China’s newest and most advanced aircraft carrier, the Fujian, officially entered into service this week, the country’s military announced on Friday, bringing Beijing another step closer to its goal of rivaling American naval power in the region.

中国军方周五宣布，中国最新、最先进的航空母舰“福建舰”本周正式入列，使北京离在该地区与美国海军实力抗衡的目标又近了一步。

The Fujian, which features an electromagnetic catapult system for launching and landing aircraft, was commissioned for service on Wednesday, when China’s top leader, Xi Jinping, presided over the ceremony on Hainan, an island in the country’s south, the Liberation Army Daily and other state-run news outlets announced.

据《解放军报》等官方媒体报道，这艘配备了电磁弹射系统的航母于周三入列，中国最高领导人习近平当天在中国南方的海南岛主持了入列仪式。

Mr. Xi, dressed in army green in his role as chairman of China’s military, strode the deck of the carrier, inspecting aircraft and praising their pilots as heroes, video released by Chinese official media showed. Reports also said that Mr. Xi had “personally decided” that the Fujian should use the electromagnetic catapult equipment, a demanding technology that President Trump recently railed against.

中国官方媒体发布的视频显示，作为中国军委主席的习近平身着军绿色服装在航母甲板上视察舰载机，并称赞飞行员是英雄。报道还说，习近平“亲自决策”福建舰采用电磁弹射技术，这项尖端技术近期曾遭美国总统特朗普的公开质疑。

By deploying the Fujian, and with plans to construct more aircraft carriers, China is moving to assert dominance in the western Pacific, using the carriers and their accompanying forces to brandish power and intimidate adversaries, several experts said. The Fujian, the third of China’s carriers, is its most ambitious effort so far. The ship was unveiled in 2022 but took years to become proficient enough to go officially into service.

多名专家表示，随着福建舰入列以及后续航母建造计划的推进，中国正致力于在西太平洋地区确立主导地位，利用航母及随舰编队展示实力并震慑对手。福建舰是中国第三艘航母，也是迄今最具雄心的项目。该舰于2022年亮相，但花了数年时间才达到正式入列的标准。

China’s aircraft carriers still lag behind those of the United States, both in number and sophistication. China now has three, all running on diesel, while the United States has 11, which are all nuclear powered. But the Fujian is the first Chinese carrier to approach the U.S. carriers in size and capability.

中国的航母在数量和精良程度上仍落后美国。中国目前拥有三艘航母，均为常规动力；而美国11艘航母全部实现了核动力。不过，福建舰是第一艘在规模和作战能力上接近美国水平的中国航母。

Satellite images suggest that China is already building a fourth carrier. And plans are underway to keep expanding the fleet, possibly shifting to nuclear-powered carriers at some point, despite arguments that unmanned drones and precision missiles could make the ships obsolete.

卫星图像显示，中国已启动第四艘航母建设。尽管存在无人机与精确制导导弹可能使航母过时的论点，中国仍在持续推进航母舰队的扩张计划，未来可能转向核动力航母。

“While unmanned systems are a trend, I don’t believe they will pose a major, lethal threat to aircraft carriers within the next decade,” said Jiang Hsin-biao, a researcher at the Institute for National Defense and Security Research in Taipei, which is supported by Taiwan’s Ministry of National Defense. “Even the U.S. is building new carriers, demonstrating their lasting value. The threats are relative and exist for both sides, whether it’s China or the U.S.,” he said.

台湾国防部下属国防安全研究院研究员江炘杓表示：“虽然无人系统是发展趋势，但我认为它们在未来十年不会对航母构成重大的致命威胁。连美国都在建新航母，这说明它们仍具有持久价值。无论是中国还是美国，这类威胁都是相对且共存的。”

For Mr. Xi, the publicity around the commissioning of the Fujian may be a political salve after recent embarrassing revelations of corruption in the high ranks of the People’s Liberation Army forces. China announced in October that nine senior officers had been dismissed and faced prosecution on charges of corruption and abuses of power. They included Gen. He Weidong, who was third in China’s military hierarchy, after Mr. Xi and another commander.

