The Biden administration announced on Monday broader restrictions on advanced technology that can be sent to China, in an effort to prevent the country from developing its own advanced chips for military equipment and artificial intelligence.

拜登政府周一宣布，将扩大对华先进技术出口的限制，以阻止它开发用于军事装备和人工智能的先进芯片。

The restrictions prohibit the sales of certain types of chips and machinery to China and add more than 100 Chinese companies to a restricted trade list. The move marks the Biden administration’s third major update over the past three years to a set of rules that have tried to cut China off from the world’s most advanced technology.

这些限制措施禁止向中国出售某些类型的芯片和机械，并将100多家中国公司列入限制贸易名单。此举标志着拜登政府在过去三年里第三次对一系列试图将中国与世界上最先进的技术隔绝开来的规则进行重大更新。

The rules are also likely to be the administration’s last on Chinese technology before President-elect Donald J. Trump’s inauguration next month, and they aim to cement the Biden administration’s legacy in slowing down a rival country’s technological progress.

这些规定也可能是下月候任总统特朗普就职典礼之前，拜登政府针对中国技术出台的最后一项规定，目的是巩固拜登政府在减缓竞争对手技术进步方面留下的政治遗产。

Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo told reporters in a call on Sunday that the move represented “the strongest controls ever enacted by the U.S. to degrade the P.R.C.’s ability to make the most advanced chips that they’re using in their military modernization,” referring to the People’s Republic of China. She said the government had worked closely with experts, industry and allied countries to ensure that “our actions protect national security while minimizing unintended commercial consequences.”

商务部长雷蒙多在周日的电话会议上告诉记者，此举代表了“美国有史以来最严厉的控制措施，目的是削弱中国制造军事现代化中最先进芯片的能力”。她说，政府与专家、产业界和盟国密切合作，确保“我们的行动在保护国家安全的同时，最大限度地减少意外的商业后果”。

National security officials have said that China’s ability to acquire and make advanced computer chips poses a threat to the United States. The chips are crucial for powering artificial intelligence and supercomputers that can be used to launch cyberattacks, design new weapons, erect surveillance systems and increase the military’s ability to respond accurately and rapidly to foreign attacks.

国家安全官员表示，中国获取和制造先进计算机芯片的能力对美国构成了威胁。这些芯片对于驱动人工智能和超级计算机至关重要，人工智能和超级计算机可用于发动网络攻击、设计新武器、建立监视系统，并提高军方对外国攻击做出准确、快速反应的能力。

The rules advance measures the Biden administration issued in October 2022, and again in October 2023. They have been the subject of fierce lobbying by both national security hawks eager to crack down on China and the chip industry, which has argued that controls that are too tight risk hurting U.S. tech leadership.

这些规定是对拜登政府于2022年10月和2023年10月发布的措施所做的升级。急于打击中国的国家安全鹰派和芯片行业围绕这些措施进行了激烈的游说，芯片行业认为，过于严格的控制可能会损害美国的科技领导地位。

Both camps ultimately left their mark on the restrictions issued on Monday. The rules add 140 Chinese companies, many of which make the tools and machinery necessary for manufacturing chips, to a restricted trade list called the entity list — one of the largest batches of additions so far.

两个阵营最终都在周一发布的限制措施中留下了自己的印记。新规将140家中国企业（其中许多生产制造芯片所需的工具和机械）列入了一份名为“实体清单”的限制贸易清单，这是迄今为止规模最大的新增名单之一。

The rules also bar shipments to China of certain advanced memory chips, and establish global restrictions on shipments of roughly two dozen types of equipment used to manufacture chips, effective Dec. 31. They also contain new guidance for U.S. companies to carry out due diligence on the Chinese factories they sell to.

这些规定还禁止向中国出口某些先进的存储芯片，并对大约24种用于制造芯片的设备实施全球限制，从12月31日起生效。它们还包含了新的指导方针，要求美国公司对购买产品的中国工厂进行尽职调查。

But some officials and analysts have said that the regulations were shaped by industry lobbying, and have pointed out certain exceptions that may be favorable to U.S. exporters. For example, the rules set up a new and complicated licensing policy that will allow officials to grant companies special permission to sell to some Chinese factories linked with Huawei, the sanctioned Chinese tech company.

