President-elect Donald J. Trump has vowed to slash immigration — both legal and illegal — and ramp up deportations on Day 1.

候任总统唐纳德·J·特朗普誓言要在上任第一天就开始削减移民——包括合法和非法移民——并加大驱逐力度。

Immigrants are racing to get ahead of the crackdown.

移民们正争先恐后地要在打压开始之前行动起来。

Foreign-born residents have been jamming the phone lines of immigration lawyers. They’re packing information meetings organized by nonprofits. And they’re taking whatever steps they can to inoculate themselves from the sweeping measures Mr. Trump has promised to undertake after he is inaugurated on Jan. 20.

外国出生的居民已经打爆了移民律师的电话。他们挤满了非营利组织举办的信息交流会。他们正在采取一切可能的措施，以避免受到特朗普承诺将在1月20日就职后采取的全面措施的影响。

“People that should be scared are coming in, and people that are fine with a green card are rushing in,” said Inna Simakovsky, an immigration lawyer in Columbus, Ohio, who added that her team has been overwhelmed with consultations. “Everyone is scared,” she said.

“应该感到害怕的人都来了，已经持有绿卡的人在匆匆赶来，”俄亥俄州哥伦布市的移民律师伊娜·西马科夫斯基说，她还说，她的团队接到了太多咨询，已经应接不暇。“每个人都很害怕，”她说。

People with green cards want to become citizens as soon as possible. People who have a tenuous legal status or who entered the country illegally are scrambling to file for asylum, because even if the claim is thin, having a pending case would — under current protocols — protect them from deportation. People in relationships with U.S. citizens are fast-tracking marriage, which makes them eligible to apply for a green card.

持有绿卡的人希望尽快成为公民。那些法律地位不稳或非法入境的人正在争先恐后地申请庇护，因为即使申请理由不充分，根据目前的规定，存在待决案件的情况可以保护他们不被驱逐出境。与美国公民有关系的人正在快速办理结婚手续，这样就有资格申请绿卡。

In total there are about 13 million who have legal permanent residency. And there were an estimated 11.3 million undocumented people in 2022, the latest figure available.

总共约有1300万人拥有合法永久居留权。而根据2022年的估计——也就是现有的最新数据，有1130万无证居留者。

“The election result put me in a state of panic that propelled me to immediately find a permanent solution,” said Yaneth Campuzano, 30, a software engineer in Houston.

“大选结果让我陷入恐慌，促使我立刻去寻找永久性解决方案，”休斯顿的软件工程师、30岁的亚内丝·坎普扎诺说。

TODEC法律中心执行主任卢斯·加列戈斯（居中戴眼镜者）说：“我们不想制造更多恐惧，但我们希望他们做好一切准备。”该中心为南加州的移民农场工人提供建议。

Brought to the United States from Mexico when she was 2 months old, she was eligible for Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, or DACA, the Obama-era program that has allowed hundreds of thousands of immigrants who entered the country as children to remain in the country with work permits.

她在两个月大的时候被从墨西哥带到美国，符合“童年入境暂缓遣返”计划(DACA)的条件，这个奥巴马时代的计划让成千上万童年入境的移民留在了美国，且有工作许可。

But DACA was a target of Mr. Trump’s during his first term and is being challenged in a lawsuit that could help him end it. Given the program’s precarious state, Ms. Campuzano and her fiancé, an American neuroscientist, have expedited plans to marry. They will wed next month — before Mr. Trump takes office. “Only after my status is secure will I be able to breathe again,” she said.

但DACA是特朗普在其第一任期内的攻击目标，目前正受到一项诉讼的挑战，这可能会帮助他终止该计划。鉴于该计划岌岌可危，坎普扎诺和她的未婚夫（一位美国神经科学家）加快了结婚计划。他们将在下个月——特朗普上任之前——举行婚礼。她说：“只有在我的身份得到保障后，我才能正常呼吸。”

Voters of both parties were frustrated by chaos at the border under President Biden. Mr. Trump campaigned on a promise of mass deportations, and last week said that he intended to declare a national emergency and use the U.S. military to accomplish his goal. His top immigration policy adviser, Stephen Miller, has said that “vast holding facilities” would serve as “staging centers” for the operation. This week, the state land commissioner in Texas offered the federal government more than 1,000 acres near the border to erect detention centers.

拜登总统执政期间边境的混乱局面令两党选民都感到不满。特朗普在竞选时承诺将实施大规模驱逐，并在上周表示，他打算宣布全国进入紧急状态，并动用联邦军队来实现他的目标。他的最高移民政策顾问斯蒂芬·米勒曾表示，“庞大的收容设施”将作为行动的“集结中心”。本周，得克萨斯州土地专员向联邦政府提供了靠近边境的1000多英亩土地，用于建立拘留中心。

Deportations are not uncommon. Mr. Trump deported about 1.5 million people during his first term, according to analysis by the Migration Policy Institute. President Biden has removed about as many. President Obama removed 3 million in his first term.