对习近平来说，福建舰入列的宣传效应可能在近期解放军高层腐败案接连曝光后起到一定的政治安抚作用。今年10月，中国宣布9名军队高层因贪腐与滥用职权遭解职起诉。其中包括军队三号人物何卫东上将，他在中国军队中的位置仅次于习近平和另一名指挥官。

The Fujian’s main breakthrough is its electromagnetic catapult system for launching aircraft and slowing them to a halt when they land. The system appears similar to one used aboard the U.S.S. Gerald R. Ford, the first of the United States’ newest generation of aircraft carriers. But Mr. Trump late last month criticized the electromagnetic technology as unreliable and said he would order U.S. carriers to go back to steam-propelled launchers.

福建舰的主要突破在于采用了电磁弹射系统，实现舰载机弹射起飞与着舰减速。该技术与美国最新一代航母的首舰福特号采用的系统类似，但特朗普上月底抨击电磁技术不可靠，并表示他会下令美国航母回到蒸汽弹射。

“When we build aircraft carriers, it’s steam for the catapults, and it’s hydraulic for the elevators. We’ll never have a problem, OK?” Mr. Trump said on a visit to the U.S.S. George Washington, an aircraft carrier in Japan.

特朗普在视察美国部署在日本的航母“华盛顿”号时说：“我们造航母就用蒸汽弹射、液压升降。这样我们永远不会出问题，好吗？”

China’s two earlier carriers, the Liaoning and the Shandong, use simpler takeoff and landing technology on decks with ski-jump-like prows. The new system could allow the Fujian to carry larger aircraft with bigger loads of weapons and to send the planes out faster with less wear on their frames.

中国早先的两艘航母辽宁舰和山东舰采用相对简易的起降技术，甲板前端设有类似滑雪跳台的斜坡。新系统使福建舰能够搭载更大载弹量的飞机，并以更快的速度出动战机，同时减少机体损耗。

The Fujian’s deployment comes as tensions continue between China and Taiwan, an island democracy that has long rejected Beijing’s claims of sovereignty. Some analysts foresee China using the Fujian as part of carrier groups, along with battleships and submarines, that could intimidate Taiwan or countries that have territorial disputes with Beijing, especially in the South China Sea.

福建舰的部署正值中国与台湾地区紧张局势持续之际。这个岛屿民主政体长期拒绝承认北京的主权主张。部分分析人士预测，中国可能将福建舰编入航母战斗群，配合战舰和潜艇，对台湾或与北京存在领土争端的国家（尤其在南海地区）形成威慑。

It is unlikely that carriers would figure prominently into any initial military action by China against Taiwan, because the island is so close to the Chinese coast and its many air bases. But some experts believe China could eventually use aircraft carriers in a blockade of the island.

由于台湾距离中国海岸线极近，且中国拥有众多空军基地，航母不太可能在中国对台军事行动初期扮演重要角色。但部分专家认为，中国最终可能动用航母实施对台湾的封锁。

“These aircraft carriers are, of course, not aimed solely against Taiwan,” Mr. Jiang said. “But if they’re deployed in the Western Pacific, they could encircle Taiwan.”

“这些航空母舰当然不会是完全针对用在台湾的，”江炘杓表示。“但是他在部署到西太平洋的时候，他就可以扮演对台湾形成一个包围。”

Operating large carriers far from China’s shores and mastering the art of quickly sending out swarms of aircraft from their decks may take the Chinese Navy some time. But Beijing has signaled that it is determined to learn quickly. In September, Chinese military media showed footage of aircraft practicing takeoffs and landings from the Fujian.

中国海军要掌握远离本土操作大型航母、并能从甲板上快速派出大批战机的技术可能需要一段时间。但北京已表明决心快速掌握这项技术。今年9月，中国军方媒体公布了战机在福建舰上进行起降训练的画面。

But China is still some ways from becoming fully mature as a carrier power, Aita Moriki, a research fellow at Japan’s National Institute for Defense Studies, wrote in an assessment of the Fujian published in early October. “Many technological and personnel challenges remain,” he wrote.

