The Biden administration announced a sweeping initiative on Monday to ban Chinese-developed software from internet-connected cars in the United States, justifying the move on national security grounds. The action is intended to prevent Chinese intelligence agencies from monitoring the movements of Americans or using the vehicles’ electronics as a pathway into the U.S. electric grid or other critical infrastructure.

拜登政府周一宣布了一项影响广泛的计划，以国家安全为理由，禁止美国的联网汽车使用中国研发的软件。此举旨在防止中国情报部门监视美国人的行动，或把汽车上的电子设备作为进入美国电网或其他关键基础设施的途径。

The move, most likely the last major cutoff of Chinese products into the United States under the Biden administration, follows the same logic that resulted in the ban on Huawei telecommunications equipment and the investigations into Chinese-made cranes operating at American ports.

此举很可能是拜登政府在任期内做出的最后一个禁止中国产品进入美国的主要决定，其背后的逻辑与导致华为电信设备被禁、对美国港口运行的中国制造的起重机展开调查的逻辑相同。

Combined with the effort by Congress to force TikTok to cut its ties with its Chinese owners, the initiative is a major addition to the administration’s efforts to seal off what it views as major cybervulnerabilities for the United States. But the effort has, in effect, begun to drop a digital iron curtain between the world’s two largest economies, which only two decades ago were declaring that the internet would bind them together.

加上国会强迫TikTok切断与中国所有者关系的努力，该计划是政府封堵被其视为对美国构成重大网络安全漏洞的一个重要补充。但这一努力实际上已经在世界两大经济体之间放下一道数字铁幕，仅在20年前还有人宣称，互联网将让它们紧密联系在一起。

Briefing reporters, administration officials said that national security concerns, not politics, drove the Commerce Department to propose the ban, which officials said would probably be made a permanent rule before President Biden leaves office on Jan. 20. This year, Mr. Biden announced 100 percent tariffs on Chinese electric vehicles, saying they were wildly subsidized in China. The announcement was notable because such cars had barely begun to enter the U.S. market — and Mr. Biden explicitly cast it as a way of keeping jobs in America.

政府官员在向记者介绍情况时说，促使美国商务部提出这项禁令的原因是国家安全考虑，而非政治。官员们说，这项禁令很可能会在拜登总统明年1月20日离任前成为一项永久性规定。今年，拜登已宣布对中国的电动汽车征收100%的关税，称这些汽车在中国获得了大量补贴。提高关税的宣布之所以引人注目是因为，中国电动汽车才刚刚开始进入美国市场，而且，拜登明确表示，征税是保护美国就业的办法。

“Many of these technologies collect large volumes of information on drivers,” Jake Sullivan, Mr. Biden’s national security adviser, told reporters on Sunday. They also connect constantly with personal devices, with other cars, with U.S. critical infrastructure and with the original manufacturers of vehicles and components.

“许多此类技术收集大量关于驾驶者的信息，”拜登的国家安全顾问杰克·沙利文上周日对记者说。将汽车接入互联网的软件也让它们与个人电子设备、其他联网汽车、美国的关键基础设施，以及汽车和零部件的原始制造商始终连在一起。

He added: “And for that reason, connected vehicles and the technology they use bring new vulnerabilities and threats, especially in the case of vehicles or components developed in the P.R.C. and other countries of concern,” he said, using the initials for the People’s Republic of China.

沙利文补充说：“出于这个原因，联网汽车及其使用的技术带来了新的漏洞和威胁，尤其是在汽车或零部件是中华人民共和国和其他美国担心的国家研发的情况下。”

Mr. Sullivan made reference to the U.S. concerns about what is called Volt Typhoon, which American intelligence officials and the F.B.I. say is a Chinese effort to insert code into American power systems, water pipelines and other critical infrastructure. U.S. officials fear that in a time of crisis — for example, a Chinese effort to take Taiwan — the code could be deployed to cripple American military bases, slowing their response.

