For the second time this week, President Trump has threatened to disrupt trade with a close ally for retaliating in a trade war that he started — a tactic that could lead to compromise, or to economic spats that spiral further out of control.

本周，特朗普总统第二次威胁要破坏与一个亲密盟友的贸易关系，因为后者在一场由他发起的贸易战中进行了报复——这种策略可能促成妥协，也可能导致经济争端进一步失控。

On Thursday morning, Mr. Trump tried to cow the European Union into submission, threatening in a social media post to put a 200 percent tariff on European wine and Champagne unless the bloc dropped a 50 percent tariff on U.S. whiskey. The European Union had imposed that tariff in response to levies that Mr. Trump put on global steel and aluminum on Wednesday.

周四上午，特朗普试图迫使欧盟屈服，他在社交媒体上威胁称，除非欧盟取消对美国威士忌征收50%的关税，否则就要对欧洲葡萄酒和香槟征收200%的关税。欧盟征收这项关税是为了回应特朗普周三对全球钢铝加征的关税。

Mr. Trump deployed a similar tactic against Canada on Tuesday, threatening to double 25 percent tariffs on Canadian steel and aluminum to try to get Ontario to lift a surcharge on electricity sold to the United States. The province had imposed the charge after Mr. Trump put other tariffs on Canada this month.

周二，特朗普对加拿大采取了类似的策略，威胁要将加拿大钢铝25%的关税加倍，试图以此让安大略省取消对卖给美国的电力征收的附加费。在特朗普本月对加拿大征收其他关税后，该省征收了这笔费用。

After Ontario suspended its surcharge, Mr. Trump walked back his threats.

安大略省暂停征收附加费后，特朗普收回了他的威胁。

Over the last several weeks, Mr. Trump has presided over a confusing and potentially economically devastating back and forth of tariffs and tariff threats, playing a global game of chicken as he tries to get some of the United States’ closest allies and trading partners to back down.

过去几周，特朗普主导了一场令人困惑、可能对经济造成破坏性影响的关税和关税威胁的来回交锋，他在全球玩一场“胆小鬼博弈”，试图让美国一些最亲密的盟友和贸易伙伴让步。

Mr. Trump has wielded the tariff threats without regard for their economic consequences and, increasingly, seemingly without regard for the impact on stock markets. The S&P 500 slumped again on Thursday after Mr. Trump threatened Europe and reiterated at the White House that he would impose big tariffs.

特朗普在发出关税威胁时全然不考虑经济后果，而且似乎越来越不顾及对股市的影响。周四，在特朗普威胁欧洲并在白宫重申他将征收高额关税后，标准普尔500指数再次暴跌。

When asked whether he might relent on Canada, which sent a delegation to the United States on Thursday to try to calm trade tensions, Mr. Trump said: “I’m not going to bend at all.”

周四，加拿大派出代表团前往美国，试图缓和贸易紧张局势。当被问及他是否会在加拿大问题上让步时，特朗普说：“我一点也不会让步。”

He said the United States didn’t need imports like lumber and energy from Canada, one of America’s largest trading partners. “We don’t need anything they have,” he said.

他说，美国不需要木材和能源等加拿大出口商品，加拿大是美国最大的贸易伙伴之一。“我们不需要他们的任何东西，”他说。

The president, who spoke to reporters during a meeting with Mark Rutte, the secretary general of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, acknowledged that his tariffs could cause “a little disruption” but said that “it won’t be very long.”

总统在与北约秘书长马克·吕特会面时对记者承认，他的关税可能会造成“一点干扰”，但表示“不会持续很长时间”。

“And we have to do this,” he said. “I’m sorry, we have to do this.”

“我们必须这样做，”他说。“不好意思，我们必须这么做。”

Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent, asked on Thursday about market volatility and the economic effects of tariffs, said the White House was not concerned “about the short term.”

美国财政部长斯科特·贝森特周四被问及市场波动和关税的经济影响时表示，白宫不担心“短期”问题。

“We’ve got strategic industries we’ve got to have,” Mr. Bessent said. “We want to protect the American worker.”

“我们有我们必须拥有的战略性产业，”贝森特说。“我们要保护美国工人。”

Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick also warned other countries against retaliating against the United States, saying in an interview on Bloomberg TV on Thursday that Mr. Trump could respond temperamentally.

商务部长霍华德·卢特尼克也警告其他国家不要对美国进行报复，他周四在接受彭博电视台采访时表示，特朗普可能会做出喜怒无常的回应。

“If you make him unhappy, he responds unhappy,” Mr. Lutnick said.

“如果你让他不高兴，他也会做出不高兴的回应，”卢特尼克说。

Mr. Lutnick said some countries, like Britain and Mexico, had thoughtfully examined how they did business with the United States. But for countries that respond with further tariffs, “the president’s going to deal with them with strength and with power,” he threatened.

