The videos and posts relentlessly mock President Trump or vilify him as a bloodthirsty leader who strikes civilian targets indiscriminately. They make up content about attacks on American and Israeli targets, including one on Wednesday that featured a fabricated video of a missile striking Liberty Island in New York Harbor. They regularly mention Jeffrey Epstein.

这些视频和帖子不断地嘲讽特朗普总统，或者将他丑化为一个不加区分地打击平民目标的嗜血领导人。他们伪造关于美国和以色列目标遭受攻击的内容，其中周三的一段虚假视频显示，一枚导弹击中了纽约港的自由岛。此外，这些帖子还经常提及杰弗里·爱泼斯坦。

Iran is waging what researchers have described as a sophisticated information war, aided by Russia and China, that is spreading content designed to exploit worldwide opposition to the U.S.-Israeli military campaign and deflect from the country’s considerable losses on the battlefield.

研究人员表示，伊朗正在俄罗斯和中国的协助下发动一场复杂的信息战争，通过传播相关内容，既借势全球对美以军事行动的反对情绪，又试图掩盖自己在战场上的重大损失。

Nearly a month into the war, Iran’s state media outlets and covert operatives are producing a steady torrent of propaganda, overstated narratives and outright disinformation. They are often wielding generative A.I. tools to create increasingly realistic-looking images and videos, according to human rights organizations and research groups studying foreign influence.

开战近一个月以来，伊朗的官媒和秘密行动人员正在持续输出大量宣传煽动、夸大叙事和彻头彻尾的虚假信息。根据研究外国影响力的人权组织和研究机构的说法，他们往往利用生成式人工智能工具来来制作看起来越来越逼真的图像和视频。

Much of the false content has been debunked, but not before reaching millions of people on X, Bluesky, Facebook, Instagram, TikTok and other social media platforms.

这些虚假内容中的大部分已经被揭穿，但往往在此之前，它们就已经在X、Bluesky、Facebook、Instagram、TikTok等社交媒体平台上传播，触达数百万人。

The information war, the researchers say, has given Iran’s beleaguered leadership a weapon almost as potent as its ability to disrupt the world’s energy economy by throttling shipments of oil through the Strait of Hormuz. While the impact of the information war can be difficult to measure, experts said it appeared to have stoked popular anger and unease about the conflict in the United States and beyond.

研究人员表示，这场信息战为伊朗深陷困境的领导层提供了武器，其威力几乎等同于通过封锁霍尔木兹海峡石油运输来破坏世界能源经济。虽然信息战的影响难以量化，但专家表示，它似乎已经在美国乃至更广范围内激起了公众对这场冲突的愤怒和不安。

“They’re winning the propaganda war,” Darren L. Linvill, a director of Clemson University’s Media Forensics Hub, said of the Iranians. “They were prepared for it more than the administration, because they’d been preparing for this entire conflict for 50 years.”

克莱姆森大学媒体取证中心主任达伦·林维尔谈到伊朗时表示：“他们在宣传战中占了上风。他们比美国政府准备得更充分，因为为了这场冲突，他们已经准备了50年。”

With the internet largely shut down inside Iran, the intended audience appears to be people outside the country.

由于伊朗国内的互联网基本处于切断状态，这些内容的目标受众显然是境外人群。

Many of the posts appear to come from accounts controlled by humans, rather than automated bots. Researchers at Clemson identified a furtive network of at least 62 accounts on X, Instagram and Bluesky that spread pro-Iranian content.

许多帖子似乎来自由真人控制的账户，而非自动化机器人。克莱姆森大学的研究人员在X、Instagram和Bluesky上识别出一个至少由62个账户组成的隐秘网络，专门传播亲伊朗的内容。

The accounts, controlled by the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps, set up accounts purporting to be Spanish-speaking users in Texas, California, Venezuela and Chile and English speakers in England, Scotland and Ireland.