沙利文提到了美国对所谓“伏特台风”的担忧，美国情报官员和联邦调查局称，那是中国试图将代码插入美国电力系统、供水系统和其他关键基础设施的努力。美国官员担心，在危机时期——例如，中国试图攻占台湾——这种代码可能会被用来破坏美国的军事基地，放慢它们的反应速度。

While they are assessing other industries that could be subject to software and hardware rules similar to those proposed for the Chinese auto industry, officials said that none that they are now contemplating would have the reach of the Chinese automotive ban.

尽管他们正在评估其他可能受类似于针对中国汽车行业的软件和硬件规则约束的行业，但官员们表示，他们目前正在考虑的行业没有一个会受到针对中国汽车的禁令那么大的影响。

Combating real and perceived Chinese threats is one of the few issues that have won both Democratic and Republican support, though many experts on China believe that the fear of Beijing has gone too far — and that it is also hurting American consumers. Nonetheless, whether former President Donald J. Trump is returned to the Oval Office or Vice President Kamala Harris is elected, experts believe that the expanding list of banned Chinese imports — and the restrictions on what kinds of chips and software can be exported to Beijing — will most likely only accelerate.

与真实存在的和觉察到的中国威胁作斗争是少数几个已赢得民主党和共和党支持的议题，尽管许多中国问题专家认为，对中国政府的惧怕已经过度，而且这种担忧也伤害了美国消费者。尽管如此，无论是前总统特朗普重返白宫，还是副总统贺锦丽当选总统，专家们都认为，不断扩大的中国产品禁止进口清单，以及对中国的芯片和软件出口限制很可能只会进一步扩大。

Richard Fontaine, the chief executive of the Center for a New American Security who is an author of the recently published book “Lost Decade: The U.S. Pivot to Asia and the Rise of Chinese Power,” said in an interview that the move was an expansion of the U.S. effort to create a “high fence around a small yard” of strategically important goods.

新美国安全中心首席执行官理查德·方丹最近出了一本名为《失去的十年：美国重返亚洲和中国实力的崛起》的书，他在接受采访时说，新举措是美国围绕具有战略重要性的商品“小院筑起高墙”努力的进一步扩大。

“On China tech, it’s clear that the ‘small yard’ is growing in size and will continue no matter who wins the election in November,” Mr. Fontaine said. “Policymakers of all stripes are increasingly worried about the national security risks that attend Chinese technology, particularly when they imagine what might happen in a confrontation.”

“有关中国技术的问题，很明显，‘小院’的规模正在扩大，而且将继续扩大，无论谁赢得今年11月的大选，”方丹说。“持各种观点的政策制定者们都越来越担心中国技术带来的国家安全风险，尤其是当他们想象在一场冲突中可能发生什么时。”

Under the proposed rule, Russian software would also be included — though the Russians produce almost nothing that could be banned.

新提出的规则也将俄罗斯的软件列入其中，尽管俄罗斯几乎不生产任何可能被禁的产品。

“The precedent is significant, and I think it just reflects the complexities of a world where a lot of connected devices can be weaponized,” said Brad Setser, a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. “The security competition and rivalry between the U.S. and China is increasing. So, certainly, there is a possibility that this precedent could expand over time.”

“这个先例意义重大，我认为这反映了这个世界的复杂性，因为许多联网的设备都可能被武器化，”美国外交关系委员会的高级研究员布拉德·塞瑟说。“美国和中国在国家安全问题上的竞争和对抗正在加剧。因此，当然这个先例有可能随着时间的推移而扩大。”

Peter Harrell, who was previously the National Security Council’s senior director for international economics during the Biden administration, said federal officials could examine Chinese-made drones, which pose similar surveillance and safety risks.

曾在拜登政府担任国家安全委员会国际经济高级主管的彼得·哈雷尔说，联邦官员可能会调查中国制造的无人机，它们也存在类似的监视和安全风险。

“This is likely to be opening the door, over a number of years, to a much broader governmental set of actions,” Mr. Harrell said.

“这可能会在未来几年为政府采取更广泛的行动打开大门，”哈雷尔说。

Although he said he was not sure whether the Biden administration would be able to get much more out the door before Mr. Biden’s term ended, he said the country would “likely see a continuation of this under either Trump or Harris.”

