The Trump administration broadened its trade war with China on Tuesday, as it began imposing fees on Chinese ships docking at American ports.

特朗普政府周二扩大了与中国的贸易战，开始对停靠美国港口的中国船舶征收费用。

The long-planned action is intended to counter China’s dominance of commercial shipbuilding and help revitalize the United States’ own shipbuilding industry, which has withered over the years.

采取这项酝酿已久的措施是为了对抗中国在商业造船领域的主导地位，帮助重振多年来一直在萎缩的美国本土造船业。

China’s Ministry of Transport threatened retaliation on Friday, saying it planned to hit American vessels with fees when they docked in China. The shipping clash comes as trade relations between China and the United States are again wobbling. Last week, after China announced more stringent restrictions on rare earth minerals, President Trump threatened to impose more tariffs on the country, before tempering his tone somewhat.

中国交通运输部已在上周五警告将采取报复措施，宣称计划对停靠中国港口的美国船舶征收特别港务费。这个涉及船舶停靠问题的冲突发生之际，中美贸易关系再度陷入动荡。上周，中国宣布对稀土矿物采取更严格的出口限制之后，美国总统特朗普曾威胁对中国商品加征更多关税，但他后来缓和了说法。

Supporters of the United States’ shipping measures say that China has used subsidies to gain an advantage in shipbuilding, and that the fees are a way to deter ocean carriers from buying Chinese ships.

支持美国对中国船舶收港口费的人表示，中国通过政府补贴获得了造船业优势地位，征收港口费是为了阻止远洋运输公司购买中国船舶。

“Anything we can do to chip away at the disparity in shipbuilding that exists between the United States and China is to our benefit,” said Mihir Torsekar, a senior economist at the Coalition for a Prosperous America, a group that supports many of Mr. Trump’s trade actions.

“任何能缩小美中在造船行业上差距的举措都对我们有帮助，”繁荣美国联盟的高级经济学家米希尔·托塞卡说。该组织支持特朗普在贸易问题上采取的许多行动。

The fees will take effect the same day as new tariffs on imported furniture, kitchen cabinets and lumber. The shipping levies stem from a trade investigation started under the Biden administration and must be paid by ships owned by Chinese shipping companies. Non-Chinese shipping lines will have to pay fees when they send Chinese-built ships to American ports.

新规生效当日，美国还将对进口家具、橱柜和木材加征关税。对中国船舶征收港口费是拜登政府时代启动的一项贸易调查的结果，中国的航运公司拥有的船舶必须缴纳港口费。非中国航运企业如果使用中国制造的船舶往美国运货，停靠港口时也必须缴纳港口费。

Non-Chinese shipping lines have bought scores of Chinese-made vessels in recent years, and they are now trying to remove as many as possible from routes to the United States to avoid the fees.

近年来，非中国拥有的航运公司购入大量中国制造的船舶，这些公司正竭力将尽可能多的中国制造的船舶调离美国航线，以避免缴纳港口费。

“Vessel owners and operators are adjusting fleet deployments to mitigate the impact of the fees,” said Utsav Mathur, a partner specializing in shipping and commodities at Norton Rose Fulbright, a law firm.

“船东和运营商们正在调整船队部署，以减轻收费的影响，”诺顿罗氏律师事务所专门从事航运和大宗商品业务的合伙人乌察夫·马图尔说。

Shipping companies have said they do not intend to raise their customers’ rates in response to the levies.

航运公司已表示，它们无意通过提高运费将成本转嫁给客户。

But critics of the fees say they will make supply chains less efficient and eventually push up the cost of imported goods, many of which have been hit with high tariffs this year.

但批评港口费的人表示，这项收费将降低供应链效率，并最终推高进口商品的成本，许多进口商品今年已受到高额关税的打击。

“The inefficiencies, along with whatever fees are paid, will raise costs,” said Colin Grabow, an associate director at the Cato Institute, a research organization that favors less government regulation of business. “It’s just a matter of when.”

