President Xi Jinping of China kicked off a weeklong tour of Southeast Asia Monday, landing in Hanoi and trying to rally other nations to Beijing’s side as American tariffs threaten manufacturing networks and economic growth.

中国国家主席习近平周一开启了为期一周的东南亚之行，于当天抵达河内，在美国的关税威胁制造业网络和经济增长的时候，他试图将其他国家召集到中国这边来。

In an essay published Monday in Vietnamese state media just before his arrival, Mr. Xi called on other countries to join with China in defending stability, free trade and “an open and cooperative international environment.”

在周一抵达越南之前，习近平在越南官媒发表署名文章，呼吁其他国家与中国携手维护稳定、自由贸易和“开放合作的国际环境”。

“There are no winners in trade wars and tariff wars,” Mr. Xi wrote, echoing comments he made recently in Beijing. “Protectionism has no way out.”

“贸易战、关税战没有赢家，”习近平写道，重复了他最近在北京发表讲话时的说法。“保护主义没有出路。”

Mr. Xi’s weeklong tour of Vietnam, Malaysia and Cambodia aims to amplify that message. As President Trump’s tariffs send shock waves through the global economy, Mr. Xi is both striking back against the United States, and telling the world that he is now the leader to rely on for wealth creation and for nations that feel betrayed by the wild swings of Mr. Trump’s “America First” agenda.

习近平将在访问越南、马来西亚、柬埔寨的一周里强调这个信息。随着美国总统特朗普的关税政策给全球经济带来冲击，习近平既是在回击美国，也是在告诉世界，对于那些渴望创造财富，以及在特朗普“美国优先”政策的大幅摇摆影响下感到被背叛的国家来说，他现在是可以依靠的领导人。

The next few days will likely be filled with dramatic, choreographed warmth — dozens of women in traditional Vietnamese dresses waving Chinese flags greeted Mr. Xi as he stepped onto the tarmac in Hanoi just before noon. But behind the scenes, there’s a lot of uncertainty.

未来几天可能将充满戏剧性的、精心设计的热烈场面。习近平午前在河内机场走上停机坪时，数十名身穿越南传统服饰的女性挥舞着中国国旗迎接他。但这些场景背后，还存在诸多不确定性。

Vietnam and its neighbors are all trying to appease President Trump to get tariffs lowered, which may make them resistant to making bold pro-China pronouncements. The U.S.-China trade war — involving whopping tit-for-tat tariffs and the suspension of critical rare earths exports by China — has also made every country more vulnerable to a global recession, and more confused about where the world order might be heading.

为了让关税降低，越南及其邻国都正在试图安抚特朗普，这可能会导致这些国家不愿发表大胆的亲华言论。美国与中国的贸易战涉及针锋相对的巨额关税，以及中国暂停关键稀土材料的出口，也使各国更容易受到全球经济衰退的影响，让人们对世界秩序的未来走向感到更加迷惑。

Mr. Xi, some analysts said, may be far more anxious than he shows.

一些分析人士表示，习近平内心的焦虑程度可能远超他表现出来的样子。

习近平的访问可能将充满戏剧性的、精心设计的热烈场面，比如他抵达河内时的这种。但这些场景背后还存在诸多不确定性。

“Xi will undoubtedly exude confidence,” said Bonnie Glaser, managing director of the Indo-Pacific Program at the German Marshall Fund. “But the unpredictable trajectory of China’s relations with the United States and the potential for decoupling of the U.S. and Chinese economies is likely extremely worrisome.”

“习近平将无疑会展现自信，”美国的德国马歇尔基金会亚洲项目主任葛来仪(Bonnie Glaser)说。“但中国与美国关系的不可预测的走向，以及两国经济可能出现脱钩的状况，很可能令人极为担忧。”

Asia’s industrialized countries have a lot to lose. Many rose out of poverty alongside China through decades of free trade expansion, and the so-called reciprocal tariffs Mr. Trump announced this month slammed Asia harder than just anyone expected.