虽然他说，他不确定拜登政府是否能在拜登任期结束前推出更多的措施，但他说，美国“可能会在特朗普或贺锦丽领导下继续这一政策”。

The proposed ban would apply to all wheeled vehicles on the road, including cars, trucks and buses. It would exclude vehicles not used on public roads, like those for agriculture or mining.

新提出的禁令将适用于道路上所有的有轮车辆，包括汽车、卡车和大巴，但会将不在公共道路上行驶的车辆排除在外，例如农业或采矿用车。

The ban on Chinese- or Russian-origin software in connected and autonomous vehicles would start in model year 2027. The proposed rule would also ban hardware integrated into vehicle connectivity systems beginning in model year 2030.

禁止在联网和自动驾驶汽车中使用中国或俄罗斯原产软件的禁令将从2027年的车型开始生效。新规则还将从2030年的车型开始禁止集成到车辆连网系统中的硬件。

Gina Raimondo, the commerce secretary, acknowledged that few Chinese or Russian vehicles were on U.S. roads now, but said that the administration wanted to take proactive measures to “secure the American people, including our children, from potential surveillance.”

商务部长吉娜·雷蒙多承认，目前美国道路上几乎没有中国或俄罗斯制造的车辆，但她说，政府想采取先发制人的措施，以“保护美国人民、包括我们的孩子不受潜在的监视”。

Ms. Raimondo said foreign adversaries could use their software in connected vehicles to collect data on where drivers live and where their children go to school, among other things. In an extreme situation, a foreign adversary could shut down or take control of all of its vehicles operating in the United States, a move that could cause crashes and block roads, Ms. Raimondo said.

雷蒙多说，外国对手可能会使用联网汽车中的软件来收集司机住所、他们的孩子在哪里上学等数据。雷蒙多说，在极端情况下，外国对手可能会关闭或控制所有在美国使用其软件的车辆，那会导致撞车和道路阻塞。

“This is not about trade or economic advantage,” Ms. Raimondo said on a call with reporters on Sunday. “This is a strictly national security action.”

“这不是贸易或经济优势的问题，”雷蒙多周日召开记者电话会议时说。“这纯属国家安全行动。”

The proposed rule comes after Mr. Biden ordered the Commerce Department in February to open an investigation into the threat from technology embedded in Chinese vehicles.

新规则出台之前，拜登曾在今年2月下令商务部对中国汽车中嵌入的技术带来的威胁​​展开调查。

It also follows steps the Biden administration has taken to hinder imports of Chinese cars, which officials worry could undermine the administration’s efforts to ramp up the domestic manufacturing of clean energy products.

新规定也是在拜登政府已采取措施阻止中国汽车进口之后出台的，官员们担心中国汽车可能会破坏美国政府在国内加大清洁能源产品生产的努力。

In May, the Biden administration quadrupled tariffs on Chinese electric vehicles to 100 percent, an effort meant to make those vehicles more cost-prohibitive and to protect American automakers that are set to receive billions in federal subsidies. The federal government is offering lucrative tax credits and subsidies as incentives for companies to deploy more electric-vehicle, solar and wind projects. The initiative is expected to cost hundreds of billions of dollars over the next decade.

今年5月，拜登政府把对中国电动汽车征收的关税提高了三倍，将税率增至100%，这样做是为了让中国汽车的价格更高，并保护将获得数十亿美元联邦补贴的美国汽车制造商。联邦政府正在提供丰厚的税收抵免和补贴，以激励企业启动更多的电动汽车、太阳能和风能项目。这些激励措施预计将在未来十年让联邦政府付出数千亿美元的开支。

The administration has also moved to limit the ability of Chinese companies to benefit from tax credits that consumers can claim to help offset the cost of electric vehicles.

美国政府也在采取措施，限制中国公司从为消费者提供的税收抵免中受益的能力，政府提供这种抵免是为了降低消费者购买电动汽车的成本。