President Trump’s unexpected plan to impose a 25 percent tariff on cars and car parts imported into the United States will not only disrupt supply chains. It will also fuel anger and alienation — and pressure to retaliate — among American allies across the globe.

美国总统特朗普出人意料地打算对进口到美国的汽车和汽车零部件征收25%的关税，这不仅会扰乱供应链，还会在美国全球各地的盟友中加剧愤怒和疏远，增加它们采取报复措施的压力。

Many of the countries most affected by the new levies, such as South Korea, Japan, Germany, Mexico and Canada, are already reeling from the Trump team’s disregard for free trade deals already signed and his threats to long-established security relationships.

受新关税影响最大的许多国家（如韩国、日本、德国、墨西哥、加拿大）因特朗普团队无视已签署的自由贸易协定和他威胁长期建立起来的安全关系的做法而感到震惊。

Prime Minister Mark Carney of Canada said on Wednesday that Trump’s move on tariffs was “a direct attack.” Ursula von der Leyen, president of the European Commission, said the result would be “bad for businesses” and “worse for consumers.” Robert Habeck, Germany’s acting economics minister, said, “It is now important for the E.U. to respond decisively to the tariffs — it must be clear that we will not back down in the face of the U.S.”

加拿大总理马克·卡尼周三表示，特朗普加征关税是“直接攻击”。欧盟委员会主席乌尔苏拉·冯德莱恩称，关税的结果“对企业不利”，“对消费者更糟”。德国代理经济部长罗伯特·哈贝克表示，“欧盟现在对关税作出果断回应很重要，我们必须明确表示，我们不会在美国面前退缩。”

Other leaders reacted in muted terms, hinting that they were still considering how to respond, with another round of tariffs, in addition to this one, expected in early April.

其他领导人的反应则比较低调，暗示他们仍在考虑如何应对，除了这一轮关税外，预计4月初还会有新一轮关税。

“We need to consider what’s best for Japan’s national interest,” Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba of Japan told Parliament on Thursday. “We’re putting all options on the table in considering the most effective response.”

“我们需要考虑最符合日本国家利益的做法，”日本首相石破茂周四对国会说。“我们正在把所有选项摆到桌面上，考虑最有效的应对措施。”

The tariffs, which threaten both American and foreign carmakers, increase the likelihood of a global trade war. A chain reaction of economic nationalism with tariffs and other measures — perhaps adding costs for finance and services — could suppress economic growth globally, spread inflation and add rancor to already testy negotiations with Washington about security.

这些关税给美国和外国的汽车制造商们都带来威胁，增加了全球贸易战的可能性。使用关税和其他措施的经济民族主义连锁反应可能导致金融和服务成本增加，抑制全球经济增长，让通货膨胀蔓延，并可能会使其他国家与美国本已紧张的安全谈判气氛更加激烈。

The Trump White House has sought to use every tool of American power, including its military support and consumer market, to extract what Mr. Trump sees as a better deal for Americans. But for countries that have spent decades trusting America and tying their economies and defense plans to Washington’s promises, this feels like a moment of reversal.

特朗普政府试图使用美国影响力的所有工具，包括美国的军事支持和消费市场，来获取在特朗普眼里对美国人更有利的交易。但对那些几十年来一直信任美国、把本国的经济与国防计划与华盛顿的承诺联系在一起的国家来说，这是一个逆转的时刻。

American influence, long built on pronouncements about values and the shared riches of free trade, has hardened into what many analysts describe as “all stick, no carrot.” In the Trump team’s thinking, critics argue, American gains require pain for others — friends included.

美国影响力长期以来建立在宣扬价值观和自由贸易带来共同财富的基础之上，如今已变得强硬，被许多分析人士称为“只有大棒，没有胡萝卜”。批评人士认为，特朗普班子的思维方式是，美国要得到好处，就需要其他国家（包括盟友）付出代价。

“Everything is a status competition or a dominance competition,” said Andrew Kydd, a political scientist at the University of Wisconsin who incorporates psychology into studies of international relations. “I think this is characteristic of extremists of all stripes — everything is about exploitation and domination, and to think otherwise is to be blind or naïve.”

“一切都是地位的竞争、或主导地位的竞争，”威斯康星大学政治学家安德鲁·基德说，他把心理学融入到国际关系研究中。“我认为这是各种极端分子的特点：一切都和剥削与控制有关，不这样想就是盲目或天真。”

As a result, he added, other countries “have to take seriously the articulated goals, however alarming.” That includes threats to seize Canada, Greenland and the Panama Canal, plus demands for economic submission to tariffs that weaken the economies of allies.