日本防卫研究所研究员相田守辉在10月初发表的福建舰评估报告中指出：“中国距离成为成熟航母大国仍有距离。技术与人员方面仍面临诸多挑战。”

European governments are racing to rearm their militaries as they face up to a more aggressive Russia and an increasingly isolationist America. But that push must overcome a formidable roadblock in the shape of China’s restrictions on critical minerals.

面对愈发强硬的俄罗斯与日益奉行孤立主义的美国，欧洲各国政府正加紧重整军备，但这一行动必须克服中国关键矿产限制带来的巨大障碍。

China dominates the market for rare earth metals and permanent magnets, which are used in the production of missiles, jets, drones and a vast array of military hardware. Beijing has wielded this leverage in its trade wars with Washington and Brussels, tightening or loosening export controls on rare earths in negotiations over tariffs and other trade barriers.

中国在稀土金属和磁体市场占据主导地位，这些材料广泛用于导弹、战斗机、无人机及各类军事装备的生产。北京已在与华盛顿和布鲁塞尔的贸易战中动用这一影响力，在关税及其他贸易壁垒谈判中收紧或放宽稀土出口管制。

The drama has spurred a flurry of action in Europe, with Ursula von der Leyen, the president of the European Commission, the E.U.’s executive arm, urging the bloc to “strive for its independence” on the critical minerals. But in the meantime, European trade officials have been frantically engaging with their Chinese counterparts to try to secure the bloc’s supply.

这一局势促使欧洲采取一系列行动，欧盟执行机构欧盟委员会主席冯德莱恩呼吁欧盟在关键矿产领域“争取自主独立”。与此同时，欧洲贸易官员正紧急与中方对接，试图保障欧盟的供应稳定。

On Wednesday, ambassadors from across the 27 E.U. nations were told that China appeared to be willing to negotiate so-called general licenses to streamline rare earth exports to Europe. But there was no guarantee that such a solution would come quickly — or last for long. The bloc is focused on finding alternative supply options, said two diplomats briefed on the discussions, who asked for anonymity to discuss internal deliberations.

周三，欧盟27国大使接到通知，中国似乎愿意协商所谓的“通用许可证”，以简化对欧洲的稀土出口流程。但两名了解相关讨论、因涉及内部磋商而要求匿名的外交官表示，此类解决方案能否快速落地或长期维持尚无保障，欧盟正重点寻找替代供应渠道。

In the short term, the goal in the negotiations is to “provide more certainty to European industry,” said Olof Gill, a spokesman for the European Commission. “Engagement continues.”

欧盟委员会发言人奥洛夫·吉尔表示，短期内谈判的目标是“为欧洲产业提供更多确定性”，“相关沟通仍在继续。”

Yet the twists and turns have made it clear to European leaders just how much their military buildup hinges on an increasingly unreliable relationship with China.

但局势的反复让欧洲领导人清醒认识到，其军备扩张在很大程度上依赖于与中国日益不稳定的关系。

“Everything hangs on this,” said Joris Teer, a researcher at the EU Institute for Security Studies, the European Union’s think tank for security policy. Without a flow of critical minerals, he said, “there is no rearmament.”

“一切都取决于此，”欧盟安全政策智库欧盟安全研究所研究员约里斯·蒂尔说，若关键矿产供应中断，“重整军备便无从谈起”。

After President Trump announced sweeping tariffs in April, Beijing quickly responded by limiting the export of seven rare earth elements and magnets for the entire world. It threatened to widen that list last month, before Mr. Trump and Xi Jinping, China’s top leader, agreed at a summit last week to delay that escalation by a year.

今年4月，特朗普总统宣布大范围加征关税后，北京迅速回应，限制全球范围内七种稀土元素及磁体的出口。上月，中国曾威胁扩大限制清单，直至特朗普与中国最高领导人习近平在上周的峰会中同意将这一升级举措推迟一年。

But the April restrictions remain in place for European buyers — and for all of the E.U.’s talk of diversification, Beijing has Brussels in a bind.

