At an Oval Office meeting last week, President Trump dangled an offer to Jensen Huang, the chief executive of Nvidia. Mr. Trump said there would be a price for granting Nvidia the licenses it needed to sell artificial intelligence chips to China.

上周在一场椭圆形办公室会议中，特朗普总统向英伟达首席执行官黄仁勋抛出了一个条件。特朗普表示，要想得到向中国出售人工智能芯片所需的许可证，英伟达需付出一定代价。

“I want 20 percent,” Mr. Trump said.

“我要20%，”特朗普说。

“Will you make it 15?” Mr. Huang asked.

“15%行吗？”黄仁勋问道。

Mr. Trump, who recounted the meeting during a press event on Monday, agreed to the counterproposal. Two days later, the administration granted Nvidia the licenses it wanted, with the unorthodox payments expected to go to the government.

特朗普在周一的一场新闻活动中讲述了这次会面，他表示他同意了这个还价。两天后，政府授予了英伟达想要的许可证，而这笔非常规的款项预计将上缴政府。

The negotiation was the most prominent example of Mr. Trump’s blunt interventions in the global operations of the chip industry’s most powerful companies. He has threatened to take away government grants, restricted billions of dollars in sales, warned of high tariffs on chips made outside the United States, demanded investments and urged one company, Intel, to fire its chief executive.

这场谈判是最突出的例子，表明特朗普对芯片行业最具影响力的公司的全球运营进行了直接干预。他威胁要取消政府补贴，限制数十亿美元的销售额，警告对美国境外制造的芯片征收高额关税，要求企业进行投资，还曾敦促英特尔公司解雇其首席执行官。

In just eight months, Mr. Trump has made himself the biggest decision maker for one of the world’s most economically and strategically important industries, which makes key components for everything from giant A.I. systems to military weapons. And he has turned the careful planning of companies historically led by engineers into a game of insider politics.

短短八个月内，特朗普把自己变成了这个全球最具经济和战略重要性的行业之一的最大决策者。该行业生产的关键组件用途广泛，从大型人工智能系统到军事武器都离不开它们。而且，他还把这些企业历来由工程师主导的周密规划变成了一场内部政治游戏。

The intrusion into private business underscores how far this administration has veered from the hands-off economic philosophy of President Ronald Reagan, which guided the Republican Party for decades.

这种对私营企业的干预凸显出本届政府与罗纳德·里根总统奉行的不干预经济理念相去甚远，而里根的理念曾指导共和党数十年。

Economic historians have said it is the most aggressive federal incursion into the U.S. economy since the Obama administration’s actions in 2009 to rescue banks and the auto industry and avoid a worsening financial crisis. This time, they say, the intrusion is unprovoked.

经济历史学家表示，这是自2009年奥巴马政府为拯救银行和汽车行业、避免金融危机恶化而采取行动以来，联邦政府对美国经济最激进的介入。他们称，这一次的介入是毫无缘由的。

“This isn’t rational industrial policy. This is intervention into who runs companies and threatening businesses with penalties if they don’t do what Trump says,” said Anne E. Harrison, a professor of economics at and former dean of the Haas School of Business at the University of California, Berkeley. “He’s micromanaging.”

“这不是合理的产业政策。这是对公司经营者的干预，并且威胁企业如果不按特朗普说的做就会受到惩罚，”加州大学伯克利分校哈斯商学院经济学教授、前院长安妮·E·哈里森说，“他在进行微管理。”

The legality of Mr. Trump’s deals is unclear. There is no precedent in the government for collecting fees in exchange for granting export licenses, as Mr. Trump plans to do with Nvidia and a smaller competitor, Advanced Micro Devices. The Commerce Department did not respond to questions about how the administration will collect payments or where those payments will go.

特朗普所做交易的合法性尚不明确。政府方面并没有以收取费用来换取出口许可证的先例，而特朗普计划对英伟达及其规模较小的竞争对手AMD采取这种做法。商务部没有回应有关政府将如何收取这笔款项以及款项去向的问题。

Mr. Trump’s arm-twisting has put the chip industry on edge. Manufacturers prefer predictability because building plants takes years and costs tens of billions of dollars. Chipmakers also spend years designing chips and the processes to produce them.

特朗普的施压让芯片行业感到不安。制造商喜欢事情是可预测的，因为建造工厂需要数年时间，成本高达数百亿美元。芯片制造商还需要花费数年时间设计芯片以及生产芯片的流程。

But with Mr. Trump in charge, companies don’t know when they may be pressured to change their business plans, said Jimmy Goodrich, a senior adviser at the RAND Corporation and former policy leader at the Semiconductor Industry Association. Industry leaders have been left with little choice but to grovel for a presidential reprieve with financial promises and gifts, like a plaque with a gold base that Apple’s chief executive, Tim Cook, presented to Mr. Trump last week.