但一些官员和分析人士称，这些规定受到行业游说的影响，并指出了一些可能对美国出口商的利益倾斜的例外情况。例如，新规制定了一项新的、复杂的许可政策，允许官员给予企业特别许可，向与受制裁的中国科技公司华为有关的一些中国工厂出售产品。

Critics also say that the administration could have gone more aggressively after major Chinese chip makers that are linked to the country’s technology development efforts. The rules also target established Chinese factories that have been operational and fully outfitted with machinery for years, but they do not include many Chinese facilities that are now under construction that could soon be buying large volumes of machinery, analysts said.

批评者还表示，政府本可以更积极地打击与中国技术发展努力有关的中国主要芯片制造商。分析人士称，这些规定也针对那些已投入运营多年，并配备了全套机械设备的中国老牌工厂，但不包括许多目前在建的中国工厂，它们可能很快就会购买大量机械设备。

The stocks of semiconductor equipment makers, like Applied Materials, KLA and Lam Research, rose on Monday as investors digested the impact of the rules.

随着投资者逐渐消化了新规的影响，应用材料公司、KLA和Lam Research等半导体设备制造商的股票在周一上涨。

The regulations stretch more than 200 pages and were described by some analysts as “absurdly complicated.” Gregory C. Allen, a technology analyst at the Center for International and Strategic Studies, said the complexity reflected the intense negotiations that had gone into the rules.

这些规定长达200多页，一些分析人士形容它“极度复杂”。国际与战略研究中心的技术分析师格雷戈里·艾伦表示，这种复杂性反映了制定规则过程中进行的激烈谈判。

“The longer the rule is, the more different actors were having a whack at it,” Mr. Allen said.

艾伦说，“规则越长，就意味着有越多不同的参与者在其中发挥作用。”

Some of the biggest actors, analysts and officials say, were the companies that make machinery used to manufacture semiconductors. These companies have argued to government officials that controls that apply solely to U.S. firms and not international competitors will hurt U.S. tech leadership, without effectively restraining China’s ambitions.

分析人士和官员表示，其中一些最大的参与者是用于生产半导体机械的制造公司。这些公司向政府官员表示，仅适用美国公司而不针对国际竞争对手的控制措施将会损害美国的科技领导地位，不会有效遏制中国的雄心。

Shipments of chip-making equipment to China from firms like ASML in the Netherlands and Tokyo Electron in Japan have surged in recent years, as those companies have stepped in to provide China with the technology that U.S. companies cannot.

近年来，荷兰的阿斯麦和日本的东京电子等公司向中国出口的芯片制造设备数量激增，因为这些公司向中国提供美国公司不能提供的技术。

U.S. officials spent many months negotiating with the Japanese and Dutch governments to encourage them to issue their own restrictions on the industry. The governments ultimately reached an agreement in principle in September, people familiar with the negotiations said, though neither Japan nor the Netherlands has publicly announced the deal.

美国官员花费数月时间与日本和荷兰政府进行谈判，鼓励他们对该行业发布自己的限制措施。知情人士表示，三国政府最终于9月达成了原则性协议，但日本和荷兰都没有公开宣布这项协议。

Supporters maintain that bringing in other countries ultimately makes the action stronger, but critics say it has a cost: In the many months that the United States worked to get allies onboard, Chinese factories have been able to buy billions of dollars of technology. It remains unclear when Japan and the Netherlands will put their own rules into effect.

支持者认为，让其他国家加入最终会使行动更加有力，但批评人士表示，这是有代价的：在美国努力争取盟友加入的几个月里，中国工厂得以购买数十亿美元的技术。目前尚不清楚日本和荷兰何时会实施自己的规定。

Mr. Allen said some parts of the new rules were “a really remarkable expansion of authority” for the United States. For example, the restrictions contain global provisions that will prevent companies in foreign countries from shipping certain machinery to China, if they include computer chips that were made using American machinery or technology.

艾伦说，新规定的某些部分对美国来说是“真正显著的授权扩张”。例如，这些限制包含全球性条款，将阻止外国公司向中国运送某些机械，如果这些机械中包含了使用美国机械或技术制造的计算机芯片。

Those global rules exempt certain countries that officials say have the capability to impose their own comparable rules, essentially creating a pathway for allies like Japan and the Netherlands to impose their own controls.