但4月的限制措施对欧洲买家仍然有效——尽管欧盟一再强调供应多元化，北京仍让布鲁塞尔陷入两难境地。

About 98 percent of the European Union’s imports of key rare earths come from China, making it even more dependent than the United States, which imports 80 percent of those rare earths from China. Although rare earths are found throughout the world, they are very difficult to extract and refine.

欧盟约98%的关键稀土进口来自中国，依赖度甚至高于美国——美国80%的相关稀土从中国进口。尽管稀土在全球分布广泛，但开采和提炼难度极大。

The European Union has been working to fix that dependency, and it passed an act meant to create a homegrown industry that took effect in 2024. Still, replacing China’s mining and refining capacity is no quick and easy endeavor.

欧盟一直在努力摆脱这种依赖，并于2024年生效了一项旨在打造本土稀土产业的法案。但要取代中国的采矿和提炼产能并非易事，也无法一蹴而就。

Analysts at the consulting firm SFA Oxford recently predicted in a research note that “full diversification” from China would take eight to 12 years, given how long it takes to develop mines, construct refineries, expand manufacturing and work into the NATO supply chain.

咨询公司SFA牛津的分析师近期在研究报告中预测，考虑到矿山开发、精炼厂建设、制造业扩张及融入北约供应链所需的时间，实现对中国稀土的“完全多元化替代”需要八至12年。

And when it comes to the defense industry, Europe doesn’t have that kind of time.

但就国防工业而言，欧洲没有这么多时间。

European nations are scrambling to raise their spending on defense sharply as they try to develop key capabilities by 2030. To that end, the European Union has loosened budget rules and rolled out a 150 billion euro ($172 billion) loan program to help fuel military outlays.

欧洲各国正紧急大幅增加国防开支，试图在2030年前提升关键军事能力。为此，欧盟放宽了预算规则，并推出一项1500亿欧元（约合1.23万亿元人民币）的贷款计划，以助力军事支出。

欧盟贸易专员马罗什·谢夫乔维奇表示，在中国的出口许可证制度下，欧洲稀土买家一直难以获得供应。

A lack of access to critical minerals could disrupt that initiative, tilt the scales of geopolitics and shape Europe’s future.

无法获取关键矿产可能扰乱这一计划，改变地缘政治格局并影响欧洲的未来。

“Autonomy in defense begins with autonomy in materials,” said Daniel Fiott, the head of a defense and statecraft program at Vrije Universiteit Brussel, a university in Brussels.

“国防自主始于材料自主，”布鲁塞尔自由大学国防与治国方略项目负责人丹尼尔·菲奥特说。

Since October last year, rare earth exporters in China have been required to provide the authorities with detailed explanations of how shipments would be used in Western supply chains. The rules gave Chinese authorities a view of the kinds and quantities of rare earths that companies around the world needed. The move in April to restrict access caused shortages and sent prices for rare earths like dysprosium — used to make heat-resistant magnets — skyrocketing.

自去年10月起，中国稀土出口商需向当局详细说明货物在西方供应链中的用途。这些规定让中国当局得以掌握全球企业对稀土的需求种类和数量。4月实施的出口限制导致短缺，镝等用于制造耐热磁体的稀土价格飙升。

Rare earth minerals are key in F-35 fighter jets, drones, submarines, Tomahawk missiles, radar systems and other military technologies that are made in either the United States or the European Union, and which Europe has been planning to stockpile as part of its rearmament plans.

稀土是F-35战斗机、无人机、潜艇、“战斧”导弹、雷达系统等美欧军事技术的关键原料，也是欧洲重整军备计划中拟储备的关键物资。

中国矿区采集的稀土矿物样本，陈列于北京某地质研究所。

“The end game of China, here, is to slow down the advancement of the United States, and Europe by connection,” said Benedetta Girardi, an analyst at The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies, a think tank. “If it hits the security sector of one, it also hits the security sector of the other,” she said.

