The Commerce Department has traditionally focused on promoting the interests of American business and increasing U.S. exports abroad. But in recent years, it has taken on a national security role, working to defend the country by restricting exports of America’s most powerful computer chips.

美国商务部传统上的工作重点是促进美国企业利益、增加美国的海外出口。但近年来，商务部承担起维护国家安全的作用，通过限制美国能力最强的计算机芯片的出口来保护国家。

While the Trump administration is likely to remake much of the Biden administration’s economic policy, with a renewed focus on broad tariffs, it is unlikely to roll back the Commerce Department’s evolution.

虽然即将上任的特朗普政府可能会调整拜登政府的大部分经济政策，将重点再次放在大范围提高关税上，但商务部的职责不太可能倒退。

“I’m truthfully not terribly worried that the Trump administration will undo all the great work we’ve done,” Gina Raimondo, the commerce secretary, said in an interview. “Number one, it’s at its core national security, which I hope we can all agree on. But two, it is the direction that they were going in.”

“我其实并不担心特朗普政府会把我们所有的伟大功绩毁掉，”商务部长吉娜·雷蒙多在接受采访时说。“第一，这些工作的核心是国家安全，在这点上我希望我们意见一致。但是，第二，这是他们开启的方向。”

It was the first Trump administration that took the initial steps toward the Commerce Department’s evolution, Ms. Raimondo noted, with its decision to put the Chinese telecommunications company Huawei on the “entity list.” Companies on the list are deemed a national security concern, and transfers of technology to them are restricted.

雷蒙多指出，首届特朗普政府决定将中国电信设备公司华为列入“实体名单”，为商务部的演变迈出了第一步。实体名单上的公司被视为有国家安全风险，因此美国政府限制向它们转让技术。

Ms. Raimondo came into the commerce job focused on confronting the challenge of China by building upon the Trump administration’s actions.

雷蒙多担任商务部长后，一直把注意力放在应对中国的挑战方面，在特朗普政府行动的基础上开展工作。

She has overseen a significant expansion of U.S. economic and technology restrictions against China. The Biden administration transformed the tough but sometimes erratic actions the Trump administration had taken toward Beijing into more sweeping and systematic limits on shipping advanced technology to China.

在她的监督下，美国针对中国的经济和技术限制大幅扩大。特朗普政府对中国采取严厉的行动，但有时难以预测，拜登政府将其转变为更全面、更系统地限制向中国出口先进技术。

The department now imposes export controls on critical artificial intelligence chips in order to slow China’s military modernization.

商务部现在对关键的人工智能芯片采取出口管制措施，以放慢中国军事现代化的步伐。

The Commerce Department has also been involved in examining apps and software for national security risks, banning Chinese electric vehicles from U.S. roads out of concerns they will collect Americans’ data, and regulating A.I. to prevent the spread of misinformation.

商务部也参与审查应用程序和软件的国家安全风险；禁止中国的电动汽车在美国的道路上行驶，以防它们收集美国人的数据；对人工智能进行监管，以防止错误信息的传播。

The expanding role of the department is a recognition of how much economics, intelligence and defense have become intertwined.

商务部不断扩大的作用表明，经济、情报和国防已在很大程度上交织在一起。

Ms. Raimondo contended that much of the national security establishment remains stuck in a Cold War mind-set. Intelligence on Russia, she said, is exquisite. But to reorient to a challenge from China, she said that military, intelligence and economics must be more closely tied together.

雷蒙多认为，国家安全机构的大部分仍停留在冷战思维模式中。有关俄罗斯的情报非常精细，她说。但她表示，为了应对来自中国的挑战，必须将军事、情报和经济更紧密地结合在一起。

“One of my biggest takeaways from my four years in the cabinet is that we all in the U.S. government need to fundamentally broaden the way we think about America’s national security,” Ms. Raimondo said.

“我在行政部门四年工作中的最大心得之一是，我们美国政府里的所有人都需要从根本上拓宽我们对国家安全的思考方式，”雷蒙多说。

Ms. Raimondo was speaking on the sidelines of the Reagan National Defense Forum, an annual security conference in Simi Valley, Calif., where she had delivered remarks on competition with China and the importance of rebuilding American semiconductor manufacturing through the $39 billion in federal funding that Congress authorized under the 2022 CHIPS and Science Act.

雷蒙多这些话是在里根国防论坛的间隙发表的，该论坛是在加利福尼亚州西米谷举行的年度安全会议，她在会上发表了讲话，内容涉及与中国的竞争，以及重振美国半导体制造业的重要性，国会2022年通过的《芯片和科学法》为这项工作授权390亿美元的联邦资金。

The Commerce Department has faced some criticism about whether it is the agency best equipped to restrict and regulate companies for national security ends.

在商务部究竟是不是为国家安全目的而限制和监管公司的最佳机构这个问题上，它已面临一些批评。

In a report issued late last year, the Republican chair of the House Foreign Affairs Committee cited complaints by current and former officials that the Bureau of Industry and Security, the division in the Commerce Department that oversees export controls, “struggles to achieve its national security mission because it sits within the Department of Commerce, which is designed to increase exports.”

