Hassan Kamal Wattoo, 25, had received threatening calls for months from Pakistani authorities angry about critical articles he wrote. When he earned a scholarship to study law at the University of California, Berkeley, he jumped at the opportunity to leave Pakistan, and thought he might work in the United States after that.

25岁的哈桑·卡迈勒·瓦图曾在数月不断接到巴基斯坦当局的恐吓电话，他撰写的批评性文章惹怒了他们。在获得加州大学伯克利分校的法律专业奖学金后，他迫不及待地抓住了这个离开巴基斯坦的机会，并考虑毕业后留美工作。

Then came the detentions in the United States of noncitizen students for participating in pro-Palestinian protests, the arrest of a woman who had criticized Israel’s war in Gaza, the cancellations of hundreds of student visas with little or no explanation and what many have described as an assault by the Trump administration on science and academia.

后来，美国发生了一系列事件：非公民学生因参加亲巴勒斯坦抗议活动被拘留、一名批评以色列的加沙战争的女性被捕、数以百计学生签证被取消且基本没有给出解释，这一切被许多人视为特朗普政府攻击科学和学术界的行动。

Now, Mr. Wattoo said, he plans to return to Pakistan next week, after he receives his degree. His parents, worried about being harassed at the border, decided against traveling to Berkeley to attend his graduation on Friday, he said.

瓦图表示，他计划在获得学位后于下周返回巴基斯坦。他说，父母担心在边境遭到骚扰，决定不前往伯克利参加他周五的毕业典礼。

“That respect in the American system has kind of faded away and been replaced with this bitter animosity,” Mr. Wattoo said. He described the Trump administration’s tactics as “shockingly similar to what I’ve seen all my life and what I wanted to run away from.”

“美国体制中的那种尊重已逐渐消失，取而代之的是强烈的敌意，”瓦图说。他认为特朗普政府的策略“与我一生所见、一心想逃离的东西惊人地相似”。

The New York Times asked international students at U.S. colleges and universities to share how the administration’s immigration policies had affected them, and 150 readers responded. The Times interviewed 20 of them, many from countries where the State Department has said that free speech is restricted.

《纽约时报》邀请美国高校的国际学生分享政府移民政策对他们的影响，150名读者回应，其中20人接受了采访，许多人来自被国务院认定言论自由受限的国家。

Some said they had canceled spring break or summer travel plans over fears that they might not be allowed back into the United States. Others said they now avoid speaking in public about divisive issues or participating in protests that they think could attract the attention of the authorities, such as those in support of Palestinians, labor rights or disability rights.

一些学生表示，因担心无法重返美国，他们已取消春假或暑期旅行计划；还有一些人则避免公开讨论争议性话题或参与可能吸引当局注意的抗议活动，如支持巴勒斯坦、劳工权益或残障权益的活动。

Many said that they had deleted social media profiles or unfollowed accounts belonging to activists. And several said they had applied to transfer to universities in Canada or Europe or were considering it.

许多人删除了社交媒体账号或取消关注活动人士的账户，还有人称已申请转学到加拿大或欧洲的大学，或正在考虑中。

Of course, there are about 1.1 million international students in the United States, and those interviewed by The Times do not necessarily reflect a representative sample. Nearly all of them said they were committed to staying to complete their degrees. Still, most of those The Times spoke to made clear that, for them, the idea of America as a pillar of free expression and intellectual openness had faded.

当然，美国约有110万名国际学生，接受采访的学生未必具有代表性。几乎所有人都表示会坚持完成学业，但多数人坦言，美国作为言论自由和学术开放支柱的形象，已在他们心中褪色。

Anton Dolmatov, a Ph.D. student at Rice University in Texas, said that it was jarring to see echoes of the fears he had grown up around in Russia emerge in the United States.

得克萨斯州莱斯大学博士生安东·多尔马托夫表示，他在美国看到了与自己在俄罗斯成长过程中经历的类似恐惧情绪，这令人不安。

As soon as Mr. Trump was elected in November, Mr. Dolmatov, 28, said, he started applying to transfer to schools in Britain because of concerns about what could happen to his student visa.

28岁的多尔马托夫称，自去年11月特朗普当选后，他因担心学生签证出现问题，开始申请转学到英国的学校。

He canceled plans to meet his parents in Turkey and a trip to a conference in London because he was concerned about not being allowed back into the United States.

他取消了在土耳其与父母会面和去伦敦参加学术会议的计划，唯恐无法返回美国。

“Just think: essentially to escape Russia, to find oneself in a situation where you also have to be concerned about lawlessness and not having your rights respected, for there not to be due process and arbitrary arrests,” Mr. Dolmatov said. “I wouldn’t believe it would happen if I was told it 10 years ago.”

“试想一下，原本是为了逃离俄罗斯，却发现自己身处一个同样要担心无法无天、权利不受尊重、缺乏正当程序和任意逮捕的境地，”多尔马托夫说，“若10年前有人告诉我会发生这种事，我绝不会相信。”

He said he had been accepted by three universities in Britain but was waiting to hear how much research funding they could offer.