“中国的最终目的是减缓美国的发展进程，并使欧洲也受到牵连，”海牙战略研究中心分析师贝内代塔·吉拉尔迪说，“若打击其中一方的安全领域，另一方也会受到波及。”

Maros Sefcovic, the European Union’s trade chief, has noted that since Beijing began requiring licenses to export rare earths, only about half of the 2,000 applied for by E.U. entities have been “properly addressed.”

欧盟贸易主管马罗什·谢夫乔维奇指出，自北京开始要求稀土出口许可证以来，欧盟实体提交的2000份申请中，仅约一半得到“妥善处理”。

Even though China has rolled back its most recent threat of stricter controls, the fact that it has threatened broad restrictions could serve as a warning shot.

尽管中国撤销了近期加强管制的威胁，但这种广泛限制的威慑本身已敲响警钟。

“I’m still concerned,” said Gracelin Baskaran, director of the Critical Minerals Security Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, a think tank. “Even a pause in restrictions leaves us precarious.”

“我仍感到担忧，”战略与国际研究中心关键矿产安全项目主任格雷斯林·巴斯卡兰说，“即便限制暂停，我们仍处于脆弱境地。”

爱沙尼亚的一座稀土加工厂。欧洲稀土行业的企业尚不确定政策制定者鼓励建立本地供应链的计划是否足以奏效。

She said that Europe, the United States and their allies are not yet at the point where they can quickly replace the dysprosium in drone motors, for instance. The world also has no real alternative to China’s supply of samarium, a rare earth mineral crucial for magnets that can withstand high temperatures in advanced military gear.

她说，例如欧洲、美国及其盟友目前仍无法快速替代无人机发动机中的镝。在钐的供应上，全球也没有能真正替代中国的选择——钐是制造先进军事装备中耐高温磁体的关键稀土。

Yet even as the risks of China’s rare earth dominance become clear, Europe is struggling to turn anxiety into action.

然而，即便中国稀土主导地位的风险已十分明确，欧洲仍难以将焦虑转化为实际行动。

The United States is moving fast to ramp up investment in rare earth production: The Department of Defense has bought a $400 million stake in a rare earth company called MP Materials, and this week announced hundreds of millions of dollars in loans and potential stakes in Vulcan Elements and ReElement Technologies, which are partnering to make magnets from recycled rare earth minerals.

美国正迅速加大对稀土生产的投资：美国国防部已向稀土企业MP材料公司投资4亿美元收购股权，本周又宣布向沃尔坎元素公司和ReElement技术公司提供数亿美元贷款及潜在股权，这两家公司正合作利用回收稀土制造磁体。

In Europe, companies in the rare earth business are not sure if Europe’s push to encourage a local supply chain — which involves joint procurement, access to finance and speeding up permitting — will suffice in a timely manner.

在欧洲，稀土行业企业不确定欧盟推动本土供应链的举措——包括联合采购、资金支持和加快审批——能否及时发挥足够作用。

That is why diplomacy is likely to be the main, and perhaps only, hope in the short term.

这也是为何短期内外交手段可能是主要乃至唯一的希望。

“The Chinese are attempting to pull the rug from underneath the entire rearmament” push in Europe, said Mr. Teer of the EU Institute for Security Studies. “It’s not something that, as a defense official or an industry, you want to say out loud.”

“中国正试图破坏欧洲的整个重整军备计划，”欧盟安全研究所的蒂尔说，“作为国防官员或行业从业者，是不愿意把这话挑明的。”

Tesla shareholders on Thursday approved a plan that could make Elon Musk the world’s first trillionaire, two days after New Yorkers elected a tax-the-rich candidate as their next mayor.

周四，也就是纽约市民选举一位主张向富人征税的候选人担任市长两天后，特斯拉股东通过了一项可能使埃隆·马斯克成为全球首位万亿富翁的方案。

These discrete moments offered strikingly different lessons about America and who deserves how much of its wealth.

这两件事看似毫不相关，却展现了关于美国社会及其财富分配问题的鲜明对照。

At Tesla, based in the Austin, Texas, area, shareholders have largely bought into a winner-takes-all version of capitalism, agreeing by a wide margin to give Mr. Musk shares worth almost a trillion dollars if the company under his management achieves ambitious financial and operational goals over the next decade.

