A House committee focused on threats from China argued in a report released on Monday that U.S. federal research funding had helped to advance Chinese technologies with military applications, helping to fuel a potential national security rival to the United States.

一个关注中国威胁的众议院委员会在周一发布的报告中表示，美国联邦研究资金被用于推动有军事用途的中国技术的发展，助长了一个潜在的国家安全对手。

The report argues that Chinese partnerships with U.S.-funded researchers and joint collaborations between Chinese and American universities have helped to propel Beijing’s advancements in fields like hypersonic and nuclear weapons, artificial intelligence and advanced semiconductors. The report concludes that these developments may one day influence how the two nations perform on the battlefield.

报告指出，中国与美国资助的研究人员之间的合作，以及中美大学之间的联合研究推动了北京在高超音速武器、核武器、人工智能和先进半导体等领域的进展。该报告得出结论，这些进展未来可能影响两国在战场上的表现。

The report — put out by the Republican members of the House Select Committee on the Chinese Communist Party and the House Committee on Education and the Workforce — also recommends stricter guidelines around federally funded research, including significantly curtailing the ability of researchers who receive U.S. grants to work with Chinese universities and companies that have military ties.

这份由众议院中共问题特设委员会和众议院教育与劳动力委员会的共和党成员发布的报告还建议，对联邦资助的研究制定更严格的指导方针，包括大幅限制接受美国资助的研究人员与跟军方有联系的中国高校和企业合作的能力。

Part of the report focuses on several joint China-based institutes between Chinese and American universities, including one by the University of California, Berkeley, and another with the Georgia Institute of Technology.

 该报告的部分内容侧重于中美大学在中国建立的几个合作单位，包括加州大学伯克利分校和佐治亚理工学院的合作项目。

Both Berkeley and Georgia Tech disputed many of the report’s findings. But in a statement to The New York Times on Friday, Berkeley said it had decided to terminate its ownership in the Chinese institute, in part because of its lack of visibility into research being conducted there by affiliates of other institutions.

加大伯克利分校和佐治亚理工学院都对报告的许多结论提出了异议。但在周五给《纽约时报》的一份声明中，伯克利分校表示已决定终止对这家中国机构的所有权，部分原因是它难以了解其他机构的附属机构在那里进行的研究。

Georgia Tech also announced this month that it would discontinue its participation in its joint institute and work to end its degree programs in China, saying the inclusion of its Chinese partner on a restricted U.S. trade list had made the cooperation “untenable.”

 佐治亚理工学院本月还宣布，将不再继续这个合作项目，并最终退出联合办学，称中国合作伙伴被列入美国限制贸易清单使得这种合作“难以为继”。

Growing tensions between the United States and China have called into question many kinds of academic and commercial relationships that were formerly encouraged by both countries.

美中之间日益紧张的关系导致许多此前得到双方鼓励的多种学术和商业关系受到了质疑。

The United States remains a global leader in science and technology, but China’s capacity has leaped ahead in certain areas like materials science, hypersonics and nanotechnology. The Chinese government has said its scientific advancements serve an important purpose in helping it build its military.

美国在科学技术方面仍然处于全球领先地位，但中国在材料科学、高超音速和纳米技术等某些领域的能力已经取得了巨大进步。中国政府表示，科技进步在帮助军队的建设方面发挥了重要作用。

If the report’s recommendations are adopted, it could significantly curtail the number of scientific collaborations between the world’s largest economies.

如果该报告的建议被采纳，可能会大大减少世界最大两个经济体之间的科学合作量。

U.S. rules on such cooperation with China and other adversarial countries now draw a bright line between fundamental research, which seeks to advance basic scientific understanding in an array of fields and remains unregulated, and applied research, which uses that knowledge to develop specific technologies and applications and faces certain security restrictions.

美国关于与中国和其他敌对国家开展此类合作的规定目前在基础研究和应用研究之间划有明确界限。旨在推动各个领域基础科学理解的基础研究不受监管；而应用研究则利用这些知识开发特定技术和应用面临一定的安全限制。

The House committee report argues that for technologies that may have military and commercial applications, even fundamental research collaborations have led to significant Chinese breakthroughs that could harm U.S. national security.