在去年年底发布的一份报告中，众议院外交事务委员会的共和党人主席引用了现任和前任官员的埋怨，称商务部负责监督出口管制的工业和安全局“难以完成其国家安全使命，因为它隶属于商务部，而商务部的使命是增加出口”。

Other critics have pushed the Biden administration to take even more stringent actions against China, arguing that Beijing’s access to advanced chips that can create artificial intelligence, crack codes and develop new weaponry poses a significant security threat. Some analysts said that the export controls the Biden administration issued on Monday continued carve-outs that might allow U.S. businesses to continue to ship some products to companies in China that are involved in efforts to develop advanced chips.

有些批评人士已要求拜登政府对中国采取更严厉的做法，他们声称，让中国获得能创造人工智能、破解密码、开发新武器的先进芯片已对美国国家安全构成相当大的威胁。一些分析人士称，拜登政府上周一宣布的出口管制延续了豁免做法，可能会允许美国企业继续向参与开发先进芯片的中国公司输送某些产品。

Ms. Raimondo acknowledged that the balance between promoting exports and controlling exports critical to national security was difficult.

雷蒙多承认，在促进出口与控制对国家安全至关重要的产品出口之间找到平衡十分困难。

But she said that calls for more expansive controls ignored the views of allies. She said it was critical to work in concert with partners who may have equivalent technology to the United States, to make sure American businesses are not cut off from trading with China if other countries continue their exports.

但她说，要求扩大管制范围的人忽视了盟友们的看法。她表示，与可能拥有与美国同等技术的伙伴携手合作至关重要，这是为了确保如果其他国家继续向中国出口同类产品，美国企业不被排除在这些交易外。

“We should think of export controls as a precision strike,” she said. “And in the same way that we wouldn’t go into battle without our allies, export controls aren’t effective unless you do it in concert with allies.”

“我们应该把出口管制作为精确打击来考虑，”她说。“就像我们不会在没有盟友参与的情况下投入战斗一样，除非与盟友协同作战，否则出口管制就不会有效。”

Ms. Raimondo’s assertion that economic issues are core to national security is increasingly the common wisdom in Washington. China’s control over global supply chains for minerals has given it a powerful weapon it can wield against the United States. And some national security experts say that China’s work on technologies like A.I. and supercomputing could allow it to leap ahead of the United States in certain military capabilities.

雷蒙多认为经济问题是国家安全的核心，这个看法已日益成为美国政府的共识。中国对全球矿产品供应链的控制使其拥有一种能够用来对付美国的强大武器。一些国家安全专家认为，中国在人工智能和超级计算等技术方面的工作可能会让中国在某些军事能力上超越美国。

While it is not entirely clear what Mr. Trump’s policy toward Beijing in his second administration will be, some of the people he has tapped for his administration have been China hawks.

虽然目前还不完全清楚特朗普在第二次执政期间将对中国采取什么政策，但他提名的政府官员中，有些人一直是对华鹰派。

A policy brief published this week by researchers at the Peterson Institute of International Economics argued that the U.S. government had dramatically increased its use of export controls and related tools in recent years. Mr. Trump added three times as many Chinese entities to national security-related lists in his first administration than the total of presidents over the previous 16 years. And the Biden administration added even more Chinese entities to those lists than Mr. Trump did, the brief said.

彼得森国际经济研究所的研究人员在本周发布的一份政策简报中指出，美国政府近年来大幅增加了出口管制和相关工具的使用。第一次执政期间，特朗普添加到与国家安全有关的实体名单上的中国企业数量是之前16年历届总统添加总量的三倍。简报称，拜登政府添加到这个实体名单上的中国企业数量甚至比特朗普还多。

There are few moves by the U.S. that can get Beijing’s attention more quickly than placing restrictions on the kinds of high-end chips it can access.

美国对中国能获得的高端芯片种类设限几乎是最能迅速引起中国政府注意的举措。

In diplomatic meetings, Chinese officials have repeatedly pressed their American counterparts to relax the export controls. The answer during the Biden administration has been that while the U.S. wanted to cooperate on trade, it would not budge on the highest-end artificial intelligence chips.

中国官员在与美国同行举行外交会晤时已多次向美国官员施压，要求放松出口管制。拜登政府的官员的回答是，虽然美国希望在贸易方面与中国合作，但在最高端的人工智能芯片问题上不会让步。

Ms. Raimondo said the Trump administration should continue that posture. Artificial intelligence has changed the game, and America’s dominance of that technology over China is a key advantage, she said. The strategy is to ensure that the U.S. and its allies keep control of the most dangerous technology, and deny it to China, at least for a time.

雷蒙多表示，特朗普政府应该继续这种姿态。她说，人工智能已改变了游戏规则，美国在该技术上的主导地位是美国对中国的一个关键优势。美国的策略应该是确保美国及其盟友继续控制最危险的技术，至少在一段时间内不让中国掌握这些技术。

“You can’t make a deal that deals away our national security,” she said. “That would be extraordinarily dangerous and reckless.”

“不能以牺牲我们国家安全的方式做交易，”她说。“那是极其危险和鲁莽的做法。”