Two months after DeepSeek, China’s artificial intelligence star, rattled Washington and shook Wall Street, U.S. officials are taking steps to crack down on the Chinese start-up and its support from America’s leading chip maker, Nvidia.

中国人工智能领域的明星企业DeepSeek给华盛顿和华尔街带来震动两个月后，美国官员正采取措施打击这家中国初创企业，并让它无法得到美国领先的芯片制造商英伟达的支持。

The Trump administration this week moved to restrict Nvidia’s sale of A.I. chips to China. It also is weighing penalties that would block DeepSeek from buying U.S. technology and debating barring Americans’ access to its services, said three people with knowledge of the actions who spoke on the condition of anonymity.

特朗普政府本周采取行动，限制英伟达向中国出售AI芯片。三名不愿透露姓名的知情人士表示，政府还在考虑实施处罚措施，以阻止DeepSeek购买美国技术，并且在讨论禁止美国人使用它的服务。

Congressional leaders are also putting pressure on Nvidia. On Wednesday, the House Select Committee on the Chinese Communist Party, which focuses on national security threats from China, opened an investigation into Nvidia’s sale of chips across Asia. It is trying to assess whether the U.S. chip maker knowingly provided DeepSeek with critical technology to develop A.I., potentially in violation of U.S. rules.

国会领导人也在向英伟达施压。周三，众议院中共问题特设委员会对英伟达在亚洲各地的芯片销售情况展开了调查，该委员会专注于应对来自中国的国家安全威胁。他们试图评估这家美国芯片制造商是否明知故犯，向DeepSeek提供了开发人工智能的关键技术，此举可能违反了美国法规。

It is the first congressional investigation into Nvidia’s business. It comes as the Trump administration wrestles with how to carry out a Biden-era rule that limits the number of A.I. chips that companies can send to different countries.

这是国会首次对英伟达业务进行调查。与此同时，特朗普政府一直在想方设法落实拜登时代的一项规定，该规定限制了美国企业向不同国家出口人工智能芯片的数量。

The attacks on DeepSeek and Nvidia are an outgrowth of fear in Washington that China could leapfrog the United States in A.I., which would have wide-ranging implications for national security and geopolitics. If China took the lead, it could more quickly use A.I. systems to design next-generation weapons like autonomous missiles and drones. It also could persuade other countries to use its technology for their network of A.I. systems and infrastructure, weakening U.S. influence across the world.

华盛顿对DeepSeek和英伟达采取行动源于对中国在人工智能领域可能超越美国的担忧，而这将对国家安全和地缘政治产生广泛影响。如果中国领先，就能更快地利用人工智能系统设计下一代武器，如自主导弹和无人机。中国还可以说服其他国家在它们的人工智能系统和基础设施网络中使用中国的技术，从而削弱美国在全球的影响力。

DeepSeek的人工智能成本远低于美国的竞争对手，在科技业内掀起轩然大波。

Klon Kitchen, a senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute who focuses on national security and technology, said the United States’ strategy with A.I. had been to use its current lead in making A.I. chips and systems to persuade countries to ally with it.

美国企业研究所研究国家安全和技术的高级研究员克朗·基钦表示，美国的人工智能战略一直是利用自己目前在制造人工智能芯片和系统方面的领先地位来说服各国与其结盟。

The competition between Washington and Beijing for technological supremacy has scrambled the semiconductor business. In the wake of the Trump administration’s crackdown on chip sales to China this week, Nvidia and another chip maker, Advanced Micro Devices, said they would lose billions of dollars in sales. ASML Holding, the Dutch company whose machines are essential for manufacturing the most advanced semiconductors, said on Wednesday that orders for its equipment had fallen short of expectations.

华盛顿和北京之间的技术霸权之争已经扰乱了半导体行业。在特朗普政府本周打击对华芯片销售后，英伟达和另一家芯片制造商AMD表示将损失数十亿美元销售额。荷兰阿斯麦生产的设备对于制造最先进的半导体至关重要，该公司周三表示，订单情况不及预期。

On Wednesday, shares of Nvidia, AMD and ASML fell more than 6 percent.

