Beijing began imposing tariffs on Monday on many farm products from the United States, for which China is the largest overseas market. It is the latest escalation of a trade fight between the world’s two largest economies.

中国政府周一开始对来自美国的多种农产品加征关税，中国是美国农产品的最大海外市场。这是世界两个最大经济体之间贸易战的新一轮升级。

The Chinese government announced the tariffs last week, shortly after President Trump raised tariffs on Chinese products for the second time since he took office in January. The Chinese tariffs will include a levy of 15 percent on U.S. products like chicken, wheat and corn, as well as 10 percent on products like soybeans, pork, beef and fruit.

中国政府上周宣布了这些关税，那之前，美国总统特朗普自1月上任以来第二次提高对中国进口产品的关税。中国将对原产于美国的鸡肉、小麦、玉米等加征15%的关税，对大豆、猪肉、牛肉、水果等加征10%的关税。

Beijing said that goods that had already been shipped before Monday and imported by April 12 would not be subject to the new tariffs. Because crops like soybeans, wheat and corn, in particular, tend to travel by sea, this means that China’s customs officials will actually collect few tariffs until shipments arrive in China after leaving the United States on Monday or later.

中国政府表示，周一前已经发货并在4月12日前进口的货物将不受新关税的影响。由于大豆、小麦等农产品，尤其是玉米，往往是走海运，这意味着中国海关官员实际上要等到这些货物在周一或之后离开美国并抵达中国时才开始加征关税。

A spokesman for the National People’s Congress, which is now holding China’s annual legislative session, said last week that Mr. Trump’s latest tariffs had “disrupted the security and stability of the global industrial and supply chains.”

中国的全国人民代表大会目前正在举行年度立法会议，全国人大的发言人上周表示，特朗普的新一轮关税“干扰全球产业链供应链安全稳定”。

The Chinese government also said it was blocking 15 U.S. companies from buying Chinese products unless it granted special permission, including a manufacturer of drones that supplies the U.S. military. And it said it was blocking another 10 U.S. companies from doing business in China.

中国政府还表示，15家美国公司将不再被允许从中国购买产品，除非得到特别许可，其中包括一家为美国军方提供无人机的制造商。中国政府还表示，将禁止另外十家美国公司在中国开展业务。

Mr. Trump has contended that tariffs are needed on imports from China, most of which are manufactured goods, to allow the United States to rebuild its industrial sector and also to generate tax revenue for the federal budget. He imposed a 10 percent tariff on almost all imports from China in early February, and raised the tariff to 20 percent last week. He has said the actions were intended partly to pressure China to reduce the flow of the opioid fentanyl into the United States.

特朗普认为，为了让美国重建工业部门，并为联邦预算创造税收收入，有必要对从中国进口的商品（大部分是制成品）加征关税。他已在今年2月初对几乎所有从中国进口的商品加征了10%的关税，并在上周将加征的关税提高到了20%。他表示，这些行动的部分目的是向中国政府施压，让其减少合成类鸦片药物芬太尼流入美国。

Mr. Trump also imposed 25 percent tariffs on Canada and Mexico last Tuesday, though he abruptly suspended many of those levies two days later.

特朗普上周二还对来自加拿大和墨西哥的产品加征了25%的关税，不过两天后，他突然对其中许多产品暂停了加征关税的做法。

He has added 20 percent tariffs to the roughly $440 billion worth of Chinese goods that the United States imports annually. The average U.S. tariff on affected Chinese goods now stands at 39 percent, up from 3 percent when Mr. Trump began his first term eight years ago. Other than China, Canada and Mexico, the United States collects tariffs averaging about 3 percent on most countries.

他已对美国每年从中国进口的价值约4400亿美元的商品加征了20%的关税。他的行动把受影响的中国进口产品的平均关税提高到了39%，远高于八年前开始第一个任期时的3%。除对中国、加拿大、墨西哥的进口产品加征了关税外，美国对大多数贸易伙伴的进口产品征收平均约3%的关税。

美国北达科他州卡灵顿附近的玉米田。中国将对从美国进口的玉米加征15%的关税，对大豆、猪肉、牛肉、水果等加征10%的关税。

Despite the recent escalations in the trade war between Washington and Beijing, both sides have signaled that they may be open to a compromise. Last week, China’s commerce minister told reporters that he had invited his American counterpart and the U.S. trade representative to a meeting. And last month, Mr. Trump said that a new trade deal with China was “possible.”

尽管美中之间的贸易战最近已有几轮升级，但双方都已发出信号，他们也许对妥协持开放态度。中国商务部长上周对记者表示，他已向美国商务部长和贸易代表发出会面的邀请。特朗普上个月曾表示，“有可能”与中国达成新的贸易协议。

Monday’s levies are not the first time in recent weeks that China has responded in kind to Mr. Trump’s trade actions. After the president imposed 10 percent tariffs in early February, China said it would place tariffs on natural gas, coal and farm equipment purchased from the United States.

周一生效的关税并不是中国政府第一次在最近几周对特朗普的贸易行动宣布反制措施。特朗普今年2月初对中国产品加征10%的关税后，中国曾表示将对从美国进口的天然气、煤炭、农用设备等加征关税。

But the United States has more targets in a trade war because Americans purchase far more goods from China than the Chinese purchase from Americans. This enabled the United States to one-up China relatively easily after China imposed reciprocal tariffs on U.S. goods during Mr. Trump’s first term.

但美国在这场贸易战中能打击的目标更多，因为美国从中国的进口远多于出口。这曾让美国在特朗普上次担任总统期间相对容易地在抵御中国反制措施方面占上风。

But Mao Ning, a spokeswoman of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, contended at the ministry’s daily briefing on Monday that nobody should be imposing extra tariffs. “Trade wars and tariff wars all start with harming others and end with harming oneself — the United States should learn lessons and change its course,” she said.

但中国外交部发言人毛宁在周一的例行记者会上表示，任何国家都不应征收额外关税。“关税战也好，贸易战也罢，都是以损人开始，以害己告终。美方应该吸取教训，改弦易辙，”她说。

China faces a more troubled domestic economy now than during President Trump’s first term. It is hamstrung by economic problems including weak foreign investment and the aftermath of a real estate bust.

中国目前面临的国内经济问题比特朗普上次当总统时更严重。它正受到外国投资疲软、房地产泡沫破裂等经济问题的困扰。

Still, China has other tools for managing the ongoing trade skirmish. In the past, it has cut taxes on Chinese companies that export goods to the United States, enabling them to cut prices and dampen the effects of a U.S. tariff.

尽管如此，中国仍有其他工具来应对不断发展的贸易冲突。中国以前曾降低过向美国出口商品的中国公司的税收，让它们对进口商降价，从而减轻美国关税的影响。

Chinese companies have also moved final assembly of their products to countries like Vietnam and Mexico, with which the United States has had relatively free trade relations in recent decades. But Mr. Trump has tried to tighten this loophole by threatening tariffs on Mexico.

中国公司也已将产品的最终组装转移到了越南和墨西哥等国，美国与这些国家的贸易关系近几十年来相对自由。但特朗普已试图弥补这一漏洞，威胁要对墨西哥产品加征关税。

And Chinese companies have sought to exploit the so-called de minimis rule, which exempts packages from tariffs if their value is $800 or less. Mr. Trump has tried to crack down on this practice, but the crackdown proved complicated to execute, and Mr. Trump has largely paused the effort.

中国公司还试图利用所谓“小额豁免规则”避免关税，美国对价值800美元以下的入关包裹免征关税。特朗普已试图打击这种做法，但事实证明打击行动执行起来很复杂，所以特朗普已基本上暂停了这项努力。