驱逐出境并不罕见。根据移民政策研究所的分析，特朗普在其第一任期内驱逐了约150万人。拜登总统驱逐的人数也差不多。奥巴马总统在第一个任期内驱逐了300万人。

But not since the 1950s has the United States sought to deport people en masse, and it has not previously created a vast detention apparatus to facilitate expulsions.

但是，自20世纪50年代以来，美国从未试图大规模驱逐人口，也没有建立庞大的拘留机构来协助驱逐。

In addition to Mr. Miller, the president-elect has tapped other immigration hawks for key roles, including Thomas Homan, a veteran of Immigration and Customs Enforcement, to be “border czar.”

除了米勒，候任总统还任命了其他移民事务鹰派人士担任要职，其中包括由移民和海关执法局的资深官员托马斯·霍曼担任“边境沙皇”。

Mr. Homan has said that the administration will prioritize the removal of criminals and people with outstanding deportation orders. But he has also said that workplace raids and other tools will be deployed to round up undocumented immigrants, many of whom have lived in the country for decades.

霍曼表示，政府将优先遣返罪犯和身背未执行驱逐令的人。但他也表示，将利用工作场所突袭和其他手段来围捕无证移民，其中许多人已在美国生活了几十年。

托马斯·霍曼曾在特朗普首届政府期间领导移民和海关执法局，现被任命为“边境沙皇”。

Even in California, whose leaders restricted cooperation with immigration authorities during Mr. Trump’s first term and have pledged to do so again, immigrants are worried about enforcement going into overdrive.

即使在加利福尼亚州，其领导人在特朗普的第一任期内限制了与移民部门的合作，并承诺将再次这样做，移民们也仍然担心执法工作会剧烈加强。

“This time we are more afraid, because of everything Trump says that he will do when he regains power,” said Silvia Campos, an undocumented Mexican farmworker who lives with her husband and three children, two of them U.S. citizens, in Riverside County.

作为无证移民的墨西哥农场工人西尔维娅·坎波斯说：“这次我们更害怕了，因为特朗普说他重新掌权后会做的一切。”，她与丈夫和三个孩子住在里弗赛德县，其中两个孩子是美国公民。

Everywhere she turns, on Spanish-language radio, TV and social media, she said she is slammed with information about his intentions.

她说，在西班牙语广播、电视和社交媒体上，无论她转到哪里，都会听到有关特朗普意图的信息。

“It’s all everyone talks about,” said Ms. Campos, 42, who crossed the border with her husband 18 years ago. “We have to prepare for the worst.”

“所有人都在谈论这个，”42岁的坎波斯说，她18年前与丈夫一起越过边境。“我们必须做最坏的打算。”

That is why she asked her manager for the day off from harvesting vegetables to attend a “know-your-rights” session last Tuesday at a nonprofit.

这就是为什么上周二她向经理请假，不去收割蔬菜，而是到一家非营利机构参加“了解你的权利”讲座。

Among the tips: You have the right to remain silent. Only open the door to immigration agents who produce a search warrant from a judge. Do not sign anything without a lawyer. Make a family plan, in case you are detained and separated from your children.

他们的提醒包括：你有权保持沉默。只给出示了法官搜查令的移民局工作人员开门。在没有律师在场的情况下，不要签署任何文件。制定家庭计划，以防被拘留并与子女分离。

温迪·马查多和文森佐·马里内罗与他们7个月大的女儿卡特琳娜·马里内罗在得克萨斯州福尼的家中。

After the session, Ms. Campos completed an affidavit authorizing her children to receive medical attention, if necessary, and to be cared for by her sister, a U.S. citizen, in her absence. She had three copies notarized, and on her return home, she sat down her children, 11, 14 and 17.

讲座结束后，坎波斯填写了一份宣誓书，授权她的孩子在必要时接受医疗救治，并在她不在时由她的姐姐（美国公民）照顾。她公证了三份宣誓书，回家后，她跟分别为11岁、14岁和17岁的三个孩子们做了交代。

“We don’t want to create more fear, but we want them to be ready for anything,” said Luz Gallegos, executive director of TODEC Legal Center, which began holding the sessions, many of them standing room only, after its hotline was clogged with calls following the election.

“我们不想制造更多的恐惧，但我们希望他们做好一切准备，”TODEC法律中心执行主任卢斯·加列戈斯说，大选后该中心的热线电话被打爆，然后开始举办这些讲座，其中许多座无虚席。

The organization has been sending teams to brief workers on farms in Southern California’s agriculture-rich corridor that relies on immigrant labor, much of it undocumented. On Thursday morning, all 30 laborers at a farm in Lakeview took a break from picking and packing leafy greens to go to a presentation, the fourth held that day.

