The sweeping crackdown President Trump declared last week after an Afghan national was accused of shooting two National Guard members is poised to radically curtail immigrants from legally entering and living in the United States, putting up roadblocks unparalleled in recent history.

一名阿富汗籍男子被控枪击两名国民警卫队员后，特朗普总统于上周宣布展开大规模移民打击行动。此举或将极大限制移民合法入境及在美国居留，设置了美国近年罕见的移民准入障碍。

Within a matter of days, the administration rolled out a series of far-reaching policy changes: pausing all asylum decisions for migrants currently in the United States; reviewing the green cards that allow people from 19 countries, mostly from the Middle East or Africa, to live and work permanently in the United States; reassessing the asylum approvals issued during the Biden administration; indefinitely halting immigration applications filed by Afghan nationals; and barring Afghans from entering the country.

短短数日内，政府推出一系列影响深远的政策调整：暂停处理美国境内所有待审庇护申请；重新审查来自19个国家（大多为中东或非洲国家）人员在美国永久居留和工作所需的绿卡；复核拜登政府时期获批的庇护案例；无限期暂停阿富汗国民提交的移民申请；同时全面禁止阿富汗人入境美国。

The new rules are poised to potentially upend the status of as many as 1.5 million migrants with pending asylum cases in the country, the more than 50,000 who gained asylum from the Department of Homeland Security under the Biden administration and untold more who had been hoping to seek refuge in the United States.

新规可能影响多达150万境内庇护申请待审的移民、5万余名拜登政府时期获美国国土安全部批准庇护的人员，以及无数原本希望赴美寻求庇护的民众，他们的身份状态或将彻底改变。

And Mr. Trump has hinted that further action could come as a result of the attack, floating the possibility of denaturalization, or stripping people of citizenship.

特朗普还暗示，此次枪击事件可能促使政府采取进一步行动，甚至带来推行取消国籍的可能性，即剥夺部分人的美国公民身份。

Taken together, the moves represent some of the most significant changes to immigration policy since he regained office on a platform of substantially curbing the number of people entering the United States and deporting record numbers of migrants.

综合来看，这些举措是特朗普重返白宫以来在移民政策上做出的最重大调整之一，而他此次竞选的核心纲领便是大幅缩减入境移民数量，并创下移民驱逐纪录。

It remains to be seen how the administration will conduct such large-scale reviews of people already living legally in the country, and the federal government cannot easily strip people of their status. But the threat that people could see their cases reopened provoked alarm in a wide array of migrant communities now grappling with the fallout.

目前尚不清楚政府将如何对已合法居留美国的大量人员展开大规模审查，且联邦政府也难以轻易剥夺这些人的合法身份。但案件可能被重新审理的威胁，已在众多移民社群中引发恐慌，他们正艰难应对政策变动带来的连锁反应。

“The U.S. government has never halted such a broad slice of the immigration system or devoted this level of resources to rechecking its own work,” said Sarah Pierce, a former Department of Homeland Security official who is now director of social policy at the center-left think tank Third Way.

“美国政府从未如此大范围冻结移民体系运转，也从未投入如此多资源去复核自身此前的审批工作，”前美国国土安全部官员萨拉·皮尔斯表示。她目前担任中左翼智库“第三条路”的社会政策主任。

While security reviews are responsible, Ms. Pierce said, “this isn’t a calibrated security response — it’s a sweeping disruption of the legal immigration system at a moment when the administration is looking for someone to blame.”

皮尔斯指出，安全审查固然要承担责任，“但此番举措并非精准的安全应对——而是政府在急于寻找追责对象之际，对合法移民体系造成的全面冲击。”

Amanda Baran, a former senior official at U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services during the Biden administration, said she had never heard of the agency pausing asylum requests wholesale in the way the president had ordered.

拜登政府时期曾任美国公民与移民服务局高级官员的阿曼达·巴兰称，她从未听说过该机构像此次这样按总统命令全面暂停庇护申请的先例。

“This is blunt force in a way that I have not seen before,” she said.

“这种强硬手段是我前所未见的，”她说。

Administration officials said the measures were necessary in the wake of Wednesday’s shooting, pointing to the fact that the 29-year-old suspect, Rahmanullah Lakanwal, entered the United States in 2021 under a program established by the Biden administration to give quick access to Afghan allies after the Taliban retook their country.

政府官员表示，这些措施是周三枪击事件后的必要之举，并指出29岁的嫌疑人拉赫曼乌拉·拉坎瓦尔于2021年入境美国。当时塔利班重新掌控阿富汗后，拜登政府推出专项计划，为阿富汗盟友提供快速入境通道，拉坎瓦尔正是通过该计划赴美。

2021年8月，阿富汗喀布尔机场，逃离塔利班统治的阿富汗难民正登上美军运输机。

“The protection of this country and of the American people remains paramount, and the American people will not bear the cost of the prior administration’s reckless resettlement policies,” said Joe Edlow, the head of U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, in a message posted on social media. “American safety is non negotiable.”