“效率降低加上所有需要缴纳的费用，将推高成本，”卡托研究所副所长科林·格拉博说，该研究所是一家主张减少政府对商业监管的研究机构。“只是时间问题而已。”

Skeptics also doubt that the fees will breathe much life into United States’ shipyards or do much to hold back China’s shipbuilding industry, which has in recent years extended its lead over Japan’s and South Korea’s.

质疑者同样怀疑这些费用能否真正激活美国造船业，或有效遏制中国造船业的发展，中国造船业近年来已扩大了相对于日本和韩国造船业的优势。

China made 60 percent of the world’s large vessels in 2024, up from 44 percent five years earlier, according to BRS Shipbrokers. American ships can cost up to five times the amount of those built in Asia. So far this year, China has made 717 large commercial vessels; the United States just one, according to BRS.

据BRS船舶经纪公司的数据，2024年，中国制造了全球大型船舶的60%，五年前的这个比例是44%。美国的造船成本最高可达亚洲的五倍。BRS数据显示，今年到目前为止，中国建造了717艘大型商用船，而美国只造了一艘。

The new rules are the most stringent for Chinese shipping companies, which cannot avoid the levies. HSBC, an investment bank, estimated that COSCO, a large Chinese shipping line, could pay $1.5 billion in fees next year, which the bank said could reduce COSCO’s operating earnings by nearly three fourths in 2026.

新规定对中国航运公司最为严格，它们无法避免缴纳港口费。据汇丰银行估计，中国大型航运公司中远集团明年可能需要支付15亿美元的港口费，汇丰银行称，这可能导致中远集团2026年的营业利润减少近75%。

COSCO did not respond to a request for comment, but in an April statement, the company said the United States’ fees would “risk undermining the security, resilience, and orderly operation of global industrial and supply chains.”

中远集团没有回应记者的置评请求，但该公司曾在今年4月的一份声明中表示，美国的港口费“有可能削弱全球产业链和供应链的安全性、韧性和有序运行”。

Matthew Funaiole, a vice president at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, noted that MSC, a Swiss shipping giant, placed orders for 12 large Chinese container vessels this year. Shipping companies buying from China are “going to get a quality ship at a low cost in a quick turn time,” Mr. Funaiole said. That, he added, might outweigh the costs and inconveniences created by the new penalties on Chinese vessels. MSC declined to comment.

战略与国际研究中心副总裁马修·富奈奥莱注意到，瑞士航运巨头MSC地中海航运公司今年已向中国订购了12艘大型集装箱船。富奈奥莱称，从中国购买船舶的航运公司正在“用低成本得到高质量的船舶，而且交付速度快”。他补充说，这也许能抵消美国对中国船舶采取新处罚措施带来的成本和不便。MSC拒绝置评。

The United States’ penalties on Chinese ships are unlikely to prompt a rush of orders for American ships but they could work alongside other efforts aimed at revitalizing American shipbuilding. Those include bipartisan legislation in Congress that provides subsidies to the industry, though it is not clear when or if the bill will progress.

美国对中国船舶收取的处罚性费用虽然不太可能引发美国船舶订单的激增，但可能会与其他旨在振兴美国造船业的努力形成合力。这些努力包括国会一项得到两党支持、为造船业提供补贴的法案，但尚不清楚该法案能否及何时取得进展。

Some new money has recently flowed into American shipyards.

一些新资金最近已流向美国的造船厂。

Hanwha, a conglomerate from South Korea with big shipbuilding operations in the country, last year bought a shipyard in Philadelphia for $100 million.

在韩国拥有大型造船业务的韩国企业集团韩华集团去年花一亿美元购买了费城的一家造船厂。

Hanwha recently announced that its ship operating subsidiary had ordered 10 oil and chemical tankers from the Philadelphia plant, a big order for an American yard. But it may not be indicative of broader market demand for American ships because one arm of Hanwha is buying from another.