他还表示，其结果是，其他国家“不得不认真对待（美国）明确表达的目标，无论多么骇人听闻”。这些目标包括吞并加拿大、收购格陵兰岛、夺取巴拿马运河的威胁，还包括要求盟国在经济上屈服，接受削弱它们经济的关税。

The European Union, which governs trade policies for its 27 member states, has been working for months on proposals for counter-tariffs if necessary. Those are designed to target areas of the United States that supported Mr. Trump in the last election. The United States is the E.U.’s largest trade partner, with nearly a trillion dollars of two-way trade last year, so new tariffs and counter-tariffs will have a dramatic impact on both sides, and sharply increase market uncertainty.

负责管理27个成员国贸易政策的欧盟几个月来一直在研究必要时对关税采取反制措施的提案。这些措施主要针对在上次大选中支持特朗普的美国选区。美国是欧盟最大的贸易伙伴，去年的双边贸易额接近1万亿美元，因此新的关税和反制措施将对双方产生巨大影响，并大幅增加市场的不确定性。

停放在巴尔的摩港口的汽车，摄于今年2月。

European Union officials have already announced plans to place new tariffs on many American goods — from lingerie to soy products — by mid-April, while lifting suspension of previous countermeasures imposed on earlier tariff fights over steel and aluminum.

欧盟官员已宣布将在4月中旬前对从内衣到豆制品等许多美国商品加征关税，同时不再延缓实施此前因美国对钢铝加征关税宣布的反制措施。

That first wave, meant to hit American whiskey and motorcycles, was delayed to allow for more negotiations and over fears of a stark American response that could crush European wine and Champagne exports.

欧洲第一轮反制措施的打击目标是美国威士忌和摩托车，但为了进行更多谈判，也出于担心美国可能会作出严重打击欧洲葡萄酒和香槟出口的强烈反应，这轮计划被暂缓实施。

More potent measures are now likely to follow.

更有力的反制措施现在可能会接踵而至。

Ms. von der Leyen said late Wednesday that the European Union would “continue to seek negotiated solutions, while safeguarding its economic interests.”

冯德莱恩在周三晚间表示，欧盟将“在维护自身经济利益的同时，继续寻求谈判解决方案”。

European countries, especially Germany, export many more cars to the United States than they import. Anger about this disparity has been a regular theme for Mr. Trump since the 1980s, long before he went into politics, when he often complained about the numbers of German and Japanese cars on American streets.

欧洲国家（尤其是德国）向美国出口的汽车数量远远超过从美国进口的数量。自从20世纪80年代以来，早在他进入政界之前，特朗普就经常对这种不平衡表示愤怒，他经常抱怨美国大街上有太多德国和日本的汽车。

The United States is the most important export market for Germany’s auto industry, and the largest three German carmakers make up about 73 percent of the European Union’s automotive exports to the United States.

美国是德国汽车业最重要的出口市场，德国三大汽车制造商占欧盟对美汽车出口的73%左右。

Armin Laschet, a conservative who may become Germany’s next foreign minister, said a robust response to the tariffs must come from the European Union.

有可能出任德国下任外交部长的保守派人士阿明·拉舍特 称，欧盟必须对美国的关税作出有力的回应。

德国辛德芬根梅赛德斯奔驰工厂的一条生产线，摄于去年。

Canadian officials — with an election weeks away — have issued a similar call for action. On Wednesday, Mr. Carney’s campaign brought him to the bridge at the border with Detroit over which $300 million worth of auto parts cross daily. He unveiled a series of promises for the auto industry including a two billion Canadian dollar ($1.4 billion) fund to reshape it for a future without the United States.

加拿大官员们也发出了采取类似行动的呼吁，该国将在几周后举行联邦选举。周三，卡尼的竞选活动在与底特律相连的边境大桥举行，每天有价值3亿美元的汽车零部件从这座桥上通过。他公布了一系列针对汽车行业的承诺，包括设立一个20亿加元（约合14亿美元）的基金，以重塑汽车行业，迎接一个没有美国的未来。

“We will defend our workers, we will defend our companies, we will defend our country, and we will defend it together,” he said.

“我们将捍卫我们的工人，捍卫我们的企业，捍卫我们的国家，我们将一起捍卫这一切，”他说。

In Asia, officials had hoped for softer tariff treatment based on factories already being built in the United States at great expense. “We invest in America, employ people, and pay the highest wages,” Mr. Ishiba, the Japanese prime minister, said.