这些全球规则豁免了某些国家，美国官员表示，这些国家有能力实施自己的类似规则，这实际上为日本和荷兰等盟友实施自己的控制创造了途径。

The rules were designed in part to address incidents in which U.S. companies had used offshore facilities to skirt bans on exporting directly from the United States, officials said. A report published in November by Mr. Allen showed that, in recent years, U.S. semiconductor equipment companies had made an increasing volume of their equipment sales to China from facilities outside the United States.

官员们表示，制定这些规定一定程度上是为了解决美国公司利用离岸设施规避直接从美国出口的禁令的问题。艾伦于去年11月发表的一份报告显示，近年来，美国半导体设备公司从美国以外的工厂向中国销售的设备数量越来越多。

But Mr. Allen said that, though this authority was powerful, it contained many exceptions. “You look at how they actually used this authority, and there are all these carve-outs, mechanisms by which this stuff can be shipped” to China, Mr. Allen added.

但是艾伦表示，虽然这项授权权力很大，但也有很多例外。他还说，“注意他们实际上是怎样使用这种授权的，里面有各种各样的例外情况和机制，货物可以通过这些机制运出”，被送往中国。

It is still unclear how the Chinese government will respond to the measures. In recent years, China has expanded its own export-control laws, giving it more ability to halt exports of products like rare earth minerals, and has created an “unreliable entity list” to penalize companies that undermine national interests.

目前还不清楚中国政府如何应对这些措施。近年来，中国扩大了自己的出口管制法律，使其更有能力停止稀土矿物等产品的出口，并制定了一份“不可靠实体清单”，惩罚损害其国家利益的公司。

In a news conference on Monday, Lin Jian, a spokesman for the Chinese Foreign Ministry, said that China had always firmly opposed what he called the “abuse of export-control measures and malicious blockade and suppression of China.”

在周一的新闻发布会上，中国外交部发言人林剑表示，中国一贯坚决反对他所称的“滥用出口管制措施，对中国进行恶意封锁和打压”。

“China will take resolute measures to firmly safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese companies,” he said.

他说：“中方将采取坚决措施，坚定维护中国企业正当合法权益。”

Paul Triolo, an analyst at the consultancy Albright Stonebridge Group, said that Beijing’s response would take time to unfold but would “almost certainly include targeted actions against U.S. technology companies in China.” Last year, China had launched a cybersecurity investigation against the U.S. chip maker Micron, he pointed out, after the United States put a major Chinese memory-chip maker on the entity list.

咨询公司奥尔布赖特石桥集团的分析师崔奥罗(Paul Triolo)表示，北京的回应需要时间来展开，但“几乎肯定会包括针对美国在华科技公司的针对性行动”。他指出，去年，在美国将一家主要的中国存储芯片制造商列入实体名单后，中国对美国芯片制造商美光发起了一项网络安全调查。

China’s efforts to develop its own independent technology supply chains, along with the export controls that the United States has issued in recent years, are increasingly splitting the world into two spheres when it comes to advanced technologies.

在先进技术方面，中国发展自己的独立技术供应链的努力，以及美国近年来实施的出口管制导致世界正日益一分为二。

Global companies have been struggling to straddle that divide. For many companies, China remains an essential economic partner, as home to most of the world’s electronics factories and as a huge consumer market in its own right.

跨国公司一直在努力跨越这一鸿沟。对许多公司来说，中国仍然是一个重要的经济伙伴，因为它是世界上大多数电子工厂的所在地，而且本身也是一个巨大的消费市场。

But China is also now increasingly recognized as America’s biggest rival, the only other government with the ability and intent to challenge the United States on the world stage. China has unabashedly deployed foreign technology and leaned on private companies to strengthen the military, a situation that U.S. officials now see as untenable.

但中国现在也日益被视为美国最大的对手，是唯一一个有能力和意图在世界舞台上挑战美国的政府。中国毫不掩饰地部署外国技术，依靠民营公司来加强军事力量，现在，美国官员认为这种局面不能再继续下去。