“保护国家和美国民众的安全始终是首要任务，美国民众不应为前政府鲁莽的安置政策付出代价，”美国公民与移民服务局局长乔·埃德罗在社交媒体发文称。“美国的安全不容妥协。”

Hundreds of thousands of immigrants from the Middle East and Africa, the Caribbean and Latin America had already been on alert for months as federal officials slashed refugee numbers, rolled back temporary humanitarian programs and narrowed the path to asylum in immigration courts, immigration advocates and lawyers said.

移民权益倡导者和律师透露，数月来，联邦政府已大幅削减难民接收数量、撤销临时性人道主义项目，并收紧移民法庭的庇护审批通道，数十万来自中东、非洲、加勒比地区和拉丁美洲的移民早已忧心忡忡。

Even before the National Guard shooting, migrants from the 19 countries subject to the president’s travel ban had been preparing for more stringent reviews of their green card applications after the Trump administration announced it planned to make it harder for them to get that form of approval and other kinds of immigration relief.

甚至在国民警卫队枪击事件发生前，受总统旅行禁令影响的19个国家的移民，就已为绿卡申请面临更严格审查做好准备——特朗普政府宣布将加大此类移民获得绿卡及其他移民救济的难度。

In Southern California, Ara Torosian, an evangelical pastor and Iranian refugee with U.S. citizenship, said he was worried about members of his congregation, including some who had already been detained after reporting to their asylum case check-ins in recent months.

在南加州，拥有美国国籍的伊朗难民、福音派牧师阿拉·托罗西安表示，自己十分担忧教会成员的处境——近几个月来，已有部分信徒在按要求前往庇护案件复核时遭到拘留。

“We don’t know what we should do, especially now,” said Mr. Torosian, who preaches at the Cornerstone Church in West Los Angeles. “So many people have become threats because of the actions of one person.”

“我们不知道该怎么办，尤其是现在，”托罗西安牧师在洛杉矶西部的基石教堂布道时说。“就因为一个人的行为，这么多人都成了‘威胁’。”

Mr. Trump has said the pause on asylum requests will continue for a long period of time.

特朗普称，庇护申请暂停政策将持续很长一段时间。

“We don’t want those people,” he told reporters on Sunday about those seeking asylum.

“我们不想要这些人，”周日，他在接受记者采访时谈及寻求庇护者时称。

In a social media post last week, the president also threatened to strip citizenship from naturalized U.S. citizens “who undermine domestic tranquillity.”

上周，总统还在社交媒体上威胁，将剥夺那些“破坏国内安定”的归化美国公民的国籍。

Some immigration lawyers and advocates have cautioned against panic over the potential for sizable rollbacks for those who already have legal status, noting that green card holders, asylum grantees and other long-term legal residents have already had to undergo heavy vetting and meet high legal burdens to obtain forms of relief.

部分移民律师和权益倡导者提醒，已获得合法身份的民众不必过度恐慌政策大幅倒退。他们指出，绿卡持有者、庇护获批者及其他长期合法居留者，在申请相关移民福利时，本就经过了严格审查，且满足了极高的法律要求。

“Fortunately, this is a nation of laws, and the more status people have, the more rights people have,” said Ryan Costello, the policy director at the National Iranian American Council, which lobbies on behalf of Iranian Americans. “But it is certainly a time of a lot of uncertainty and concern in the community.”

“幸运的是，这里是一个法治国家。民众的身份越稳固，享有的权利就越有保障，”代表伊朗裔美国人游说的全国伊朗裔美国人理事会政策主任瑞安·科斯特洛表示。“但当前移民社群无疑正处于充满不确定性和担忧的时期。”

Ahilan T. Arulanantham, a law professor with the Center for Immigration Law and Policy at the U.C.L.A. School of Law, said the administration would have to meet significant legal burdens for the review to result in people losing their green cards or citizenship, including winning rulings for each individual case in court hearings.

加州大学洛杉矶分校法学院移民法律与政策中心法学教授阿希兰·阿鲁拉南丹指出，政府若想通过审查剥夺民众的绿卡或公民身份，必须承担极大法律负担，包括在法庭听证中逐案胜诉。

The pause on asylum requests filed inside the country, known as affirmative asylum applications, could affect as many of 1.5 million people who had pending applications with U.S.C.I.S. as of June, according to government data.