他表示已被英国三所大学录取，目前在等待各校能提供多少研究经费的信息。

International students said recent detentions had stoked doubts about whether they could depend on constitutional free speech protections.

国际学生称，近期的拘留事件让他们怀疑是否还能依赖宪法对言论自由的保护。

In March, Mahmoud Khalil, a leader of pro-Palestinian demonstrations at Columbia University, was detained by federal agents and remains in custody in Louisiana. The same month, Rumeysa Ozturk, a Tufts University student who had written an article criticizing Israel’s military offensive in Gaza, was handcuffed by federal agents in plain clothes in front of her apartment building and held for six weeks.

3月，哥伦比亚大学亲巴勒斯坦示威活动领导人马哈茂德·哈利勒被联邦特工拘留，目前仍被关押在路易斯安那州；同月，塔夫茨大学学生鲁梅萨·厄兹图尔克因撰写批评以色列加沙军事行动的文章，在公寓楼前被便衣联邦特工戴上手铐，关押了六周。

One graduate student from Lebanon said that when she first arrived on her campus in Florida last year, she felt freer to speak out than she had in her home country, where she had received threats for criticizing Hezbollah, the Iran-backed militia. But since Mr. Trump took office, she said, she no longer feels comfortable publicly discussing potentially sensitive issues.

一名来自黎巴嫩的研究生表示，去年刚到佛罗里达的校园时，她觉得比在祖国更能自由发声——在黎巴嫩，她曾因批评伊朗支持的真主党民兵组织而受到威胁。但她说，自特朗普执政以来，她不再敢公开讨论潜在敏感话题。

“It’s made me feel stuck in a way, constantly stressed and unsure about what’s safe to say or do,” said the student, 23, who like others interviewed for this story requested anonymity because she feared being deported.

“这让我感到被困住了，一直处于压力中，不确定什么话能说、什么事能做，”这位23岁的学生说（与其他接受采访者一样，她因担心被驱逐而要求匿名）。

A recent graduate who earned a film degree from a university in the western United States said the current climate reminded him of his home country, Singapore, where protests are illegal unless preapproved by the authorities.

一名刚从美国西部某大学获得电影学位的毕业生称，当前的氛围让他想起自己的祖国新加坡——未经当局批准的抗议活动在那里属于非法。

In recent weeks, he said, he avoided walking past two anti-Trump protests on campus for fear of even being photographed near them. The biggest draw of studying in the United States, for him, had been the freedom it offered to learn about making films without self-censoring. He no longer feels he can do that and is considering returning to Singapore, he said.

他说，最近几周，他甚至不敢走过校园里两场反特朗普抗议活动的附近区域，唯恐被拍到。对他而言，赴美留学的最大吸引力在于能自由学习电影制作而无需自我审查，如今他觉得无法再这样做，正考虑返回新加坡。

Changes implemented by the Trump administration have resulted in the cancellation of more than 1,800 visas for students at 238 universities as of May 12, according to an analysis by The Times. The administration reinstated more than 1,100 of the visas but has said it is working on a new system, which could result in some international students losing their legal status again.

《纽约时报》分析显示，截至5月12日，特朗普政府的政策已导致238所大学的1800多名学生签证被取消，其中1100多份签证得到重新签发，但政府称正在制定新系统，可能导致部分国际学生再次失去合法身份。

In response to questions from The Times about its crackdown on student visas, a White House spokeswoman, Anna Kelly, said that it was a privilege, not a right, to study in the United States.

针对《纽约时报》关于打击学生签证的提问，白宫发言人安娜·凯利表示，赴美留学是一种特权，而非权利。

Apparently referring to students who had been penalized for participating in pro-Palestinian protests, Ms. Kelly said that Secretary of State Marco Rubio “has the right to revoke visas for noncitizens pushing the propaganda of Hamas terrorists who have held Americans hostage.”

凯利显然指的是因参加亲巴勒斯坦抗议活动而受罚的学生，她说，国务卿马克·鲁比奥“有权撤销那些推动哈马斯恐怖分子宣传的非公民的签证，那些恐怖分子将美国人扣为人质”。

Despite the uncertainty over visas, many students said they still wanted to get jobs in America after graduation, and that they valued the diversity of U.S. campuses and the economic opportunities the country offered.

尽管签证存在不确定性，许多学生仍希望毕业后留美工作，并珍视美国校园的多元性和这个国家提供的经济机会。

Students who travel far from home in hopes of improving their career prospects and having a positive impact on the world “should be prepared to take on this risk, and that’s something I decided well before I even came here,” said Ryan Li, an 18-year-old Canadian studying at Georgetown University. He was not going to let the shifting political climate dissuade him from studying in the United States, he said.

18岁的加拿大留学生瑞安·李就读于乔治城大学，他说，为改善职业前景、希望对世界产生积极影响而远离家乡的学生“应该做好承担这种风险的准备，这是我来这里之前就决定的”。他表示，不会让不断变化的政治气候阻止自己在美国学习。