亚洲的工业化国家会损失惨重。在自由贸易几十年的扩张中，许多国家与中国一起摆脱了贫困。特朗普本月宣布的所谓对等关税对亚洲的打击之大超出了所有人的预期。

Vietnam found itself with a 46 percent tariff under calculations that put trade deficits at the center of the equation. For Cambodia, it was 49 percent while Malaysia’s rate was 24 percent.

越南发现自己面临46%的税率，双边贸易逆差是美国计算关税率公式的核心。柬埔寨为49%，马来西亚为24%。

Even with Mr. Trump’s sudden 90-day suspension of the levies, the threat of new taxes that would suppress demand and create new challenges for exporting nations has darkened the mood of the entire region, and made many countries question where to turn for help.

尽管特朗普突然将关税征收暂停了90天，但新关税的威胁会抑制需求，给出口国带来新的挑战，已经让整个亚洲地区的气氛变得暗淡，并让许多国家思考该向何处求助。

Vietnam is especially intertwined with both China, which is its largest trading partner, and the United States, which has been importing more and more from Vietnam ever since Mr. Trump’s first-term tariffs led companies to move production from China to other countries.

越南的经济与中美的关系尤其密切，中国是越南的最大贸易伙伴，而美国从越南的进口已越来越多，这一趋势始于特朗普上次担任总统期间，对中国进口产品加征关税，导致企业将生产从中国转移到其他国家。

Vietnam’s exports to the U.S. — worth $137 billion in 2024 — and its huge investments from foreign companies seeking to diversify away from China are now both in jeopardy.

越南对美国的出口——2024年达到1370亿美元——以及外国公司为了寻求在中国以外的地方实现多元化而在这里的巨额投资现在都岌岌可危。

“Vietnam is today more vulnerable to both China and the U.S. than ever,” said Alexander Vuving, a professor at the Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies in Honolulu.

“越南在中国和美国面前的脆弱性今天比以往任何时候都严重，”檀香山亚太安全研究中心教授亚历山大·武翁说。

In response, Hanoi’s leaders are already trying to do what they have done for years — balance, flatter and hedge.

作为回应，越南领导人已开始试图做他们多年来一直在做的事情——寻找平衡、逢迎中美、多面下注。

Teams of Vietnamese negotiators have gone to Washington to plead for lower tariffs, promising to buy more American products and lower trade barriers. This week, Vietnamese officials also pledged to crack down on the transshipment of Chinese products through Vietnam, which White House officials have described as a major impediment to lower tariffs.

越南的谈判代表团已前往华盛顿请求降低关税，承诺购买更多美国产品，并降低对美国产品的贸易壁垒。本周，越南官员还承诺打击中国产品经越南转运美国的做法，白宫官员称这是降低关税的主要障碍。

Now Vietnam’s leaders — with a two-day visit by Mr. Xi that had been planned before the tariffs, to celebrate 75 years of formal relations — are trying to keep China happy too.

越南领导人现在也在尽量让中国高兴。习近平这次为期两天的访问是为了庆祝两国建交75周年，在美国宣布关税之前就已安排好。

Dozens of deals are expected to be signed during Mr. Xi’s visit in an effort by both sides to show that collaboration will continue, regardless of American pressure.

预计在习近平访问期间双方将签署数十项协议，以表明无论美国如何施压，双方都将持续合作。

And yet, the quantity (with 40 agreements expected) may obscure their incremental nature. The biggest ticket items known so far include a handful of planes made in China that will be flying tourist routes in Vietnam for the first time this week with a budget airline that has also promised to buy Boeing jets.

然而，协议的数量（预计高达40项）之多或许掩盖了这些协议的渐进性实质。目前最为引人注目的项目包括若干架由中国制造的飞机。本周，一家廉价航空公司将使用这些飞机，首次执飞越南国内的旅游航线，而该航司此前也曾承诺采购波音飞机。

Vietnam has also signaled that it agreed to keep moving forward with a proposed railway from the Chinese border to a port outside Hanoi — a major infrastructure project that, if built, would deepen political and economic bonds between Hanoi and Beijing.