兰德公司高级顾问、前半导体行业协会政策负责人吉米·古德里奇表示，但在特朗普的掌控下，企业不知道何时可能会被迫改变其商业计划。行业领袖们别无选择，只能通过做出资金承诺、赠送礼物等方式来乞求总统的暂时缓和，比如上周苹果首席执行官蒂姆·库克就向特朗普赠送了一块带有金底座的玻璃摆件。

“The whole thing is a roller-coaster ride,” Mr. Goodrich said. “It’s up and down and in who knows what direction because Trump is dealing with these issues as they come.”

“整个事情就像坐过山车，”古德里奇说。“起伏不定，方向难测，因为特朗普就是走一步看一步地处理这些问题。”

The $600 billion semiconductor sector has long been the tip of the spear for the technology industry. The artificial intelligence boom of the last three years reinforced that notion, turning Nvidia, now worth more than $4.4 trillion, into the most valuable publicly traded company in the world. Mr. Huang, a little known Silicon Valley veteran, has also become one of the industry’s most prominent personalities.

规模达到6000亿美元的半导体行业长期以来一直是科技行业的先锋。过去三年的人工智能热潮更是强化了这一点，英伟达的市值现已超过4.4万亿美元，成为全球市值最高的上市公司。而此前在硅谷不太知名的资深人士黄仁勋也成了该行业最显赫的人物之一。

But chips are important not just to tech companies. They are a key component in modern weapons and appliances, and control almost everything that has an on-off switch. But most advanced chips are made in Taiwan, a self-governing island that could one day be under threat of a Chinese invasion. Mr. Trump is pressing the industry to start making more of those chips in the United States.

但芯片的重要性不仅体现在科技公司身上。它们是现代武器和家用电器的关键组件，几乎可以控制一切带开关的东西。但大多数先进芯片是在台湾制造的，而这个自治的岛屿有朝一日可能会受到中国入侵的威胁。特朗普正施压该行业，要求其在美国本土生产更多这类芯片。

Kush Desai, a White House spokesman, said in a statement that the industry’s importance justified Mr. Trump’s involvement. “Americans cannot afford another autopen administration lackadaisically dropping the ball in this space,” Mr. Desai added, “and President Trump’s hands-on leadership in the chip industry underscores this administration’s commitment to safeguarding our national and economic security.”

白宫发言人库什·德赛在一份声明中表示，该行业的重要性证明了特朗普介入的合理性。“美国人再也承受不起一个敷衍了事、在这一领域失无所作为的政府了，”德赛还说，“特朗普总统在芯片行业的亲力亲为凸显了本届政府对维护我们国家和经济安全的承诺。”

When Mr. Trump was last in office, he blocked chip companies from working with Huawei, the Chinese tech giant, and worked with Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation, or TSMC, to start an advanced chip factory in Arizona.

特朗普上一次执政时，曾阻止多家芯片公司与中国科技巨头华为合作，并推动台积电在亚利桑那州建立一座先进芯片工厂。

President Joseph R. Biden Jr. expanded on those efforts with the CHIPS Act, a bipartisan bill to provide $52 billion in subsidies and tax credits for manufacturing chips in the United States. He also restricted semiconductor sales to China.

拜登总统在这些举措的基础上更进一步，推出了《芯片与科学法案》，这是一项两党支持的法案，为美国的芯片制造业提供520亿美元的补贴和税收抵免。他还限制了向中国销售半导体。

Since returning, Mr. Trump has ratcheted up the pressure. Early this year, his administration threatened to withhold grants from chip companies unless they agreed to invest more in the United States.

特朗普再次执政以来，加大了施压力度。今年年初，他的政府威胁要扣留对芯片公司的补贴，除非它们同意在美国增加投资。

Mr. Trump also told tech executives that he was considering tariffs on semiconductors unless they bought more chips made in the United States. His administration started an investigation to put tariffs on semiconductors under a national-security-related law known as Section 232.

特朗普还告诉科技公司高管，他正在考虑对半导体征收关税，除非这些公司购买更多美国制造的芯片。他的政府启动了一项调查，依据一项名为232条款的国家安全相关法律，计划对半导体征收关税。

In March, TSMC said it would invest $100 billion in the United States on three new factories and two facilities to package chips. Micron Technology, which makes memory chips, said it would increase U.S. investments by $150 billion.

3月，台积电表示将在美国投资1000亿美元，建设三座新工厂和两座芯片封装设施。生产存储芯片的美光科技表示，将增加1500亿美元的在美投资。