Minutes after President Trump’s latest tariffs took effect, the Chinese government said on Tuesday that it was imposing its own broad tariffs on food imported from the United States and would essentially halt sales to 15 American companies.

特朗普总统加征的最新关税生效几分钟后，中国政府在周二宣布，将对从美国进口的食品征收广泛的关税，并将基本上停止向15家美国公司销售产品。

China’s Ministry of Finance put tariffs of 15 percent on imports of American chicken, wheat, corn and cotton and 10 percent tariffs on other foods, ranging from soybeans to dairy products. In addition, the Ministry of Commerce said 15 U.S. companies would no longer be allowed to buy products from China except with special permission, including Skydio, which is the largest American maker of drones and a supplier to the U.S. military and emergency services.

中国财政部对从美国进口的鸡肉、小麦、玉米和棉花加征15%的关税，对从美国进口的大豆及乳制品等其他食品加征10%的关税。此外，商务部表示，15家美国公司将不再被允许从中国购买产品，除非得到特别许可，其中包括斯凯迪奥(Skydio)，这家公司是美国最大的无人机制造商，也是美国军方和紧急服务部门的供应商。

Lou Qinjian, a spokesman for China’s National People’s Congress, chastised the United States for violating the World Trade Organization’s free trade rules. “By imposing unilateral tariffs, the U.S. has violated W.T.O. rules and disrupted the security and stability of the global industrial and supply chains,” he said.

中国全国人大发言人娄勤俭指责美国违反世界贸易组织的自由贸易规则。“美方单边加征关税的做法，违反世贸组织规则，干扰全球产业链供应链安全稳定，”他说。

全国人大发言人娄勤俭周二在北京的新闻发布会上表示，中国将寻求与欧洲建立更紧密的贸易关系。

President Trump has contended his tariffs are essential to stopping the flow into the United States of fentanyl, a synthetic opioid that has caused hundreds of thousands of deaths through overdoses.

特朗普总统声称其关税对于阻止芬太尼流入美国至关重要。芬太尼是一种合成类鸦片药物，已导致数十万人因服用过量而死亡。

But the U.S. imposition of tariffs, “will deal a heavy blow to counternarcotics dialogue and cooperation,” said Lin Jian, a spokesman for China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, said at a news briefing.

但美国加征关税的做法“将严重破坏双方在禁毒领域的对话与合作”，中国外交部发言人林剑在例行记者会上表示。

Mr. Trump has now tagged almost all goods from China with an extra 20 percent in tariffs since taking office in January. He announced 10 percent tariffs on Feb. 4 and another round on Tuesday. Mr. Trump also moved ahead on 25 percent tariffs on Mexico and Canada on Tuesday, after a monthlong delay.

自今年1月上任以来，特朗普已对几乎所有来自中国的商品加征了20%的关税。他曾在2月4日宣布加征10%的关税，又在周二宣布了新一轮关税。特朗普还在周二实施了对墨西哥和加拿大的产品征收25%关税的计划，该计划此前曾被推迟了一个月。

China had responded to the February tariffs by immediately announcing that it would start collecting, six days later, additional tariffs on liquefied natural gas, coal and farm machinery from the United States. But those tariffs combined hit only about a tenth of American exports to China, making them much narrower than Mr. Trump’s comprehensive tariffs.

中国已对2月加征的关税作出了回应，当时就马上宣布在六天后开始对来自美国的液化天然气、煤炭，以及农业机械征收额外关税。但这些关税加在一起只影响了美国对华出口的10%，比特朗普的全面关税涉及的范围小得多。

China’s action on Tuesday was much broader. China is the top overseas market for American farmers, wielding considerable influence over prices and demand in the commodities markets of the Midwest.

中国周二的行动涉及的范围更广。中国是美国农民最大的海外市场，对美国中西部大宗商品市场上的价格和需求有相当大的影响力。

By targeting imports of food, Beijing repeated its response to tariffs that Mr. Trump imposed during his first term. China put tariffs on American soybeans in 2018 and shifted much of its purchasing to Brazil.

通过对进口食品征收关税，中国政府再次使用了回应特朗普上次担任总统期间加征关税的做法。中国曾在2018年对从美国进口的大豆征收关税，并将大部分大豆采购改为从巴西进口。

But the strategy backfired then: Mr. Trump responded by placing more tariffs on Chinese goods. Because China sells much more to the United States than it buys, it quickly ran out of American goods to impose tariffs on. And American farmers had some success in finding other markets for their crops.

但这个做法当时产生了适得其反的结果：特朗普的回应是对中国商品征收更多的关税。由于中国向美国的出口远多于从美国的进口，中国很快就用完了能加征关税的美国商品。而且，美国农民在为农产品找到其他市场方面取得了一些成功。

肯塔基州林维尔的大豆收割。中国周二宣布对美国大豆加征10%的关税。

China’ tariffs in 2018 also had less of a political impact in the United States than Beijing’s leaders had hoped. In 2018 Senate elections in three of top soybean-exporting states, voters gave little evidence they held the Chinese action against Mr. Trump or the Republican Party. All three states saw Democratic senators replaced with Republicans that year, as social issues proved more compelling for many voters than trade disputes.