众议院委员会的这份报告认为，对于可能有军事和民用用途技术，即使是基础研究合作，也会导致中国取得可能损害美国国家安全的重大突破。

The report identifies nearly 9,000 research publications released over the past decade that were supported by funding from the Defense Department or the U.S. intelligence community, and included co-authors affiliated with institutions in China. More than 2,000 of those included co-authors directly affiliated with the Chinese military research and industrial base, the report said.

报告确认，在过去十年中有近9000篇在得到美国国防部或情报界资助的同时，其合著者存在与中国机构有关联的情况。报告称，其中2000多篇的合著者与中国的军事研究和制造基地有直接关联。

The vast majority of those papers pertained to so-called dual-use technologies valuable to both the military and the commercial sector, the report said. Some of the subjects had direct military applications, like high performance explosives and rocket fuels, tracking of underwater targets and coordinated drone operation.

报告称，这些论文中的绝大多数涉及对军事和商业部门均有价值的所谓军民两用技术。其中一些课题有直接的军事用途，如高性能炸药和火箭燃料、水下目标跟踪和无人机的协同行动。

The report gave six case studies in which researchers who received U.S. federal funding helped to advance China’s nuclear weapons technology or its capabilities in artificial intelligence, advanced lasers, semiconductors and robotics.

该报告列举了六个案例研究，在这些案例中，接受美国联邦政府资助的研究人员帮助推进了中国的核武器技术的进步，或者在人工智能、先进激光、半导体和机器人领域的能力。

“The troubling conclusion then is that Defense Department-funded research — intended to allow the U.S. military to maintain a technological edge over its adversaries — has likely been used to enable and strengthen” the Chinese military, the report said.

报告称，“令人不安的结论是，国防部资助的研究——旨在让美国军队在技术上保持对敌手的优势——可能被用来支持和加强”中国军队。

The report also looked at three joint U.S.-China academic institutions, including the programs run by Georgia Tech and Berkeley. It argued that these joint institutes served as channels to transfer expertise, applied research and technologies to China, and that the U.S. universities had made lapses in reporting Chinese funding sources to the federal government.

该报告还考察了三所美中合作的学术机构，其中包括佐治亚理工学院和伯克利分校的项目。它认为，这些合作机构是向中国转移专业知识、应用研究和技术的渠道，美国大学在向联邦政府报告中国资金来源方面存在失误。

Representative John Moolenaar, a Michigan Republican who is the chairman of the China committee, said in a statement that the results of the investigation were “alarming.”

中共问题特设委员会主席、密歇根州共和党众议员约翰·穆勒纳尔在一份声明中表示，调查结果“令人担忧”。

“The Chinese Communist Party is driving its military advancements through U.S. taxpayer funded research and through joint U.S.-P.R.C. institutes in China,” he said, using the abbreviation for China’s formal name, the People’s Republic of China. He commended Georgia Tech for shutting down its Chinese institute and said other universities should follow.

“中共正通过美国纳税人资助的研究以及在中国的美中合作机构推动其军事进步，”他说。他称赞佐治亚理工学院关闭在华合作机构的决定，并表示其他大学也应该这么做。

“We also must ban research collaboration with blacklisted entities, enact stricter guardrails on emerging technology research, and hold American universities accountable” by passing new legislation, he said.

“我们还必须禁止与黑名单上的实体进行研究合作，对新兴技术研究制定更严格的防范措施，并（通过新的立法）追究美国大学的责任，”他说。

Abbigail Tumpey, the vice president of communications at Georgia Tech, said the work at the Georgia Tech Shenzhen Institute, or G.T.S.I., “was focused on educating students, not on research.”

佐治亚理工学院负责传播事务的副校长阿比盖尔·汤比说，佐治亚理工深圳学院(GTSI)的工作“专注于教学，而非研究”。

“As Georgia Tech has told the committee for months, there was no research conducted at G.T.S.I., no facilitation of technology transfer and no federal funding provided to China, and the report provides no facts to support its unsubstantiated claims on these fronts,” she said.