周三，英伟达、AMD和阿斯麦的股价跌幅均超过6%。

A Nvidia spokesman John Rizzo said the company followed the U.S. government’s directions on what products it could sell and where it could sell them “to the letter."

英伟达发言人约翰·里佐表示，该公司“严格”遵循了美国政府关于可以销售哪些产品以及在哪里销售的指示。

“Nvidia protects and enhances national security by creating U.S. jobs and infrastructure, promoting U.S. technology leadership, bringing billions of dollars of tax revenue to the U.S. treasury and alleviating the massive U.S. trade deficit,” Mr. Rizzo said.

里佐称：“通过创造美国就业岗位和建设基础设施、提升美国的技术领先地位、为美国国库带来数十亿美元的税收收入，以及缓解美国巨大的贸易逆差，英伟达维护和增强了美国的国家安全。”

In January, DeepSeek jolted the tech industry after the release of a new A.I. system, DeepSeek-V3, which it claimed to have trained for $6 million, roughly a tenth of what U.S. companies were spending.

今年1月，DeepSeek发布了号称以600万美元训练成本（约为美国企业十分之一的投入）开发的新AI系统DeepSeek-V3，震撼了科技界。

The low-cost system challenged the industry’s consensus that bigger and better A.I. systems would be built by companies that spent the most on chips and data centers. Shares of Nvidia, which controls the A.I. chip market, plummeted 17 percent in a single day, reducing its market valuation by $600 billion.

这个低成本的系统挑战了行业共识，即更大、更优秀的人工智能系统将由那些在芯片和数据中心上投入最多资金的公司开发。控制着人工智能芯片市场的英伟达股价单日暴跌17%，市值缩水6000亿美元。

“DeepSeek’s claims sent everyone through the roof because it showed we’re one moment away from the centerpiece of American policy being undermined,” Mr. Kitchen said.

基钦表示：“DeepSeek的说法让所有人都大跌眼镜，因为这表明美国政策的核心几近被毁。”

At a conference with industry executives in Washington in March, Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick, who oversees U.S. technology controls, said the Trump administration would pursue “a dramatic increase” in enforcement of U.S. tech restrictions on China, including imposing fines on companies.

今年3月，在华盛顿与行业高管举行的一次会议上，负责监管美国技术控制的商务部长霍华德·卢特尼克表示，特朗普政府将“大幅增加”美国对华技术限制措施的执行力度，包括对企业处以罚款。

“We have had enough of people trying to make a dollar supporting the people who seek to destroy our way of life,” Mr. Lutnick said, referring to China.

卢特尼克在提到中国时表示：“我们受够了那些人，他们为了赚钱而支持那些试图摧毁我们生活方式的人。”

Last week, Mr. Lutnick made good on his promise. The Commerce Department notified Nvidia of new restrictions on its sale of A.I. chips to China. The limits mean Nvidia will need a license to sell a chip they specially made for China, the H20. The company had developed that chip by modifying the abilities of a leading A.I. chip, the H100, to comply with the Biden administration’s performance thresholds for sales to China.

上周，卢特尼克兑现了他的承诺。美国商务部通知英伟达，将对其向中国出售人工智能芯片实施新的限制。根据相关措施，英伟达销售专门为中国市场定制的H20芯片时需要获得许可证。该公司通过修改一款领先的人工智能芯片H100的性能，开发出了H20芯片，以符合拜登政府对向中国销售芯片设定的性能门槛。

白宫、商务部和国会的官员听取了有关DeepSeek构成的国家安全风险的汇报，包括它与中国军方的关系。

The crackdown on Nvidia came after White House and Commerce Department officials received briefings in recent weeks about the national security risk posed by DeepSeek. The briefings included details about the ties that some of its researchers have to the People’s Liberation Army and other institutions in China sanctioned for aiding the Chinese military, a person familiar with the conversations said.

在对英伟达采取打击措施之前，白宫和美国商务部官员最近几周听取了有关DeepSeek所构成的国家安全风险的汇报。一位知情人士称，汇报内容包括DeepSeek的部分研究人员与中国人民解放军，以及其他因为协助中国军方而受到制裁的中国机构的关系细节。

The findings, which were compiled by Exiger, a data analytics firm, and reviewed by The New York Times, showed that dozens of DeepSeek’s researchers have or have previously had affiliations with P.L.A. laboratories or defense-research institutes in China. They had worked with groups that included an institute that develops and tests China’s nuclear weapons, universities known as the “seven sons of national defense” and organizations barred from buying American technology by the U.S. government.