在总部位于得克萨斯州奥斯汀地区的特斯拉，股东们基本信奉“赢家通吃”的资本主义模式，他们以压倒性票数达成一致：如果马斯克在未来十年内能带领公司实现雄心勃勃的财务和运营目标，就给予他价值近1万亿美元的股份。

But halfway across the country, in the home to Wall Street, Zohran Mamdani’s victory served as a reminder of the frustrations many Americans have with an economic system that has left them struggling to afford basics like food, housing and child care.

而在美国另一端的华尔街所在地，佐兰·马姆达尼的当选折射出许多美国人对经济体制的不满——这个体系让他们为食品、住房和育儿等基本开支疲于奔命。

These are vastly different arenas, to be sure. But that split-screen reality speaks to a larger divide in American business and politics. On one side are billionaires like Mr. Musk and their many supporters, including President Trump, who see the financial success of a small group of executives as something to be celebrated and emulated.

这两件事当然属于截然不同的领域，但这种并存的现实反映了美国商业和政治中更深层的分裂。一边是像马斯克这样的亿万富翁以及他们的众多支持者，包括特朗普总统，他们认为一小部分高管的经济成功值得颂扬和效仿。

On the other are progressives like Mr. Mamdani, a democratic socialist, who are calling for something more akin to the social welfare systems of Western Europe. Mr. Mamdani campaigned on using higher taxes on businesses and the wealthy to pay for universal child care and free buses — promises that helped him win a resounding victory against two more conservative candidates.

另一方则是马姆达尼这样的进步派民主社会主义者，他们呼吁建立更接近西欧模式的社会福利体系。马姆达尼在竞选中主张通过对企业和富人增税来实现全民育儿保障和免费公交——这些承诺帮助他以压倒性优势击败了两位立场更为保守的候选人。

Much like an earlier pay plan that Tesla shareholders approved in 2018, this 12-step package asks Mr. Musk, the company’s chief executive, to vastly expand Tesla’s stock market valuation — to $8.5 trillion from around $1.4 trillion — while hitting a variety of other goals. Those include selling one million robots with humanlike qualities and 10 million paid subscriptions to the company’s self-driving software.

与特斯拉股东在2018年批准的那份薪酬方案类似，这项包含12个阶段的计划要求担任首席执行官的马斯克大幅提高特斯拉的市值——从约1.4万亿美元提高到8.5万亿美元——同时完成其他一系列目标，包括出售100万台人形机器人，以及实现1000万份自动驾驶软件的付费订阅。

“What we’re about to embark upon is not merely a new chapter of the future of Tesla, but a whole new book,” Mr. Musk said, after thanking shareholders for their support.

“我们即将开启的不只是特斯拉未来的新篇章，而是一个全新的时代，”马斯克在感谢股东支持后说道。

Tesla’s stock price fell modestly in after hours trading.

特斯拉的股价在盘后交易中小幅下跌。

Tesla’s directors and some investors, including the board that oversees Florida’s public pension fund, hailed the $1 trillion pay plan as a way to motivate Mr. Musk, who is already the world’s wealthiest person, to build futuristic products like cars that can drive themselves.

特斯拉董事及部分投资者——包括监管佛罗里达州公共养老基金的董事会——称赞这项价值万亿美元的薪酬方案，认为它将激励已经身为全球首富的马斯克打造自动驾驶汽车等未来产品。

“Those who claim the plan is ‘too large’ ignore the scale of ambition that has historically defined Tesla’s trajectory,” the Florida State Board of Administration said in a securities filing describing why it voted for Mr. Musk’s pay plan. “A company that went from near bankruptcy to global leadership in E.V.s and clean energy under similar frameworks has earned the right to use incentive models that reward moonshot performance.”