卢特尼克说，英国和墨西哥等国家已经仔细研究了他们与美国贸易往来的方式。但对于那些以进一步征收关税作为回应的国家，“总统将以强有力的方式来应对，”他威胁道。

It remains to be seen whether other countries will retaliate with their own levies and, if so, how many economic disagreements may spiral into true tit-for-tat trade wars. Mr. Trump has promised more levies on cars and other products to come in April.

有待观察的是，其他国家是否会采取报复性征税措施，以及如果这样做，会有多少经济分歧演变成真正的针锋相对的贸易战。特朗普承诺将在4月对汽车和其他产品征收更多关税。

Some governments, like those in Australia, Brazil, Britain, Japan and Mexico, have chosen not to retaliate for now, as they try other routes to defuse tensions with Mr. Trump. But China, the European Union and Canada have all made different calculations.

澳大利亚、巴西、英国、日本和墨西哥等国的政府选择暂时不进行报复，因为它们在尝试其他途径来缓和与特朗普的紧张关系。但中国、欧盟和加拿大都有不同的考虑。

Those governments may be encouraged by domestic political constituencies to stand up to Mr. Trump’s bullying or, in the case of Europe and China, emboldened by the size of their economies.

这些国家的政府可能会受到国内政治选民的鼓励，奋起抵制特朗普的霸凌，或者，就欧洲和中国而言，其经济规模让它们有了底气。

Some European officials said they wouldn’t bow to pressure. In a statement on Wednesday, Ursula von der Leyen, the president of the European Commission, the bloc’s executive arm, said that Europe needed to act to “protect consumers and business” and that it would take “strong but proportionate” countermeasures.

一些欧洲官员表示他们不会屈服于压力。在周三的一份声明中，欧盟执行机构欧盟委员会主席冯德莱恩表示，欧洲需要采取行动“保护消费者和企业”，并将采取“有力但适度的”反制措施。

“We will not give in to threats,” Laurent Saint-Martin, France’s foreign trade minister, said in a post on X. Mr. Trump “is escalating the trade war he chose to unleash,” he added.

“我们不会向威胁屈服，”法国外贸部长洛朗·圣马丁在X上发帖说。他还表示，特朗普“正在升级他选择发动的贸易战”。

Canadian officials have also generally been outspoken against the United States, a dynamic that may be amplified by a political transition and an upcoming federal election in Canada.

加拿大官员也普遍直言不讳地反对美国，政治过渡和加拿大即将举行的联邦选举可能会放大这种态势。

“If you hit us, we will hit back,” Chrystia Freeland, a former Canadian minister of finance, said in an interview on CNN on Thursday. Ms. Freeland said that Canada was small but that it had leverage in the economic relationship because it was the largest export market for the United States by far.

“如果你们打击我们，我们就会反击，”加拿大前财政部长克里斯蒂亚·弗里兰周四在接受CNN采访时说。她说，加拿大虽小，但在经济关系上它是有影响力的，因为它是美国目前为止最大的出口市场。

“Canada is a more important export market for the U.S. than China, Japan, the U.K. and France combined,” she said. “You guys are the country that invented the phrase ‘the customer is always right.’ Well, we’re your biggest customer.”

“对美国来说，加拿大是一个比中国、日本、英国和法国加起来还要重要的出口市场，”她说。“你们是发明了‘客户永远是对的’这句话的国家，而我们是你们最大的客户。”

Mr. Trump may be gambling on the idea that other countries are more dependent on the U.S. market than the United States is on them. Canada sends about 80 percent of its exports to the United States, while roughly 17 percent of U.S. exports go to Canada.

特朗普可能是在赌其他国家对美国市场的依赖程度超过美国对它们的依赖程度。加拿大约80%的出口产品销往美国，而美国约17%的出口产品销往加拿大。

But being larger and more distant, the European Union and China are less reliant on American buyers. The United States is the destination for about 20 percent of E.U. exports and about 15 percent of Chinese exports.

但由于欧盟和中国幅员辽阔，距离遥远，对美国买家的依赖程度较低。欧盟约20%的出口产品、中国约15%的出口产品销往美国。

On Thursday, Canada initiated a dispute at the World Trade Organization over the steel and aluminum tariffs that Mr. Trump had imposed the day before. China initiated a suit over a separate tranche of tariffs last month. But the W.T.O. challenges are largely a symbolic gesture, since the United States disabled the organization’s dispute settlement system in Mr. Trump’s first term.

周四，加拿大就特朗普前一天征收的钢铝关税向世界贸易组织发起了申诉。中国上个月就另一批关税提起申诉。但向世贸组织的申诉在很大程度上是一种象征性的姿态，因为美国已在特朗普的第一个任期内令该组织的争端解决机制失效。

Canadian officials were expected to meet with Mr. Lutnick to discuss trade issues on Thursday. A European spokesman said Maros Sefcovic, the European Union’s trade commissioner, would talk with both Mr. Lutnick and Jamieson Greer, the U.S. trade representative, on Friday.

加拿大官员预计将在周四与卢特尼克会面，讨论贸易问题。欧盟一位发言人表示，欧盟贸易委员马罗什·谢夫乔维奇周五将与卢特尼克和美国贸易代表贾米森·格里尔进行会谈。