由数据分析公司Exiger整理、《纽约时报》核实的调查显示，DeepSeek的数十名研究人员与中国军方的实验室或国防研究机构拥有或曾经拥有合作关系。他们的合作对象包括一家研发和测试中国核武器的研究所、被称为“国防七子”的高校，以及被美国政府禁止购买美国技术的组织。

It is common for private companies in China to have close ties to state-backed industries and create technology for state-funded projects. But the research indicates that DeepSeek, which claims to be a private company not linked with the state, has closer ties with the Chinese military and government than previously understood, said Kit Conklin, a senior vice president at Exiger, who wrote the report.

中国的民营企业常与国家支持的行业保持密切关系，并为国家资助的项目开发技术。但研究表明，自称与政府无关的民营企业DeepSeek与中国军方和政府的关系比以前所了解的更为密切，撰写该报告的Exiger公司高级副总裁基特·康克林说。

DeepSeek did not respond to a request for comment.

DeepSeek没有回应置评请求。

In February, the congressional committee on China began work on a separate report seeking to explain how DeepSeek made its technological leap. It cited estimates by SemiAnalysis, a semiconductor research firm, that DeepSeek had access to 60,000 Nvidia chips, including 20,000 that have been restricted from China.

今年2月，前述国会中国问题特设委员会开始撰写另一份报告，试图解释DeepSeek是如何实现技术飞跃的。该委员会援引半导体研究公司SemiAnalysis的估计称，DeepSeek获得了6万枚英伟达芯片，其中2万枚属于对华禁售范围。

The committee said that DeepSeek and other Chinese A.I. companies may have circumvented U.S. restrictions on buying Nvidia chips by purchasing them through intermediaries in Singapore. It cited a report by Reuters in February, that Singaporean authorities arrested three people for illegally exporting advanced Nvidia chips to DeepSeek in China.

该委员会表示，DeepSeek和其他中国人工智能公司可能通过新加坡的中间商买到芯片，从而规避了美国对购买英伟达芯片的限制。它还援引了路透社2月份的一篇报道，称新加坡当局逮捕了三人，原因是他们非法将先进的英伟达芯片出口到中国的DeepSeek公司。

In the letter opening its investigation into Nvidia, the committee asked the company to provide details about every customer from 11 Asian countries, including Malaysia and Singapore, who purchased 500 A.I. chips or more since 2020. It also asked for details about the companies who were expected to use those chips.

在致英伟达的调查启动函中，委员会要求该公司提供自2020年以来，来自马来西亚、新加坡等11个亚洲国家购买500块以上AI芯片的客户详情，以及预计使用这些芯片的公司的详细信息。

The committee has subpoena power and expects Nvidia to provide responses within two weeks, said a committee official who spoke on the condition of anonymity. It typically spends more than four months on an investigation before generating a report on an issue and calling a hearing, which it may do with Nvidia.

该委员会一位不愿透露姓名的官员称，委员会有权发出传票，并期望英伟达在两周内做出答复。该委员会通常会花四个多月的时间进行调查，然后就某一问题形成报告并召开听证会，对英伟达可能也会这样做。

The investigation comes as the Trump administration evaluates a proposed government rule to provide more oversight over Nvidia’s global chip sales. The Biden administration rule, which Mr. Lutnick and other Trump officials are reviewing, would dictate where A.I. chips could be shipped and require more disclosures about the customers using American technology.

在此项调查进行的同时，特朗普政府正在评估一项政府拟议规定，该规定旨在加强对英伟达全球芯片销售的监督。卢特尼克和其他特朗普政府官员正在评估的这项拜登政府时期的规定，将限制人工智能芯片可以售往哪些地方，并要求对使用美国技术的客户进行更多披露。

Tech companies have protested the rules, saying they threaten sales and U.S. technology influence around the world.

科技公司对这些规定提出了抗议，称它们威胁到了在全球的销售和美国技术的影响力。