Battery manufacturing began to take off in the United States in recent years after Congress and the Biden administration offered the industry generous incentives.

近年来，国会和拜登政府为电池制造业提供了慷慨的激励措施，电池制造业开始在美国迅速发展。

But that boom now appears to be stalling as the Trump administration and Republican lawmakers try to restrict China’s access to the American market.

但随着特朗普政府和共和党议员试图限制中国进入美国市场，这种繁荣现在似乎正在停滞。

From South Carolina to Washington State, companies are slowing construction or reconsidering big investments in factories for producing rechargeable batteries and the ingredients needed to make them.

从南卡罗来纳到华盛顿州，许多公司正在放慢建设速度，或者重新考虑对生产可充电电池及其所需原料的工厂进行大规模投资。

A big reason is that higher trade barriers between the United States and China are fracturing relationships between suppliers and customers in the two countries. At the same time, Republicans are seeking to block battery makers with ties to China, as well as those that rely on any Chinese technology or materials, from taking advantage of federal tax credits. The industry is also dealing with a softening market for electric vehicles, which Republicans and Mr. Trump have targeted.

一个重要的原因是，美中之间更高的贸易壁垒正在破坏两国供应商和客户之间的关系。与此同时，共和党人正在寻求阻止与中国有关联和依赖中国技术或材料的电池制造商享受联邦税抵免。此外，电动汽车市场疲软也对电池行业构成挑战，电动车是共和党人和特朗普针对的目标。

The China-related restrictions — included in the version of Mr. Trump’s domestic policy bill passed by the House — would be very difficult for many companies to operate under. China is the world’s top battery manufacturer and makes nearly all of certain components.

获得众议院通过的那一版特朗普国内政策法案中包含了与中国有关的限制措施，这将使许多公司难以在此条件下运营。中国是世界上最大的电池生产国，某些部件几乎全部由中国制造。

The Trump policy bill highlights a difficult dilemma. The United States wants to create a homegrown battery industry and greatly reduce its dependence on China — and many Republican lawmakers want to end it altogether. But China is already so dominant in this industry that it will be incredibly hard for the United States to become a meaningful player without working with Chinese companies.

特朗普的政策法案凸显了一个两难境地。美国希望建立一个本土电池产业，大大减少对中国的依赖——许多共和党议员希望完全结束这种依赖。但中国在这个行业已经占据了主导地位，如果不与中国公司合作，美国将难以成为有份量的参与者。

To cultivate a domestic industry, experts say, the United States needs to rely on foreign components and know-how as it builds its own supply chains and expertise, much as China did in the auto industry.

专家认为，为了培育国内产业，美国在建立自己的供应链和专业技术的同时，还需要依赖外国零部件和专长，就像过去中国在汽车行业所做的那样。

Among the plants at risk is a $3 billion battery factory that Ford Motor is building in Marshall, Mich., which is set to start making battery cells next year for the company’s electric cars. Ford is licensing technology from the Chinese battery giant Contemporary Amperex Technology Company, which would quickly make it ineligible for federal subsidies under the House bill.

面临风险的工厂包括福特汽车在密歇根州马歇尔投资30亿美元兴建的电池厂。该工厂将于明年开始为公司的电动汽车生产电池。福特正在从中国电池巨头宁德时代获得技术许可，根据众议院的法案，这将很快使福特失去获得联邦补贴的资格。

A loss of tax credits “will imperil what we do in Marshall,” William Clay Ford Jr., the company’s executive chair, said last month. “We made a certain investment based upon a policy that was in place,” he added. “It’s not fair to change policies after all the expenditure has been made.”

失去税收抵免“将危及我们在马歇尔的工作”，公司执行主席小威廉·克莱·福特上个月说。“我们根据一项当时的政策进行了一定的投资，”他还说。“在做出这么多支出后又改变政策，是不公平的。”

Some companies are already pulling back. This month, the battery maker AESC paused construction of a $1.6 billion electric-vehicle battery plant in South Carolina, citing “policy and market uncertainty.”

一些公司已经开始收缩。本月，电池制造商AESC暂停了在南卡罗来纳州投资16亿美元的电动汽车电池厂的建设，理由是“政策和市场的不确定性”。

Batteries made there, which are meant to power BMW’s electric vehicles, also would soon become ineligible for federal subsidies, at least in part because a Chinese company owns a large portion of AESC. Those tax credits amount to roughly $3,375 for the average electric vehicle battery, according to UBS.

这家为宝马的电动汽车生产电池的工厂也将很快失去获得联邦补贴的资格，至少部分原因是一家中国公司拥有AESC的很大一部分股份。根据瑞银的数据，这些税收抵免额平均到每块电动汽车电池上约为3375美元。

Across the country, a start-up, Group14 Technologies, slowed construction of a battery materials factory in Moses Lake, Wash., after its customers in China balked at paying higher tariffs. Instead, the company is focusing on ramping up production in South Korea, said Rick Luebbe, Group14’s chief executive.

在美国另一端的华盛顿州摩西湖，新成立的Group14 Technologies公司放慢了一家电池材料厂的建设。此前，该公司在中国的客户不愿支付更高的关税。Group14首席执行官里克·吕伯表示，该公司正专注于扩大在韩国的产量。

“What caught the attention of our customers, particularly in China, was the really aggressive back-and-forth where the tariffs went up over 100 percent,” Mr. Luebbe said. “At that point, folks said, ‘You know what — maybe we’ll just hold off.’”

