Laptop computers from Taiwan, wine from Italy, frozen shrimp from India, Nike sneakers from Vietnam and Irish butter.

来自台湾的笔记本电脑，来自意大利的葡萄酒，来自印度的冷冻虾，越南生产的耐克运动鞋，还有爱尔兰黄油。

These products are found in homes across the United States, a testament to America’s enduring role as a champion of free trade and its standing as the most lucrative market for goods from around the world.

这些产品遍布全美各地的家庭，彰显着美国多年来作为自由贸易捍卫者的身份，也证明了它作为全球最具吸引力市场的地位。

They are now among the vast categories of goods subject to additional taxes after President Trump, on Wednesday, imposed universal tariffs on all U.S. trade partners as well as additional, heavier duties on 60 countries he deemed the “worst offenders” of unfair trade practices.

在特朗普总统周三宣布对所有美国贸易伙伴实施普遍关税，并对他认定为“不公平贸易行为最严重”的60个国家额外征收更高关税后，这些产品如今都名列需要缴纳额外关税的商品类别之中。

In a sharp shift away from decades of trade policy, Mr. Trump instituted a 10 percent base line duty on all goods imported into the United States. In addition, other nations will be charged a so-called reciprocal tariff at an even higher rate next week.

特朗普对所有进口至美国的商品统一征收10%的基准关税，这与美国数十年来的政策背道而驰。此外，从下周起，美国还将对其他国家征收更高的所谓“对等关税”。

For the European Union and China, the two largest U.S. trading partners, the White House imposed tariffs of 20 percent and 34 percent. The additional levy on China will be added to a 20 percent tariff previously imposed by Mr. Trump.

白宫对美国最大的两个贸易伙伴欧盟和中国分别征收20%和34%的关税。其中，对中国的额外关税将在特朗普此前实施的20%关税基础上追加。

Even close allies such as Japan and South Korea were not spared. Neither were countries like Australia and Brazil that buy more from America than they sell to it.

即便是日本和韩国这样的亲密盟友也未能幸免。而澳大利亚和巴西等从美国购买的商品多于对美出口的国家也受到影响。

特朗普总统周三在白宫宣布关税。

The announcement, which Mr. Trump had hailed as America’s “Liberation Day,” sent shock waves across the world and raised the specter of a global trade war. Stock markets tumbled on the news, as investors were surprised at the size and scope of the tariffs.

特朗普称赞这是美国的“解放日”，但这一宣布震惊了全世界，并引发了全球贸易战的担忧。股市应声下跌，关税的规模和范围令投资者感到措手不及。

In less than three months, Mr. Trump has pronounced tariffs on Canada, Mexico and China along with import duties on steel, aluminum, cars and car parts. The executive order on Wednesday included exemptions for semiconductors, pharmaceuticals and lumber. But analysts think those are not reprieves; they are products next to be targeted.

在不到三个月的时间里，特朗普宣布了对加拿大、墨西哥和中国征收的关税，还有对钢铁、铝、汽车及汽车零部件加征进口税。周三发布的行政命令对半导体、药品和木材给予了豁免，但分析人士认为，这些行业并未真正被排除在外，而是下一轮关税的潜在目标。

Allies and adversaries are scrambling to make sense of Mr. Trump’s tariff barrage, which has lifted U.S. import duties to their highest levels in more than a century and showed no sign of relenting. Some threatened to retaliate. Others openly pressed for negotiations, while some quietly pushed for concessions through back channels.

盟友与对手都在努力试图弄清特朗普的关税攻势究竟是怎么回事，这已经使美国进口税率升至一个多世纪以来最高水平，并且没有任何放缓迹象。有些国家威胁进行报复，另一些公开要求谈判，还有的通过秘密渠道寻求让步。

China accused America of “unilateral bullying,” pledging to take “firm countermeasures to safeguard its own rights and interests.” South Korea convened an emergency task force and vowed to “pour all government resources to overcome a trade crisis.” In Brazil, the government of President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva said it was evaluating retaliatory measures.

中国指责美国“单边霸凌”，并誓言将采取“坚决反制措施，以维护自身权利和利益”。韩国召开紧急工作小组会议，承诺“动用一切政府资源，以克服贸易危机”。巴西总统卢拉的政府则表示正在评估反制措施。

巴西国会周三批准立法，授权总统采取报复行动。

In an early morning address on Thursday, Ursula von der Leyen, president of the European Commission, said that the global economy will “massively suffer” from the tariffs. While urging negotiation, she said the bloc is preparing further countermeasures in addition to the retaliatory tariffs it had already prepared for the earlier tax on foreign steel and aluminum.