政府数据显示，截至6月，美国公民与移民服务局积压的境内主动庇护申请案件涉及约150万人，此次全面暂停庇护申请的举措将对这些人产生直接影响。

It’s unclear how U.S.C.I.S. will conduct a review of so many cases. In recent years, the agency has struggled to lower its backlog of cases, according to the D.H.S. inspector general. Agency employees have already been tasked with carrying out other mandates issued by the administration, including processing in refugees from South Africa and considering new factors, like purported anti-Americanism, when considering people’s immigration requests.

目前尚不清楚该机构将如何处理如此庞大的案件复核工作。国土安全部监察长透露，近年来该机构一直难以清理积压的案件。此外，工作人员还需执行政府下达的其他任务，包括接收南非难民，以及在移民申请审核中纳入所谓反美倾向等新的考量因素。

The last major government crackdown on a specific group of migrants in the wake of a violent incident came after the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks.

上一次美国政府因暴力事件对特定移民群体展开大规模打击，是在9·11恐怖袭击之后。

At the time, the Bush administration created a program known as the National Security Entry-Exit Registration System that asked for new registration requirements for immigrants from mostly Middle Eastern countries. The program, which was widely criticized by immigrant advocacy and civil rights groups for being ineffective and unfairly targeting Muslims, was later disbanded during the Obama administration.

当时，布什政府推出“国家安全出入境登记系统”，针对大多数中东国家的移民制定了新的登记要求。该计划因效率低下且不公正地针对穆斯林，遭到移民权益组织和民权团体的广泛批评，最终在奥巴马政府时期被废止。

Concern over the new measures announced by the Trump administration are now reverberating in Afghan immigrant communities and beyond.

如今，特朗普政府新政策引发的担忧，已在阿富汗移民社群及更广泛的群体中蔓延开来。

Nooristani Bahramuddin, 35, who previously worked as a security guard and interpreter at the U.S. embassy in Kabul, said he was finally approved last year for a special visa program for Afghans that worked with the U.S. government. He and his family arrived in Chicago last August and were issued green cards a few months later. His son has severe autism, and they’ve since relocated and found a school in Richmond, Va., that can support him. Now they fear that the little stability they’ve created will be upended.

35岁的努里斯坦尼·巴赫拉姆丁曾在喀布尔的美国大使馆担任安保人员和翻译。去年，他终于通过为美国政府工作的阿富汗人专项签证计划获批入境。去年8月，他携家人抵达芝加哥，数月后获得了绿卡。他的儿子患有严重自闭症，一家人随后搬到弗吉尼亚州里士满，找到了一所能为儿子提供特殊支持的学校。而现在，他们担心自己好不容易建立起来的稳定生活即将被打破。

“We are feeling so nervous, hearing that they are reprocessing and reinvestigating those who were issued green cards,” Mr. Bahramuddin said. “I am just trying to be a good person here, and to teach my children the same.”

“听到政府要重新审核、调查已发放的绿卡，我们非常焦虑，”巴赫拉姆丁说。“我只想在这里做个好人，并以此教育我的孩子们。”

One woman who fled to Virginia from her native Gambia while pregnant last summer said she sought to escape before her daughter was born and forced to undergo female genital mutilation. With their asylum petition now on hold, she said she worried the obstacles to gaining legal status were becoming only harder, particularly for Black immigrants.

一名去年夏天怀着身孕从冈比亚逃到弗吉尼亚州的女性表示，她之所以逃离祖国，是为了避免女儿出生后被迫接受女性割礼。如今她的庇护申请被暂停，她担忧获得合法身份的难度越来越大，对非洲裔移民来说尤其如此。

“The odds are against us,” the woman said, who spoke on condition of anonymity for fear that sharing her name could negatively affect her immigration case.

“我们处处碰壁，”这位女性说。由于担心透露姓名会对自己的移民案件产生负面影响，她要求匿名。

Larilem Rodriguez, 52, a criminal defense lawyer and human rights advocate, and her husband, Rafael Rojas, a former business administrator, said they fled Venezuela nine years ago after they were targeted over their human rights and political work and their home was ransacked. They entered the United States legally and now live in Texas, where they have been awaiting decisions in their asylum petitions. Now, they have no idea how long it will take.

52岁的拉里勒姆·罗德里格斯是一名刑事辩护律师兼人权倡导者，她的丈夫拉斐尔·罗哈斯曾是企业管理者。九年前，两人因从事人权和政治活动遭到迫害，被抄家，无奈从委内瑞拉逃离。他们合法进入美国后定居在得克萨斯州，一直等待庇护申请的审批结果。而现在，他们完全不知道要等多久。

“We completely understand that the U.S. has a duty to secure its people and do security vetting,” Ms. Rodriguez said. “But at the same time, this pause leaves people like us in a deeper limbo.”

“我们完全理解，美国有责任保护本国公民安全并开展安全审查，”罗德里格斯说。“但与此同时，这次庇护申请暂停让我们这样的人陷入了更深的困境。”