该集团最近宣布，其经营航运的子公司已向费城的这家造船厂订购了10艘油轮和化学品船，这对一家美国造船厂来说是笔巨大的订单。但由于这是韩华集团内部交易，未必能反映市场对美国造船的广泛需求。

Ryan Lynch, the chief executive of Hanwha Shipping, the entity ordering the vessels, defended the transaction, saying its economics were sound. “We would never recommend to our board anything other than best practices,” he said. Mr. Lynch declined to disclose how much Hanwha Shipping was paying for the vessels, saying only that it was a “market price.”

订购这些船舶的是韩华航运，其首席执行官瑞安·林奇为这笔交易做辩护称，有充分的经济根据这样做。“我们永远不会向董事会推荐任何不是最佳实践的做法，”他说。林奇拒绝透露韩华航运为这些船舶支付的价格，只是说是“市场价格”。

China on Tuesday added five American subsidiaries of Hanwha to its sanctions list, accusing them of “supporting and assisting” the United States in its moves in the shipbuilding industry.

中国已在周二将韩华集团的五家美国子公司列入制裁名单，指责它们“支持和协助”美国在造船业采取的行动。

The order, which took effect immediately, prohibits Chinese companies or individuals from doing business with the Hanwha units. Shares of Hanwha Ocean, the conglomerate’s shipbuilding arm, fell 8 percent on the news.

这项立即生效的制裁禁止中国企业与个人与这五家韩华旗下的子公司开展业务。受该消息的影响，韩华集团旗下的造船部门韩华远洋的股价下跌了8%。

China’s Ministry of Transport also said it was launching an investigation into whether other organizations and individuals had played a role in taking measures against China.

中国交通运输部同时宣布，将就其他组织与个人是否参与对华制裁措施启动调查。

费城的韩华造船厂。对停靠美国港口的中国船舶征收港口费是为了帮助振兴几十年来一直在萎缩的美国造船业。

The Trump administration’s shipping actions don’t target only Chinese ships. All foreign car-carrying vessels will be subject to fees, with narrow exceptions.

特朗普政府在航运上的行动并非只针对中国船舶。所有运输汽车的外国船舶都将被征收港口费，只有少数例外。

Auto companies lobbied against the car-carrier fees, saying they could add hundreds of dollars to the cost of a vehicle. One way to avoid the fees is to buy an American made car carrier. But shipping analysts said it could take many years for the United States’ shipbuilding industry to build such a vessel.

车企曾游说反对该项收费，指出这将使得单车成本增加数百美元。避免港口费的一个方法是购买美国制造的汽车运输船。但航运分析师说，美国的造船业可能需要多年时间才能造出一艘这种船。

“The idea that these fees will lead to anyone ordering a U.S.-built car carrier are, I think, extremely remote,” Mr. Grabow of the Cato Institute said.

“认为这些费用会促使各方订购美国制造的汽车运输船，这种想法在我看来极不现实，”卡托研究所的格拉博说。

The administration is also targeting foreign-built ships that carry liquefied natural gas, a valuable American export, but it softened the actions against such vessels following pressure from the oil and gas industry. The United States Trade Representative, the agency formulating the new shipping rules, said on Friday that it had removed a provision that would have suspended licenses to export L.N.G. if a certain amount of the gas was not carried on American made ships.

美国政府还把外国制造的运输液化天然气的船舶作为打击目标（液化天然气是美国重要的出口商品），但在油气行业施压后放宽了相关限制。负责制定新航运规则的美国贸易代表办公室上周五表示，已将一条可能导致液化天然气出口许证暂时吊销的规定取消了，该规定要求一定数量的天然气运输需要用美国制造的船舶。

A spokeswoman for the trade representative did not respond when asked how the L.N.G. requirements would be enforced without the threat of suspending export licenses.

记者问贸易代表办公室的一名发言人，如果没有暂停出口许可证的威胁，如何执行上述关于液化天然气运输的要求，她尚未作出回应。