃贸易战——这次北京不仅要面对美国，还将欧洲置于了对立面。

The new regulations, which take effect in stages on Nov. 8 and Dec. 1, apply to the entire world, sharply escalating China’s sway over critical manufacturing at a time of increased international fractures over trade. The restrictions led President Trump on Friday to threaten to impose new 100 percent tariffs on Chinese imports starting Nov. 1.

新规将于11月8日和12月1日分阶段生效，适用范围覆盖全球。在全球贸易分裂加剧的当下，这意味着中国对关键制造业的掌控力急剧增强。受此影响，特朗普总统上周五威胁称将从11月1日起对中国进口商品加征100%的新关税。

The rules go far beyond China’s limits since April on the export of rare earth metals, which are mined and processed mainly in China, as well as magnets made from those metals. In a series of announcements on Thursday, China extended its restrictions to worldwide shipments of electric motors, computer chips and other devices that have become central to modern life and are now manufactured mainly in China.

此次新规的管控范围远超中国自4月起实施的稀土金属（主要在中国开采和加工）及稀土磁铁出口限制。在上周四发布的一系列公告中，中国将限制范围扩大至电动马达、计算机芯片及其他已深度融入现代生活且主要在中国制造的设备的全球流动。

The regulations prohibit exports from China to any country of materials or components for use in military equipment. Among the items banned are the small yet powerful electric motors in missiles and fighter jets and the materials for crucial range finders in tanks and artillery that are used to zero in on distant targets.

新规严禁向任何国家出口用于军事装备的材料或零部件。被列入禁令的物资包括导弹和战斗机中使用的小型大功率电机，以及坦克和火炮中用于锁定远距离目标的关键测距仪材料。

These rules have drawn particular concern in the West because of their potential to debilitate Europe’s efforts to supply arms to Ukraine and to rebuild Europe’s own militaries to counter Russian aggression.

这些规定在西方引发了特别的关切，因为它们可能削弱欧洲向乌克兰提供武器的能力，以及欧洲为对抗俄罗斯侵略而重整军备的努力。

“We’ve entered into a new phase of the economic conflict,” said Jay Truesdale, who worked in the administration of President Barack Obama on critical mineral policies. He is now the chief executive of TD International, a global strategic advisory firm.

“我们已经进入经济冲突的新阶段，”曾在奥巴马政府负责关键矿物政策工作的杰伊·特鲁斯代尔表示。他目前是全球战略咨询公司TD International的首席执行官。

Beijing’s decision to put a total ban on exports of materials for military use has geopolitical resonance in Europe. Countries there are racing to strengthen their military defenses from an increasingly aggressive Russia. Many armaments require rare earths and commodities from China. Chinese officials have vigorously opposed European Union tariffs on electric vehicles from China, and some experts saw the export controls as a fresh expression of Beijing’s pique.

北京全面禁止军用材料出口的决定在欧洲引发了地缘政治层面的震动。当前欧洲各国正竞相加强军事防御，以应对越来越具侵略性的俄罗斯。而许多武器装备都需要来自中国的稀土及大宗商品。中国官员此前强烈反对欧盟对中国电动车加征关税，有专家认为此次出口管制正是北京不满情绪的新一轮表达。

The raft of regulations means that companies not involved in arms manufacturing must obtain export licenses from China’s Ministry of Commerce to move products with Chinese content across any national borders around the world. The rules broaden the use of elaborate procedures requiring exporters to submit technical drawings of every product their customers want to manufacture with Chinese rare earths and describe how these products will move through global supply chains.

这系列规定意味着，若要在全球范围内跨境运输含中国成分的产品，非军工企业也必须获得中国商务部颁发的出口许可证。新规还扩大了复杂的申报程序，要求出口商提交客户拟用中国稀土制造的每件产品的技术情况说明，并详细说明这些产品将在全球供应链中的流通情况。

After arms manufacturers, the global auto industry appears to be the second-most vulnerable sector, rare-earth industry specialists said. The thousands of companies that produce parts were already the hardest hit by China’s requirement in April that many kinds of rare earth magnets cannot leave the country without licenses.