“引起我们的客户，尤其是中国客户注意的，是那些极具针对性的举动，关税一度提高了100%以上，”吕伯说。“于是人们说，‘要不我们干脆先停一停。’”

现在，Group14预计摩西湖工厂将于明年初开始生产，而不是今年夏天。

Mr. Trump and his aides have said they want companies to manufacture more in the United States. They also want more U.S. mining of critical minerals, many of which form the building blocks of batteries. But they have criticized electric vehicles and wind and solar energy, which drive demand for batteries.

特朗普及其助手表示，他们希望企业在美国制造更多产品。他们还希望美国开采更多的关键矿物，其中许多是电池的基本材料。但他们批评电动汽车、风能和太阳能，而这些都是可以推动电池需求的领域。

Ben Dietderich, an Energy Department spokesman, said the administration was investing in projects that would deliver a return on investment for Americans but did not directly address batteries.

能源部发言人本·迪德里奇表示，政府正在投资一些项目，将为美国人带来投资回报，但并不直接涉及电池。

The administration “is working to develop more secure supply chains for critical energy infrastructure,” Mr. Dietderich said.

迪德里奇说，政府“正在努力为关键的能源基础设施开发更安全的供应链”。

A White House spokesman, Kush Desai, said the administration would “shore up America’s supply of critical minerals” by investigating imports of such materials on natural security grounds, mining for them offshore and repealing regulations.

白宫发言人库什·德赛表示，政府将以自然安全为由调查此类材料的进口，同时在海外开采这些矿物，并废除相关法规，从而“加强美国关键矿产的供应”。

Domestic battery makers have other problems besides the U.S. posture toward China. Chief among them is that electric vehicles have not become as popular in the United States as many companies had expected.

除了美国对中国的态度外，国内电池制造商还有其他问题要面对。其中最主要的是，电动汽车在美国并不像许多公司预期的那样受欢迎。

As a result, many companies delayed, canceled or scaled back projects even before Mr. Trump increased tariffs and Republican lawmakers sought to eliminate tax credits. Companies canceled more than $6 billion in planned U.S. battery factories in the first quarter, according to Rhodium Group, a research firm that tracks investments with M.I.T.’s Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research.

因此，甚至在特朗普提高关税、共和党议员寻求取消税收抵免之前，许多公司就已经在推迟、取消或缩减项目。与麻省理工学院能源与环境政策研究中心合作跟踪投资情况的研究公司荣鼎集团称，今年第一季度，各企业取消了价值超过60亿美元的美国电池工厂建设计划。

The Republican policy bill would further erode demand for electric cars — and, by extension, the batteries that power them — by scrapping a $7,500 tax credit available to many people who buy or lease them.

共和党的政策法案将进一步削弱对电动汽车的需求，进而削弱为电动汽车提供动力的电池的需求，因为法案取消了许多购买或租赁电动汽车的人可以享受的7500美元税收抵免。

If that tax credit goes away, all planned U.S. battery plants will become unnecessary and more than two-thirds of existing capacity could shut down, according to an analysis by the Princeton-led REPEAT Project.

根据普林斯顿大学领导的REPEAT项目的一项分析，如果这项税收抵免取消，所有计划中的美国电池工厂将显得多余，超过三分之二的现有产能可能会关闭。

Jennifer Granholm, the energy secretary under President Joseph R. Biden Jr., said scrapping clean-energy incentives would cost jobs and undermine U.S. energy security by making the country more dependent on China.

拜登总统任内的能源部长詹妮弗·格兰霍姆表示，取消清洁能源激励措施将导致就业岗位流失，并使美国更加依赖中国，从而破坏美国的能源安全。

“For there to be an effective industrial strategy, you have to make America irresistible for investment,” said Ms. Granholm, a former governor of Michigan. “You can’t play a game with no offense.”

“要制定一个有效的产业战略，你必须让美国成为投资的不二之选，”曾担任密歇根州州长的格兰霍姆说。“你不可能打一场没有进攻的比赛。”

She said lawmakers should differentiate between Chinese equipment that could pose a threat to national security, such as devices that connect to the internet, and more basic materials like screws.

她说，议员们应该区别对待可能对国家安全构成威胁的中国设备（比如连接互联网的设备）和更基本的材料（比如螺丝）。

Others say the United States should welcome foreign investment, including from China, and learn from it.

还有人认为，美国应该欢迎外国投资，包括来自中国的投资，并从中学习。

“Restricting our market is just a first-order bad idea,” said Ann E. Harrison, an economist and former dean of the business school at the University of California, Berkeley. Competition drives innovation and efficiency, without which companies often struggle to survive in the long term, she said.

“限制我们的市场是个非常坏的主意，”经济学家、加州大学伯克利分校商学院前院长安·E·哈里森说。她说，竞争推动创新和效率，没有这些，企业往往难以长期生存。

“The Chinese are already so far ahead,” Dr. Harrison said. “At this point, I don’t see us making the leap without fewer constraints.”

“中国人已经遥遥领先了，”哈里森说。“在眼前，如果不减少限制，我不认为我们能实现飞跃。”