这些账户由伊斯兰革命卫队控制，伪装成来自得州、加州、委内瑞拉和智利的西班牙语用户，以及来自英格兰、苏格兰和爱尔兰的英语用户。

In some cases, the content they shared had been lifted verbatim from posts published by real people, including prominent Western influencers like Jackson Hinkle and Mario Nawfal, who each have millions of followers on X and are known for incendiary commentary on foreign affairs and conservative issues.

在一些情况下，它们发布的内容直接照搬了真实用户的帖子，包括一些知名的西方网红，如杰克逊·辛克尔和马里奥·纳法尔——两人都在X平台上拥有数百万粉丝，并以在外交事务和保守派议题上的煽动性评论而闻名。

Another campaign focused on a March 18 interview by Tucker Carlson with Joe Kent, the former director of the National Counterterrorism Center who resigned in protest of the war, according to a report by Honest Reporting, a nonprofit advocacy group that critiques news reports it deems critical of Israel.

根据非营利倡议组织“诚实报道”（该机构专门批评其认为对以色列持批评立场的新闻报道）的一份报告，另一场宣传活动聚焦于3月18日塔克·卡尔森对前国家反恐中心主任乔·肯特的采访。肯特因反对这场战争而辞职。

First, RT, the Russian television channel, posted a clip of the interview in which Mr. Kent portrayed the attack as unjustified aggression. From there, dozens of accounts spread the same clip almost simultaneously.

首先，今日俄罗斯电视台发布了该采访的一段剪辑片段，肯特在里面将这次袭击描述为毫无正当理由的侵略。随后，数十个账户几乎同时转发了这段视频。

“This was not simply organic virality,” the group said. It added, “Actors with varying ideological positions aligned almost immediately around a single, highly specific message: that Israel had manipulated the United States into war.”

该组织表示：“这绝非简单的自然火起来。”它还进一步指出：“意识形态立场不同的各类主体几乎在第一时间围绕一个高度具体的单一信息形成一致：即以色列操纵美国走向了战争。”

Iran has also seized on Mr. Trump’s erratic statements and taken advantage of the weakening of American government and corporate guardrails that once sought to counter false or misleading information.

伊朗还利用了特朗普反复无常的言论，并抓住美国政府和企业层面原本用于遏制虚假或误导性信息的防护机制有所削弱之机。

One video fabricated with A.I. and posted on Instagram by SSN TV, an Iranian state network, ridiculed Mr. Trump’s inability to persuade American allies to provide military help to keep the Strait of Hormuz open to oil tankers. The video includes fakes of President Vladimir V. Putin of Russia and Kim Jong-un of North Korea laughing while listening to a rap song.

一段由人工智能生成、由伊朗国家媒体SSN TV在Instagram上发布的视频嘲讽特朗普总统无力说服美国盟友提供军事支持、以确保油轮正常穿行霍尔木兹海峡。视频中还出现了一个伪造的画面：俄罗斯总统普京和朝鲜领导人金正恩听着一首说唱歌曲纵情大笑。

“Trump’s inability to do alliance management or coalition building before this war sort of started the fire, and Iran’s disinformation campaigns are just pouring gasoline on that,” said Jonathan Ruhe, an analyst at the Jewish Institute for National Security of America, an advocacy organization based in Washington that supports strong ties between the United States and Israel.

总部位于华盛顿、主张加强美以关系的倡议组织美国国家安全犹太研究所的分析师乔纳森·鲁赫表示：“特朗普在战前未能进行有效的联盟协调或构建联合阵线，在某种程度上点燃了这场火，而伊朗的虚假信息行动则是在火上浇油。”

The American military has sought to debunk false claims, including another this week that falsely said Iran had downed an F/A-18 fighter jet. Social media platforms have also moved to take down some obviously fabricated videos.

美军已试图拆穿这些虚假指控，包括本周早些时候另一则宣称伊朗击落了一架F/A-18战斗机的假消息。社交媒体平台也行动起来，删除了一些明显伪造的视频。

Even so, more continue to circulate, including content that Mr. Trump and other American government accounts have posted using A.I.-generated content and misleading narratives.