“正如佐治亚理工学院几个月来向该委员会解释的，GTSI没有从事任何研究工作，没有促进技术方面的转让，也没有向中国提供联邦资金，报告没有拿出任何事实来支持它在这些方面未经证实的说法。”

Ms. Tumpey said on Friday that Georgia Tech carried out its own review into the cooperation shortly after its Chinese partner, Tianjin University, was added to the entity list in 2020 because it was accused of stealing U.S. trade secrets. Georgia Tech found no security concerns, but implemented additional safeguards, she said.

汤比在上周五表示，佐治亚理工学院在中方合作伙伴天津大学于2020年因被控窃取美国商业机密而被列入实体名单后不久就对该合作进行自查。她说，佐治亚理工学院没有发现存在安全问题，但采取了额外的防范措施。

However, after watching as Congress considered new restrictions that would block U.S. institutions that had partnerships with firms on the entity list from access to federal funding, the university decided to end its partnership. “The writing was on the wall for us that this entire landscape has changed,” she said.

然而，在看到国会考虑新的限制措施，将阻止与实体名单上的公司有合作关系的美国机构获得联邦资金后，学校决定结束合作关系。她说：“对我们来说，整个形势显然已经发生了变化。”

Katherine Yelick, the vice chancellor for research at Berkeley, said that its researchers engaged “only in research whose results are always openly disseminated around the world,” and that it was not aware of any research by Berkeley faculty at the Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute for any other purpose.

伯克利分校负责研究的副校长凯瑟琳·耶利克表示，该校的研究人员“仅参与那些一向将成果对全球开放传播的研究”，而且该校未发现清华-伯克利深圳学院的伯方教职员工有从事其他目的的研究。

She said Berkeley had decided to relinquish its ownership in a nonprofit that owns the Chinese institute after “careful consideration beginning several months ago.”

她说，伯克利分校在经过“几个月前开始的慎重考虑”后，决定放弃拥有该学院的一家非营利性机构的所有权。

“The university continuously re-evaluates and responds to the risks and benefits posed by foreign engagement and takes concerns about research security very seriously — including those concerns voiced by Congress,” she said.

她说：“学校在不断重新评估并回应对外交往带来的风险和益处，而且非常重视对研究安全的担忧——包括美国国会提出的担忧。”

Berkeley said it was also reviewing other aspects of its collaboration with Tsinghua University, like student and researcher exchanges and sponsored research projects.

伯克利分校表示，它还在审查与清华大学在其他方面的合作，比如学生和研究人员交流，以及资助的研究项目。

The measures the report advocated include restrictions on the activities of federally funded researchers that would chill U.S.-China scientific collaboration. While the number of U.S. academics and students in China is more limited, Chinese nationals make up a significant proportion of the work force in American laboratories, and in 2020, 17 percent of the doctoral degrees in science and engineering awarded in the United States went to students from China.

 该报告主张采取的措施包括限制联邦资助的研究人员的活动，这将阻碍美中科技合作。虽然在中国的美国学者和学生人数较少，但中国公民在美国实验室的人员构成中占很大比例，2020年，在美国授予的科学与工程博士学位中有17%授予了来自中国的学生。

The report accused the Biden administration of lax enforcement of foreign gift and contract disclosure requirements, and called for stronger oversight and enforcement. It also pushed for new prohibitions on cooperation between federally funded researchers and people and organizations affiliated with the Chinese military. The effects of such restrictions could be significant, since many major Chinese companies and universities have some exposure to the country’s military industry.

报告指责拜登政府在外国捐赠和合同披露要求方面执行不力，并呼吁加强监督和落实。它还推动出台新的禁令，禁止联邦资助的研究人员和与中国军方有关的个人和组织之间的合作。这些限制的影响可能是巨大的，因为许多中国的大型企业和高校与中国的军工行业有一定的联系。