弹丸枪、警棍、催泪瓦斯：印度警方如何镇压青年抗议者
When thousands of unarmed students marched toward the Indian Parliament building last month in a rare challenge to the government, they were met by a wall of riot police officers determined to stop them.
上个月，数以千计手无寸铁的学生向印度议会大楼游行，对政府发起罕见的挑战，他们遭遇了决心阻止他们的防暴警察人墙。
Officials had blocked internet in the area, initially slowing the emergence of details of the crackdown. But videos taken by protesters and witnesses began circulating, revealing that security forces beat people with sticks and fired tear gas and pellet guns at them. The footage led to accusations of excessive force being wielded against peaceful demonstrators.
当局封锁了该地区的互联网，起初延缓了镇压细节的披露。但抗议者和目击者拍摄的视频开始流传，画面显示安全部队用棍棒殴打民众，向他们发射催泪瓦斯和弹丸枪。这些录像引发对安全部队向和平示威者过度使用武力的指责。
The New York Times has verified and analyzed images and video footage shared by protesters, along with witness accounts, to examine how the Delhi Police, the Rapid Action Force and other paramilitary forces handled the crowds. Several Times reporters were also present at the scene on July 20, the day of the march.
《纽约时报》核实并分析了抗议者分享的图像和视频片段，结合目击者的叙述，审视了德里警察局、快速行动部队及其他准军事部队是如何对待人群的。7月20日游行当天，几名《纽约时报》记者也在现场。
The evidence suggests that security forces exceeded many guidelines for law enforcement in peaceful demonstrations established by the United Nations and also those from India’s home ministry, which state that force “should be used when it is absolutely necessary, it should be minimum and proportional to the situation.”
证据表明，安全部队违反了联合国制定的关于和平示威的执法准则以及印度内政部的相关规定。这些规定明确指出，武力“应在绝对必要时使用，且应降至最低限度，并与当时的情况相称”。
While police brutality is not unusual in India, especially against minority groups, there was public outrage over how the authorities repressed a vast crowd of young people demanding accountability for the nation’s flawed education system. Protest organizers said at least 150 participants were hospitalized and many more injured. Rahul Gandhi, the leader of the opposition in the lower house of Parliament, has condemned the use of “brute” force, saying, “the assault on students is a stain on our democratic country.”
尽管警察暴力在印度并不罕见（尤其是针对少数群体），但当局镇压大批要求对该国弊病丛生的教育体系问责的年轻人依然引发了公众的强烈愤慨。抗议组织者表示，至少有150名参与者被送往医院，受伤人数更多。议会下院反对党领袖拉胡尔·甘地谴责了这种使用“野蛮”武力的行为，他表示：“对学生的袭击是我们这个民主国家的污点。”
The Delhi Police has said that no permission had been sought or granted for the march, which demonstrators called for after several weeks of peaceful protest at a site near Parliament. The police said the march was “strictly prohibited” and that force had been used as a last resort. They said that 118 police personnel had been injured and that 70 people had been detained for violations of law and order. The Delhi Police did not respond to requests for comment on the video findings documented by The Times.
德里警方表示，这场游行并未申请许可，也没有获得批准。此前，示威者已在议会附近地点进行了数周的和平抗议，随后才发起了这场游行。警方表示，此次游行“被严格禁止”，使用武力是最后的手段。他们表示，有118名警务人员受伤，70人因违反法律和秩序被拘留。关于时报记录的视频调查结果，德里警方未回应置评请求。
Batons and Bamboo Sticks
警棍与竹棍
Security forces used lathis — long batons made out of bamboo or polycarbonate — to hit protesters, a tactic commonly used to control crowds if they become unruly and don’t respond to whistles or warnings delivered over loudspeakers. Security forces are advised to avoid overarm strikes and to hit people on their arms or legs, according to U.N. guidelines. But multiple accounts and videos verified by The Times appear to show police personnel, and a man in plainclothes, aiming for protesters’ torsos.
安全部队使用“拉提”——一种由竹子或聚碳酸酯制成的长警棍——殴打抗议者。这是一种常用的控制人群的手段，在人群失控且对哨声或扩音器发出的警告不予理会时采用。根据联合国的指导方针，建议安全部队避免手举过肩挥打，且只应击打人们的手臂或腿部。但经《纽约时报》核实的多份陈述和视频似乎显示，警务人员以及一名便衣男子将击打目标对准抗议者们的躯干。
Suhail Bhat
“The policemen treated us like criminals,” said Dheeraj Kataria, an undergraduate student at Delhi’s Hansraj College who had joined the march and said a police officer had struck him on the shoulder several times. “They hurled all kinds of abuse at us and beat us as if we were animals.”
“警察把我们当罪犯一样对待，”德里汉斯拉吉学院的本科生迪拉吉·卡塔里亚说。他参加了游行，并称一名警察多次击打他的肩膀。“他们对我们破口大骂，像对待动物一样打我们。”
Mr. Kataria, 24, continued to visit the protest site until July 25, when India’s education minister resigned, leading to the end of the demonstrations. By then, three long welts on Mr. Kataria’s shoulder had turned into dark bruises.
24岁的卡塔里亚继续前往抗议现场，直到7月25日印度教育部长辞职示威活动才宣告结束。到那时，他肩膀上三道长长的伤痕已经变成了深色瘀青。
Videos shared by protesters on Instagram, verified by The Times, showed others with scars they said were from similar beatings, including the man below.