中国2018年采取的反制措施对美国政治的影响也低于中国领导人的期望。在2018年的联邦参议院选举中，几乎没有证据表明大豆出口量最多的三个州的选民把中国的关税归咎于特朗普或共和党，这三个州曾由民主党人把持的联邦参议院席位都被共和党人夺走了，因为对许多选民来说，社会议题被证明比贸易争端更有说服力。

Yet China has potential trade weapons that go beyond tariffs on food. In early February, Beijing implemented restrictions on exports to the United States of certain critical minerals, which are used in the production of some semiconductors and other technology products.

但中国也有超出食品关税的潜在贸易武器。今年2月初，中国政府对向美国出口某些关键矿产品实行了限制，一些半导体及其他科技产品的生产需要这些矿产品。

Blocking key materials from reaching the United States, a tactic known as supply chain warfare, carries considerable risks for China. Beijing is struggling to attract foreign investment. China’s leaders have also stated that attempting to bolster the country’s domestic economy, weighed down by the fallout of a devastating real estate slowdown, is a priority.

不让关键材料进入美国的策略被称为供应链战争，这个策略对中国来说具有相当大的风险。中国政府已在吸引外国投资上困难重重。中国领导人也表示要试图提振国内经济，将其视为当务之急，因为经济已受到房地产市场毁灭性放缓的影响。

Beijing could make it even harder for American companies to do business in China, but that could also hurt foreign investment. In addition to effectively preventing 15 companies from buying Chinese goods, China’s Ministry of Commerce added another 10 American companies on Tuesday to what it calls an “unreliable entities list,” preventing them from doing any business in China.

中国政府可以让美国公司在中国做生意变得更加困难，但这也可能对外国投资产生不良影响。除了实际上不让15家美国公司购买中国商品外，中国商务部周二还将另外10家美国企业列入了其所谓的“不可靠实体清单”，禁止这些企业在中国开展业务。

Many of the companies that China penalized on Tuesday are military contractors. But the Ministry of Commerce also blocked imports from the biotech firm Illumina. It accused Illumina, which is based in San Diego, of violating market transaction rules and discriminating against Chinese companies.

虽然周二被中国惩罚的许多美国公司是军事承包商，但商务部还禁止了从美国生物科技公司因美纳进口基因测序仪。商务部指责总部设在圣地亚哥的因美纳违反市场交易规则，歧视中国企业。

美国士兵上个月在德国霍恩费尔斯举行的军事演习中使用了斯凯迪奥X2无人机。

Chinese market regulators said in early February, after Mr. Trump imposed tariffs, that they had launched an antimonopoly investigation into Google. Google has been blocked from China’s internet for more than a decade, but the move could disrupt the company’s dealings with Chinese companies.

特朗普加征关税后，中国的市场监管者曾在今年2月初表示，他们已对谷歌展开反垄断调查。虽然谷歌被禁止进入中国互联网已有十多年，但此举可能会使谷歌中断与中国公司的往来。

Mr. Lou, the National People’s Congress spokesman, signaled his country’s emerging strategy in dealing with Mr. Trump’s tariffs by calling for closer trade relations with Europe.

全国人大发言人娄勤俭发出的信号表明，中国正在制定应对特朗普关税的新战略，那就是与欧洲建立更紧密的贸易关系。

“China and Europe can complement each other’s strengths and achieve mutual benefit in many areas of cooperation,” he said at a news conference ahead of the opening on Wednesday of the annual weeklong session of China’s legislature.

“中欧在许多领域的合作优势互补、互利共赢，”他在宣布为期一周的全国人民代表大会将于周三开幕的新闻发布会上说。

But Europe has its own trade disputes with China, notably over electric vehicles. European politicians and business leaders have voiced concern about how to cope with an expected further flood of exports this year from China, which has embarked on a far-reaching factory construction program.

但欧洲与中国有的贸易争端也由来已久，尤其是在电动汽车方面。欧洲的政客和商界领袖对于如何应对预计今年将来自中国的更大出口浪潮表示关切，中国已启动了将带来深远影响的工厂建设项目。

China’s rapid rise since 2000 to global pre-eminence in manufacturing, with a third of the world’s output, has come to a considerable extent at the expense of the American share of global industrial production, according to United Nations data. European nations have been wary of closing factories and relying on low-cost imports from China.

据联合国的数据，中国制造业自2000年以来迅速崛起，占据了世界优势地位，生产了全球三分之一的制成品，但这在很大程度上是以美国在全球工业生产中的份额减少为代价的。欧洲国家一直对关闭本国的工厂、依赖来自中国的廉价进口产品持谨慎态度。

Mr. Trump has moved much faster on China tariffs during his second term than he did in his first. In 2018 and 2019, he imposed tariffs of up to 25 percent, in stages, on imports worth about $300 billion a year. He then concluded a trade agreement with China in January 2020, leaving in place 25 percent tariffs on many industrial goods while cutting 15 percent tariffs on some consumer products to 7.5 percent and canceling a few other tariffs.