越南还发信号表示，同意继续推进拟议中的从中国边境通往河内郊外港口的铁路建设项目，一旦建成，这个重大基础设施项目将加深越南与中国的政治和经济联系。

Many of the other agreements are expected to be broad and vague rather than specific. Despites bonds of communism, Hanoi’s top leaders have a long history of resisting Chinese projects that would strengthen Beijing’s leverage over Vietnam. Even the railway, which China has been pushing to finance with loans for years, has barely progressed beyond early stages of discussion.

许多其他协议预计将是粗略宽泛的，缺乏具体内容。尽管共产主义将两国联系在一起，但越南高层领导人长期以来一直抵制让中国可能增强其对越南影响的项目。尽管中国多年来一直在推动通过贷款来提供资金资助上述铁路项目，但它几乎未取得任何进展，仅停留在初步讨论阶段。

越南国家主席梁强（右）到机场迎接习近平。越南也已派官员前往华盛顿请求降低关税。

Comments published Monday by To Lam, Vietnam’s top leader, the general secretary of its Communist Party, mostly sought to elevate Vietnam to a higher status, as a special country for China: Its largest trade partner in Southeast Asia and fourth largest trade partner in the world.

越南最高领导人、越南共产党总书记苏林周一发表的言论主要是为了提升越南的地位，将其视为对中国而言的一个特殊国家：越南是中国在东南亚的最大贸易伙伴，也是中国在世界上的第四大贸易伙伴。

Mr. Vuving said Mr. Lam seemed to be trying to “forge close personal ties with Mr. Xi,” but without offering much in areas of clear tension, such as the South China Sea, where China and Vietnam have competing claims. Mr. Lam did not directly mention the issue.

吴翁说，苏林似乎正在试图“与习近平建立密切的私人关系”，但对一些明显存在紧张气氛的领域，比如南海问题上不会做出太多让步。中国和越南在南海存在主权争议。苏林没有直接提及这个问题。

Mr. Xi took a different approach, calling for more maritime cooperation “to properly control disagreements at sea.” He described relations between Vietnam and China in broader terms: They were joined in solidarity as members of the wider Global South.

习近平采取了不同的方法，他呼吁加强海上合作，以“妥善管控海上分歧”。他用更宽泛的语言描述了越南与中国的关系：作为全球南方国家，两国团结一心。

Analysts said the approach reflected China’s broader goal, to use this trip as a way to build bonds with countries not just in Asia but elsewhere, and to bolster Mr. Xi’s image as a global statesman.

分析人士说，这种说法反映了中国更广泛的目标，即利用这次访问与亚洲乃至其他地区的国家建立联系，提升习近平作为全球政治家的形象。

The reality is that China can only do so much for the economies of Vietnam, Cambodia and Malaysia. Its own economy is struggling with the legacy of a housing bust. The U.S. tariffs and Mr. Trump’s zero-sum approach to the world also means major exporters are in competition with one another — with suppliers of everything from phones to clothes hunting all over the planet for demand.

但现实是，中国能为越南、柬埔寨、马来西亚的经济做的事情有限。中国自身的经济由于房地产市场泡沫破裂已困难重重。美国的关税以及特朗普在全球贸易问题上采取的零和博弈策略也意味着，向美国出口商品的主要国家之间存在竞争，供应从手机到服装等各种产品的商家需要在全球寻找需求。

China has said it will seek to spur more domestic consumption, but mostly to help its own manufacturers. Analysts doubt there will be enough Chinese buyers to offset losses from the U.S. market while the trade war paralyzes investment and purchasing power for consumers.

中国已表示将寻求刺激国内消费，但这主要是为了帮助本国的制造商。分析人士对中国的国内消费能弥补美国市场的损失表示怀疑，同时贸易战将导致投资陷入瘫痪、消费者的购买力下降。

“The tit-for-tat approach by the U.S. and the People’s Republic of China means that there may be less space for middlemen like Southeast Asian economies,” said Ja Ian Chong, a professor of political science at the National University of Singapore.

“美国和中华人民共和国针锋相对的做法意味着，东南亚经济体等中间商的活动空间可能会更小，”新加坡国立大学政治学教授庄嘉颖说。

Countries like Vietnam are stuck, he added, “between a rock and a hard place.”

像越南这样的国家已经“左右为难”，他补充说。