欧盟委员会主席乌尔苏拉·冯德莱恩在周四早晨的讲话中表示，这些关税将使全球经济“遭受重大损害”。她呼吁进行谈判，但同时也表示，除了此前针对美国对外国钢铁和铝征收的关税而准备的报复性关税之外，欧盟还在准备进一步的反制措施。

Asia was particularly hard hit by Mr. Trump’s plan. Vietnam, a beneficiary of companies moving production out of China during the first Trump presidency, got slapped with a 46 percent levy. Taiwan, Thailand and Indonesia were all dealt import duties of more than 30 percent. The White House put a 26 percent tariff on imports from India.

亚洲受特朗普的关税政策冲击尤为严重。越南是特朗普第一任总统任期内企业将生产迁出中国的受益者，如今被征收46%的关税。台湾、泰国和印度尼西亚的进口商品分别被征收超过30%的关税，印度商品税率为26%。

For decades, exports have served as a pathway to economic prosperity for developing Asian countries emerging from conflict, crisis or poverty. The latest tariffs punished countries like Taiwan and Japan that have succeeded in modernizing their economies through trade, and they also darkened the prospects for poorer nations like Cambodia and Bangladesh still looking to follow that route.

数十年来，出口一直是亚洲发展中国家摆脱冲突、危机或贫困，走向经济繁荣的重要途径。最新关税不仅惩罚了台湾和日本等通过贸易实现现代化的经济体，也使柬埔寨和孟加拉国等仍在寻求这一道路的贫困国家前景更加黯淡。

Cambodia, a producer of clothing and footwear, was hit with a 49 percent tariff. The United States is the country’s largest export market.

服装和鞋类生产国柬埔寨被征收49%的关税。美国是该国最大的出口市场。

“As a small country, we just want to survive,” said Sok Eysan, a spokesman for Cambodia’s ruling Cambodian People’s Party.

柬埔寨执政党人民党发言人速恩山表示：“作为一个小国，我们只想生存下去。”

柬埔寨一家中资纺织厂面临49%的关税。

Mr. Trump has blamed the sale of inexpensive goods from these countries for the hollowing out of America’s manufacturing sector. But they have also helped to keep inflation at bay, lowering prices for U.S. consumers.

特朗普指责来自这些国家的廉价商品导致美国制造业空心化。然而，这些商品同时也有助于控制通货膨胀，对美国消费者来说，它们降低了物价。

Sarang Shidore, director of the Global South program at the Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft in Washington, D.C., said the tariffs would hit several developing countries hardest, while encouraging much of the world to move more quickly toward an order without the United States at its center.

华盛顿昆西负责任治国方略研究所全球南方项目主任萨朗·希多尔表示，受这些关税打击最严重的将是几个发展中国家，同时还会鼓励世界大部分地区更快地走向一个不再以美国为中心的秩序。

“When it comes to trade, we are very much in a multipolar world, and alternative markets exist. Though of course there will be pain and transaction costs in diversification,” he said.

“谈到贸易，我们处于一个多极世界，存在替代市场。当然，多元化会带来痛苦和交易成本，”他说。

Anthony Albanese, the prime minister of Australia, said his country would not respond with retaliatory tariffs, vowing Australia would not “join a race to the bottom that leads to higher prices and slower growth.”

澳大利亚总理安东尼·阿尔巴尼斯表示，他的国家不会以报复性关税作为回应，并发誓澳大利亚不会“加入导致价格上涨和增长放缓的竞相压价”。

In Japan, officials and trade experts were caught off guard by the size of the new tariff the country will face — 24 percent. It was particularly jarring given Japan’s average tariff on nonagricultural goods is among the lowest globally. Japan called the tariff “extremely regrettable” and vowed to continue seeking an exemption.

在日本，官员和贸易专家对该国将面临的24%新关税规模措手不及。鉴于日本对非农产品的平均关税为全球最低，这尤其令人震惊。日本称该关税“令人极为遗憾”，并誓言将继续寻求豁免。

Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba has pledged to increase Japanese investment to roughly $1 trillion, focusing on purchasing more U.S. products like liquefied natural gas.

日本首相石破茂承诺将增加日本投资至约1万亿美元，重点购买更多美国产品，例如液化天然气。

三得利位于日本山崎的一家酿酒厂，该公司首席执行官表示，他相信日本将能够通过与特朗普政府的谈判降低关税。

Speaking before the latest tariffs were announced, Takeshi Niinami, chief executive of Suntory Holdings, a Japanese beverage giant known for premium whiskey brands, said he believed the tariffs could be negotiated down because Japan is the biggest foreign investor in the United States.