特朗普再次担任总统后，以比他上次担任总统快得多的速度对中国产品加征关税。他曾在2018年和2019年分阶段对每年价值约3000亿美元的中国进口产品加征最高25%的关税。那之后，他曾在2020年1月与中国达成一项贸易协定，保留了对许多中国工业品征收的25%关税，同时把对部分消费品征收的关税从15%降到了7.5%，还取消了几种其他关税。

By contrast, Mr. Trump has now imposed 20 percent tariffs on all goods that the United States imports from China, worth about $440 billion a year. That includes some products, like smartphones, that he omitted during his first term.

相比之下，特朗普现在对美国从中国进口、每年价值约4400亿美元的所有商品加征20%的关税，其中包括他上次担任总统时没有征收关税的一些产品，例如智能手机。

Mr. Trump’s actions this year have raised average tariffs on the affected Chinese imports to 39 percent — compared with just 3 percent before he took office in 2017. Apart from China, Canada and Mexico, the United States imposes tariffs averaging about 3 percent on most trading partners.

特朗普今年的行动已把受影响的中国进口产品的平均关税提高到了39%，相比之下，他在2017年上任前仅为3%。除对中国、加拿大、墨西哥的进口产品加征了关税外，美国对大多数贸易伙伴的进口产品征收平均约3%的关税。

China’s average tariffs on goods from most of the world are twice as high, and much higher on imports from the United States.

中国对来自世界上大多数国家的商品征收的平均关税是美国的两倍，对来自美国的进口商品征收的关税更高。

总部位于圣地亚哥的生物科技公司因美纳已被禁止在中国开展业务。

In Mr. Trump’s first term, the Chinese government reduced taxes that it charges the country’s exporters. That gave them room to cut prices and offset at least part of the tariffs for their customers, which include many small American businesses as well as big retailers like Wal-Mart, Amazon and Home Depot.

在特朗普的第一个任期内，中国政府降低了向国内出口商收取的税费。这让他们有降价空间，至少部分抵消了他们的客户需要缴纳的关税，这些客户包括美国的许多小企业，以及沃尔玛、亚马逊、家得宝等大型零售商。

As another way around tariffs, some Chinese exporters shifted the final assembly of their products to countries like Vietnam, Thailand or Mexico, while keeping the production of core components in China. Mr. Trump is now trying to stop some of the trade through Mexico, which critics of Chinese exports see as a backdoor into the U.S. market.

另一个绕过关税的办法是，一些中国出口商将产品的最终组装转移到了越南、泰国或墨西哥等国，同时将核心零部件的生产留在中国。特朗普现在正在试图阻止部分通过墨西哥进入美国的商品贸易，批评者认为墨西哥是中国出口商品进入美国市场的后门。

Many Chinese exporters resorted to using the so-called de minimis exception to tariffs: dividing shipments into many packages, each with a value of less than $800. Each shipment is then exempt from tariffs and customs processing fees and mostly omitted from customs inspections and American imports data.

许多中国出口商还利用所谓的“小额豁免”来绕过关税：他们将出口货物分成多个包裹，每个包裹的价值不到800美元。这样做的结果是，每个包裹都免征关税，免交海关手续费，而且这些包裹的大部分无需经过海关检查，不统计到美国的进口数据中。

At least $1 of every $6 worth of American imports from China is now arriving through these de minimis shipments.

如今，美国从中国进口的每6美元商品里至少有1美元的商品是用“小额豁免”方式运到美国的。

In early February, Mr. Trump issued an order briefly halting the de minimis tariff exemption for goods from China, Mexico and Canada. After packages quickly accumulated at American airports, he delayed the order for shipments from China until procedures could be developed to handle them, and postponed for a month his order for de minimis imports from Canada and Mexico. On Sunday, he again delayed action on those imports from Canada and Mexico.

今年2月初，特朗普曾下令暂停对来自中国、墨西哥、加拿大的包裹实行“小额豁免”。美国机场的这些包裹很快出现积压后，他推迟了对来自中国的“小额豁免”包裹征税的做法，直到有关方面制定出处理这些包裹的程序；他还把停止对来自加拿大和墨西哥的包裹实行“小额豁免”的命令推迟了一个月。上周日，他再次推迟了对来自加拿大和墨西哥的这种包裹采取行动。

Wu Xinbo, dean of the Institute of International Studies at Fudan University in Shanghai, said that by retaliating now, “China sends a strong signal to the Trump administration that a unilateral tariff doesn’t work — you have to sit down to talk to us and to negotiate with us.”

上海复旦大学国际问题研究院院长吴心伯表示，中国现在采取反制行动是“向特朗普政府发出一个强烈信号：单边关税行不通，需要坐到谈判桌上来与我们谈判”。