抗议者在Instagram上分享、并经《纽约时报》核实的视频显示，还有其他人身上留有伤痕，他们声称也是遭到类似殴打所致，其中包括下方的这名男子。
Arushi Dave, 19, who had her head bandaged, said she had been struck by a police baton “when dozens of policewomen charged at protesters just outside the protest site.” She said she had been frightened at the sight of her own blood as it soaked her white T-shirt. Ms. Dave was among the 2.2 million aspiring doctors who had taken a medical college-entrance exam in May that was later canceled because a question paper had been leaked, igniting the protests.
19岁的阿鲁希·戴夫头缠绷带，她说，当时“几十名女警从抗议现场外向抗议者冲过来”，她被警棍击中。她说，看到自己的鲜血浸透了白色T恤，她感到非常害怕。戴夫是220万名参加了5月份医学院入学考试的立志从医者之一，该考试后来因试题泄露而被取消，这也是引发此次抗议活动的导火索。
Unarmed Protesters
手无寸铁的抗议者
Several members of India’s Rapid Action Force, a riot-control unit of an armed police force, were also filmed hitting protesters with batons.
快速行动部队是印度武装警察部队下属的防暴单位，其数位成员也被拍到用警棍殴打抗议者。
Faizan Siddiqui
The R.A.F. was established in 1992 as an anti-riot force to prevent violent clashes, including during demonstrations in 1990 when students were protesting a new policy that reserved jobs for people in certain castes. The unit chose the color blue for its uniforms because it denoted peace.
该部队成立于1992年，是一支旨在防止暴力冲突的防暴部队。建立该部队的背景是为了避免再次发生类似1990年示威期间的暴力冲突，当时学生们抗议一项为特定种姓保留工作岗位的政策。该部队选择蓝色作为制服颜色，因为蓝色象征和平。
At least three R.A.F. personnel wearing helmets and carrying shields took turns hitting an unarmed man who was not fighting back.
至少三名戴着头盔、手持盾牌的快速行动部队人员轮流殴打了一名手无寸铁且未进行还击的男子。
Tear Gas
催泪瓦斯
Tear gas, which irritates the eyes, throat and lungs, was widely used to break up large crowds gathered in the areas adjacent to the designated protest site. U.N. guidelines say tear gas should never be used to disperse peaceful protesters. Typically, the canisters should be fired in an arc and not directly toward a crowd, but videos verified by The Times showed security forces releasing tear gas by hand at a lower trajectory.
催泪瓦斯会刺激眼睛、喉咙和肺部，当局广泛使用这种武器来驱散聚集在指定抗议场地周边区域的大批人群。联合国指导方针指出，绝不应使用催泪瓦斯驱散和平抗议者。通常情况下，催泪弹应以弧线轨迹发射，而不是直接射向人群，但经《纽约时报》核实的视频显示，安全部队手持催泪瓦斯罐，以较低角度释放了催泪弹。
Suhail Bhat
Pellet Guns
弹丸枪
The R.A.F. personnel also fired pellet guns, first used in India in 2010 against protesters in the Indian-controlled part of Kashmir, a disputed region also claimed by Pakistan. These guns, which spray dozens of small metal pellets, or birdshot, at a time, can cause severe injuries.
快速行动部队人员还使用了弹丸枪，这种武器于2010年在印度首次被用于对付印控克什米尔地区的抗议者（巴基斯坦也声称对这一争议地区拥有主权）。这种枪一次能喷射出数十个小金属弹丸（即鸟霰弹），可造成严重伤害。
In one video, an R.A.F. officer is seen pointing his gun at someone out of the camera frame, and the sound of firing can be heard.
在一段视频中，可以看到一名快速行动部队军官将枪口对准镜头外的人，并能听到开火的声音。
In another video, a man standing in the area where the R.A.F. officer was seen firing a pellet gun shows at least 18 small red puncture wounds on his abdomen.
在另一段视频中，一名站在该军官发射弹丸枪区域的男子腹部可见至少18处红色小刺伤。
The Delhi Police has said no pellet guns were used, but local media have reported that it has since begun an inquiry into their use. The R.A.F. has not commented on whether the guns were used. Gyanendra Pratap Singh, the director general of the Central Reserve Police Force, under which the R.A.F. sits, said in a public statement that he would bear responsibility for actions conducted in the “bona fide discharges of duty.”
德里警方曾表示没有使用弹丸枪，但当地媒体报道称，此后警方已开始对弹丸枪的使用展开调查。快速行动部队尚未就其是否使用了这种枪支发表评论。快速行动部队隶属的中央后备警察部队总干事吉安南德拉·普拉塔普·辛格在一份公开声明中表示，对于在“正当履行职责”过程中所采取的行动，他将承担责任。
The Fallout
事态余波
Many protesters who were detained or targeted by security forces in Delhi or elsewhere have filed petitions with the Supreme Court, accusing the security forces of brutality and seeking punishment for those involved. The leaders of the Cockroach Janta Party — a once satirical group that led the youth movement — have urged protesters to preserve videos and photos as evidence, saying that dozens of people detained could face charges despite government assurances that they would not be.
许多在德里或其他地方被安全部队拘留或作为目标打击的抗议者已经向最高法院提交了请愿书，指控安全部队的暴行，并寻求对涉事人员进行惩罚。“蟑螂人民党”（一个曾经的讽刺团体，也是这场青年运动的领导者）领导人敦促抗议者保留视频和照片作为证据，他们表示，尽管政府保证不会对被拘留者提起诉讼，但仍有数十人可能面临指控。
While hearing petitions filed by protesters on July 28, the Supreme Court of India said that there should be an “evidence-based inquiry” into whether excessive force was used.
7月28日，印度最高法院在审理抗议者提交的请愿书时表示，应该对是否使用了过度武力进行“基于证据的调查”。