稀土行业专家指出，除了军工企业，全球汽车产业似乎是受冲击第二严重的行业。早在4月中国要求多种类型的稀土磁铁不得未经许可出口时，全球数以千家零部件制造企业就已遭受最严重的冲击。

A single gasoline-powered car can have more than 40 different rare earth magnets inside electric motors that power the brakes, seats, steering, power windows and other systems. Electric cars have even more rare earth magnets, which are used to turn the wheels.

一辆普通燃油车的电动马达内可能装有40多块稀土磁铁，用于驱动刹车、座椅、方向盘、电动车窗等系统。电动汽车的稀土磁铁用量更大，这些磁铁用于驱动车轮。

American and European auto parts producers have encountered months of delays in obtaining these export licenses. China has started to issue licenses but the process has been slow and cumbersome, industry officials say.

为了申请这些出口许可证，美国和欧洲的汽车零部件制造商已经经历了数月的延误。业内人士表示，中国虽然已经开始发放许可证，但流程缓慢且繁琐。

China has modeled its rare earth regulations on American rules for trade in a few of the world’s most powerful computer chips. But rare earths are more widely used.

在制定稀土出口管制时，中国借鉴了美国针对高性能计算机芯片贸易的监管规定。不过，稀土的用途要比芯片广泛得多。

Many parts manufacturers have stopped assembling electric motors outside China with rare earth magnets from China, and now bypass Beijing’s rules by buying entire electric motors from China. But the latest regulations published by China’s Ministry of Commerce could prevent this workaround.

许多零部件制造商已停止在中国境外组装含稀土磁铁的电动马达，转而通过直接从中国购买电动马达整机来规避北京的规定。但中国商务部最新公布的法规可能会堵上这一漏洞。

The rules encompass almost any product in which rare earths make up 0.1 percent or more of the value. That means they cover not just magnets but also electric motors and even much bigger systems that have electric motors with rare earth magnets inside.

新规几乎涵盖了所有稀土价值占产品总值0.1%及以上的商品。这意味着管控范围不仅包括磁铁本身，还包括电动马达，甚至更大型的系统——只要系统中含有带稀土磁铁的电动马达也在管制范围之内。

The costliest components of car seats, for example, are the motors that adjust them. And the most expensive pieces in these motors are the rare earth magnets.

以汽车座椅为例，最昂贵的部件是负责调节位置的电机，而这些电机中最贵的部分正是稀土磁铁。

The new rules apply to any shipments across national borders, not just in or out of China. European automakers, in particular, face a daunting task of seeking Chinese export licenses to move car parts within Europe.

新规适用于所有跨境流动的产品，不仅限于中国的进出口。尤其是欧洲的汽车制造商更是面临严峻挑战——欧盟境内的零部件流通可能也需要申请中国的出口许可证。

Many companies have recently tried to limit their dependence on China by buying rare earths and rare earth magnets from the few producers outside China. But Beijing’s latest regulations assert jurisdiction over much of this production as well.

近来，许多企业试图减少对中国的依赖，转向少数几家位于中国以外的稀土及稀土磁铁生产商采购。但北京最新的法规宣称对这些生产行为同样拥有管辖权。

The rules also say that any rare earth-related products made outside of China but using Chinese technology are also covered by China’s export control rules.

此外，规定还指出，凡是在中国境外生产但使用了中国技术制造的稀土相关产品，同样受中国出口管制条例的约束。

Rare earth refineries and magnet factories all over the world have been buying Chinese equipment for the past 20 years. Many equipment vendors in North America and Europe closed when most of the world’s rare earth mining shifted to China in the late 1990s.

过去20年间，全球各地的稀土精炼厂和磁铁工厂采购的是中国设备。当全球稀土开采在1990年代末主要转移至中国后，北美和欧洲的多数设备供应商均已停产。