该中心一直在送出团队向南加州农业发达地带的农场工人介绍情况，这些地带依赖移民劳工，其中大部分是无证移民。周四上午，莱克维尤一家农场的30名工人暂时放下采摘和包装绿叶蔬菜的工作，参加了当天举行的第四场介绍会。

In Dallas, Vinchenzo Marinero, 30, a DACA beneficiary, has been frantically exploring avenues to remain in the country lawfully.

在达拉斯，30岁的文森佐·马里内罗是DACA的受益人，他一直在疯狂地探索合法留在美国的途径。

Stripped of DACA, he would lose his job, his driver’s license and, perhaps, his three-bedroom house. He has started a family with a fellow DACA beneficiary, and they have a 7-month-old baby.

如果失去DACA，他将失去工作、驾照，甚至可能失去三居室的房子。他已经与另一位DACA受益人组建了家庭，他们有一个7个月大的婴儿。

“Without DACA, I wouldn’t be able to provide for my family,” said Mr. Marinero, who works for a faith-based broadcaster as a systems engineer.

“没有DACA，我就无法养家糊口，”在一家宗教广播公司担任系统工程师的马里内罗说。

He hopes the company will sponsor him for a skilled-worker visa, but that could not occur until next year. In the meantime, his lawyer advised him to renew his DACA for another two years, even though it expires in June 2025.

他希望公司能担保他获得技术工人签证，但这可能要等到明年。与此同时，他的律师建议他申请将DACA再延长两年，尽管目前是2025年6月到期。

“By the time Trump takes office, I hope mine gets renewed so I have two more years,” Mr. Marinero said. “That gives me more time to plan.”

“到特朗普上台时，我希望我的证件能延长两年，”马里内罗说。“这样我就有更多时间进行规划。”

While few university leaders have spoken out about the Trump administration’s immigration strategy, many campuses have been quietly weighing steps to protect their international and undocumented students.

虽然很少有大学领导就特朗普政府的移民战略发表意见，但许多校园一直在不声张地权衡保护其国际学生和无证学生的措施。

More than 1,700 university administrators and staff attended a webinar on Nov. 15 about how to support them.

11月15日，1700多名大学管理人员和教职员工参加了关于如何为这些学生提供支持的网络讨论。

“Our message is that the time to act is now,” said Miriam Feldblum, executive director of the Presidents’ Alliance on Higher Education and Immigration, a nonpartisan group of private and public colleges and universities that hosted the event.

“我们要传达的信息是，现在是采取行动的时候了，”高等教育与移民校长联盟的执行主任米里亚姆·费尔德布卢姆说，这是一个由私立和公立大学组成的无党派团体，主办了这次活动。

Many institutions are considering sponsoring DACA beneficiaries for work visas, she said, which would give them a temporary solution that could eventually put them on the path to permanent legal status. They are seeking to take advantage of new guidance under the Biden administration that has provided faster processing for those who qualify.

她说，许多机构正在考虑为DACA受益人申请工作签证做担保，这将为他们提供一个临时解决方案，最终使他们可能获得永久合法身份。他们正在寻求利用拜登政府的新指南，该指南加快了对符合条件者的处理速度。

A particular concern is the upcoming winter break when many international students may visit their homelands. On his first day in the White House in 2017, Mr. Trump banned people from predominantly Muslim countries from entering the United States, creating chaos at airports. It was challenged in court, but a subsequent version of it survived.

尤其令人担忧的是即将到来的寒假，许多国际学生可能会回国探亲。2017年，在入主白宫的首日，特朗普就禁止主要来自穆斯林国家的人进入美国，造成了机场的混乱。这一禁令在法庭上受到质疑，但其后的一个版本得以保留。

The University of Massachusetts, Amherst, has issued a travel advisory to all international students, faculty and staff, urging them to “strongly consider” returning to the United States before Inauguration Day, and said that students could move into their dorms early.

马萨诸塞大学阿默斯特分校已向所有国际学生、教职员工发出旅行警告，敦促他们“认真考虑”在总统就职日之前返回美国，并表示学生可以提前入住宿舍。

Wesleyan University, a private university in Middletown, Conn., emailed its international students on Nov. 18 with similar advice. It said that being in the country around Jan. 19 was “the safest way to avoid difficulty re-entering the country.”

康涅狄格州米德尔敦的私立大学卫斯理安大学也于11月18日通过电子邮件向其国际学生发出了类似的建议。该校表示，1月19日前后留在美国是“避免再次入境遇到困难的最安全方式”。