在最新关税宣布之前，以高端威士忌品牌闻名的日本饮料巨头三得利控股首席执行官新浪刚史表示，他相信关税可以通过谈判降低，因为日本是美国最大的外国投资者。

“A period of chaos may ensue,” he said. “But ultimately, the situation will stabilize.”

“可能会出现一段混乱时期，”他说。“但最终，局势会稳定下来。”

Exiger, a data analytics firm, calculated that Trump’s announcements would result in $600 billion of new U.S. tariffs per year. The bulk of the levy would come from 10 countries, with Chinese exports accounting for a quarter of the additional tariffs at $149 billion. Vietnamese goods would face $63 billion, Taiwanese products $37 billion, and Japanese exports $36 billion in tariffs. German and Irish goods combined would face $41 billion in additional levies.

根据数据分析公司Exiger的计算，特朗普宣布的措施每年将给美国带来6000亿美元的新关税。大部分征税将来自10个国家，中国出口占新增关税的四分之一，为1490亿美元。越南商品将面临630亿美元的关税，台湾产品面临370亿美元，日本出口面临360亿美元。德国和爱尔兰商品合计将面临410亿美元的额外征税。

During the first Trump presidency, tech companies moved some production to Vietnam to protect against a possible trade war with China. One-third of Vietnam’s exports are now electronics.

在特朗普首次担任总统期间，科技公司将部分生产转移到越南，以防范可能与中国发生的贸易战。现在，越南三分之一的出口产品是电子产品。

Apple moved manufacturing of AirPods, watches and iPads over the last several years to Vietnam. It also shifted some iPhone production to India, after years of relying solely on Chinese factories.

过去几年，苹果将AirPods、手表和iPad的生产转移到越南。该公司还将部分iPhone生产转移到印度，此前多年该公司的生产完全依赖中国工厂。

South Korean conglomerate Samsung Electronics has invested more than $20 billion in Vietnam since it started opening factories there nearly two decades ago. It now produces more goods in Vietnam than China. Last year, it produced roughly $70 billion worth of goods at its Vietnamese factories, most of it for export.

自近二十年前在越南开设工厂以来，韩国企业集团三星电子已在越南投资超过200亿美元。它现在在越南生产的商品比中国还多。去年，该公司在越南工厂生产了价值约700亿美元的商品，其中大部分用于出口。

越南海防的一家电子工厂。

Mr. Trump’s policies are also complicating decisions for smaller American businesses. Brenden McMorrow, co-founder of Move2Play, a toymaker based in Torrance, Calif., said the company built all of its products in China since it started about nine years ago. But it began to consider factories in Vietnam or India to protect against Chinese import tariffs.

特朗普的政策也使美国小型企业的决策变得复杂。总部位于加州托伦斯的玩具制造商Move2Play的联合创始人布伦登·麦克莫罗表示，自大约九年前成立以来，该公司的所有产品都在中国生产。但为了避免受到中国进口关税的影响，该公司开始考虑在越南或印度建厂。

In Vietnam, it found that the factories run by Chinese companies using materials from China were not much cheaper. Instead, it decided to try a test run of manufacturing one of its toys in India — a decision that Mr. McMorrow said looks better with the lofty tariff imposed on Vietnam. It studied whether it could manufacture in the United States, but he said that the costs were roughly five times higher than in China.

在越南，该公司发现，那些中国公司运营、使用中国原材料的工厂并不便宜多少。因此，公司决定在印度试生产一款玩具——麦克莫罗说，鉴于越南面临的高额关税，在印度试生产的决定现在看起来显得更明智了。该公司研究了是否可以在美国生产，但他说成本大约是在中国的五倍。

And despite the higher cost of tariffs, he doesn’t see U.S. production as any more viable now.

尽管关税成本较高，但他认为现在在美国生产并不可行。

“I don’t think it really makes sense to invest in trying to do a lot of this manufacturing in the U.S. if the next president comes in and just reverses course on all these tariffs, then you’re going to be in a terrible spot,” he said. “It makes more sense to just kind of stick to where we’re currently manufacturing and not make big risky moves.”

“我认为，如果下一任总统上任后突然取消所有关税，那么在美国投资大量制造确实没有意义，那你就将陷入困境，”他说。“更合理的做法是坚持我们目前的制造模式，不要采取冒险的重大举措。”