亚洲国家的官员曾希望获得美国更宽松的关税待遇，因为它们已经在美国斥巨资建设工厂。“我们在美国投资，雇佣员工，支付最高的工资，”日本首相石破茂说。

特朗普与日本首相石破茂在白宫的椭圆形办公室举行会晤，摄于今年2月。

And yet, at a moment when economic and military threats seem to be converging for Japan, analysts said his hands were tied: Because inflation is rising with a weakened Japanese yen, Japan cannot afford a trade spat that drives up consumer prices even further. And with a more militarized China on Japan’s doorstep, sending armed ships to assert its claims to disputed islands in recent days, the prime minister is most keen to get a clear commitment from Mr. Trump to defend Japan’s security. Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth is scheduled to arrive in Tokyo this week.

但是，当日本面临的经济和军事威胁似乎交织在一起的时刻，分析人士称，石破茂能采取的措施有限：日元已贬值，通货膨胀正在上升，这让日本不能承受将进一步推高消费价格的贸易争端。随着更加军事化的中国在日本大门口出现，包括前不久派武装舰艇前往有争议岛屿的水域提出主权要求，日本首相更渴望得到特朗普对捍卫日本安全的明确承诺。美国国防部长皮特·海格塞斯将在本周访问东京。

So far, the Trump administration has sent conflicting signals to America’s largest Asian ally. While Secretary of State Marco Rubio has reaffirmed support for Japan, the president himself has publicly questioned the two nations’ security alliance.

到目前为止，特朗普政府已向美国在亚洲的最大盟友发出了相互矛盾的信号。在国务卿鲁比奥重申支持日本的同时，总统本人却公开对两国的安全同盟表示怀疑。

“We are very much constrained at this moment,” said Ken Jimbo, a professor of international politics and security at Keio University.

“我们目前受到很大限制，”庆应义塾大学研究国际政治与安全的教授神保谦说。

South Korea finds itself in a similar position; it has deepened its diplomatic and military dependence on the United States in recent years, as anti-Chinese sentiment rose among its people, and to strengthen deterrence against North Korea.

韩国也处于类似的境地；近年来，随着韩国民众的反华情绪上升，同时为了加强对朝鲜的威慑，韩国加深了外交和军事上对美国的依赖。

South Koreans’ fundamental trust in the alliance will survive the latest tariffs, in part because the penalties didn’t target South Korea only but also hit competitors, said Park Won-gon, an expert in South Korea-U.S. relations at Ewha Womans University in Seoul.

韩国人对韩美联盟的基本信任能够经受住最新这轮关税的考验，部分原因是这些惩罚措施针对的不只是韩国，也打击了韩国的竞争对手，首尔梨花女子大学研究韩美关系的专家朴元坤（音）说。

But cars are one of South Korea’s biggest export items, totaling $71 billion last year, and the United States was the destination for nearly half. The government called for a meeting with the car industry on Thursday to discuss a response to the tariffs.

但汽车是韩国出口商品中最有价值的东西，去年的汽车出口总额达710亿美元，其中近一半销往美国。韩国政府已召集汽车行业在周四开会讨论如何应对关税。

“The U.S. tariffs are expected to pose significant challenges for our automobile companies exporting a large volume to the U.S. market,” said Ahn Duk-geun, South Korea’s trade minister.

“美国的关税预计将对向美国市场大量出口汽车的韩国汽车企业构成重大挑战，”韩国产业通商资源部部长安德根说。

On news portals from the left and right, many Koreans expressed outrage that the tariffs were landing just a few days after Hyundai Motor, a South Korean conglomerate, said it would invest $21 billion to expand manufacturing in the United States.

在左右两派的新闻门户网站上，许多韩国人对美国加征关税表示愤怒，因为几天前，韩国企业集团现代汽车还表示将投资210亿美元，扩建在美国的汽车工厂。

William Choong, a senior fellow at the ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute in Singapore, said that for many Asian allies, it feels as if the United States is a police commander “that sticks his Glock down the back of the junior cop — i.e. regional countries — and starts shaking him down for cash and other valuables.”

新加坡尤索夫伊萨东南亚研究所的高级研究员钟伟伦表示，对许多亚洲盟友来说，美国给它们的感觉就像一个警察局长，“把格洛克手枪顶在下级警官（即区域国家）的背上，敲诈勒索现金和其他贵重物品”。