即便如此，更多的虚假内容仍在传播，甚至包括特朗普及其他美国政府账号发布、利用人工智能生成内容以及具有误导性的叙述制作的帖子。

Russia and China, which have close relations with Iran and share a disdain for the unchecked use of American military power, have in turn sharply criticized Mr. Trump’s decision to attack. They amplified Iran’s propaganda and produced their own, according to the researchers.

与伊朗关系密切、同样反感美国不受约束地动用军事力量的俄罗斯和中国，也对特朗普发动攻击的决定提出了严厉批评。据研究人员称，中俄放大伊朗的宣传内容，同时也制作了自己的宣传内容。

Although neither country has openly provided direct military support to Iran, influence operations in both countries have worked at times in a seemingly coordinated fashion, according to Graphika, a company that analyzes content online.

尽管两国都未公开向伊朗提供直接军事支持，但据分析网络内容的Graphika公司称，两国的信息影响行动在某些时候呈现出似乎相互协调的态势。

Its researchers have documented numerous instances in recent weeks when Russian and Chinese state media or known covert influence operations amplified narratives that Iran has pushed — and vice versa. They have highlighted Iran’s ability to block the Strait of Hormuz and claims that the war was started to distract from the release of files related to Mr. Epstein and his crimes.

该公司的研究人员记录了近几周的诸多案例，显示俄罗斯和中国的官媒或已知的秘密影响力行动都在放大伊朗所推动的叙事，反之亦然。其中包括强调伊朗有能力封锁霍尔木兹海峡，以及宣称这场战争是为了转移公众对与爱泼斯坦及其罪行相关文件公布的关注。

Iran’s strategies have been extensively cataloged by social media watchdogs since the war began. Researchers at Graphika described a “travel chain of narratives” that spread from node to node: Iranian state TV airs a misleading broadcast, which is picked up by online influencers who then create A.I.-generated media that Chinese- and Russian-linked bot armies help give wide circulation.

自战争开始以来，多个社交媒体监管机构已对伊朗的相关策略进行了系统梳理。Graphika的研究人员描述了一种在节点间传播的“叙事传播链”：首先，伊朗国家电视台播出一段具有误导性的内容，随后被网红接力传播，他们进一步制作人工智能生成的媒体内容，最后由与中俄相关的机器人水军协助进行大规模传播。

The effort, the company said in a note to clients, “likely aims to normalize support for escalation, shifts blame onto external actors and bolsters the perception of Iran as a victim, justifying defensive or retaliatory stances.”

该公司在一份致客户的简报中表示，这一行动“可能旨在将支持冲突升级的行为合理化，将责任转嫁给外部行为体，并强化伊朗作为受害者的形象，从而为其防御或报复性立场提供依据。”

Cyabra, a social media monitoring company, found that Iran had activated hordes of phony social media accounts to push a message of Iranian dominance on the battlefield, earning 145 million views in the first two weeks of the war.

社交媒体监测公司Cyabra发现，伊朗动用了大量虚假社交媒体账号传播其在战场上占据主导地位的信息，并在战争的最初两周内获得了1.45亿次浏览。

TikTok accounted for 72 percent of those views. Accounts on TikTok with tens of thousands of followers shared A.I.-generated fakes, including dozens of videos of fake attacks on Israel. The company did not respond to a request for comment.

其中72%的浏览量来自TikTok。该平台上一些拥有数万粉丝的账号分享了由人工智能生成的虚假内容，其中包括数十段伪造的以色列遭袭视频。TikTok未回应置评请求。

Cyabra also found evidence that the efforts were the result of “clear coordination” and a “structured campaign” by Iran, citing as evidence the use of recurrent content and hashtags, alongside rapid bursts of posts that appeared online over short periods.

Cyabra还发现有证据表明，这些努力是伊朗“明确协调”和“有组织运动”的结果，其依据包括反复使用的内容与标签，以及在短时间内集中爆发式发布的帖子。

“These tactics allowed the network to rapidly flood the information environment and dominate online discussions during key moments of the conflict,” the company wrote.

该公司写道：“这些策略使该网络能够在冲突的关键时刻迅速淹没信息环境，并主导线上讨论。”