佛罗里达州行政委员会在一份阐述其为何投票支持马斯克薪酬计划的证券备案文件中表示：“那些质疑‘薪酬过高’的人忽视了特斯拉的雄心之大，而这种雄心一直定义着特斯拉的发展轨迹。一个在类似激励框架下从濒临破产发展到在电动车和清洁能源领域领先全球的公司，完全有资格使用奖励‘登月级成果’的激励模式。”

纽约市候任市长佐兰·马姆达尼的竞选主张是通过提高企业和富人的税收来为全民托育和免费公交提供资金。

The plan is structured in such a way that if Mr. Musk makes money, the company’s investors do, too — a point that the fund manager Cathie Wood made this week on the social media platform X.

该薪酬方案的设计确保马斯克获利时公司投资者也能受益——基金经理凯西·伍德本周在社交媒体平台X上强调了这一点。

“I do not understand why investors are voting against Elon’s pay package when they and their clients would benefit enormously if he and his incredible team meet such high goals,” Ms. Wood, who is the chief executive of Ark Invest, wrote.

身为方舟投资公司首席执行官的伍德写道：“我不明白投资者为何要投票反对埃隆的薪酬方案，若他与其卓越团队实现这些宏伟目标，投资者及其客户都将获得巨大回报。”

But Mr. Musk’s detractors, including officials who oversee public pension funds in New York and California, vigorously opposed the plan, saying it would concentrate too much wealth and corporate power in the hands of one person.

但马斯克的反对者，包括纽约和加州公共养老金基金的管理官员，强烈反对这项计划，称它会让过多的财富和公司权力集中在一个人手中。

“This is not pay for performance. It is pay for unchecked power,” Thomas DiNapoli, the New York State comptroller, told reporters and investors on a recent conference call.

纽约州审计长托马斯·迪纳波利在最新一次与记者和投资者的电话会议上表示：“这不是绩效薪酬，这是无约束权力得到的报酬。”

Even Pope Leo XIV weighed in, saying in an interview with Crux, a Catholic news website, that Mr. Musk’s compensation was a symptom of the growing disparity between working people and the wealthy. The median Tesla worker earned around $57,000 in 2024, according to a company securities filing.

甚至教宗良十四世也发表了看法，他在接受天主教新闻网站Crux采访时表示，马斯克的薪酬方案折射出工薪阶层与富豪群体日益扩大的鸿沟。根据公司的一份证券申报文件，2024年特斯拉员工的薪酬中位数约为5.7万美元。

Mr. Musk addressed some of those concerns obliquely, saying the company’s humanoid robot, Optimus, was the singular solution for addressing poverty. The robot remains under development.

马斯克间接回应了部分质疑，声称公司研发的人形机器人Optimus是消除贫困的唯一解决方案。目前该机器人仍处于开发阶段。

“People often talk about eliminating poverty, giving everyone amazing medical care. Well, there’s actually only one way to do that, and that’s with the Optimus robot,” Mr. Musk said. “You start getting into like, some pretty wild sci-fi sort of scenarios.”

“人们常说要消除贫困、让所有人享有优质医疗服务。但实际上只有一种方法能做到，那就是Optimus机器人，”马斯克说。“这即将带我们进入超乎想象的科学幻境。”

His pay plan had been expected to pass. Roughly half a dozen similar — albeit much smaller — executive stock packages have been put to a shareholder vote at publicly traded U.S. companies in the past three years, according to the proxy solicitation firm Georgeson. All but one of them passed.

这项薪酬方案的通过本在预料之中。据代理征求机构乔治森的数据，过去三年美国上市公司提交股东表决的类似高管股权激励方案约有六个（尽管规模小得多），除一个外均获通过。

Mr. Musk was allowed under state law in Texas, Tesla’s corporate residence, to vote his own shares. The executive owns about 15 percent of Tesla’s stock. His control could grow to almost 29 percent if he fulfills the terms of the pay plan, though he might have to sell some stock to pay taxes.

根据特斯拉注册地得克萨斯州法律，马斯克可以用自己持有的股份参与投票。他持有特斯拉约15%的股份。如果他达成薪酬计划的条款，其持股比例最高可增至近29%，不过他可能需要出售部分股票支付税费。

But another of the company’s biggest investors, the manager of Norway’s sovereign wealth fund, Norges Bank Investment Management, said it would vote against the pay package.

但公司另一大投资者——挪威主权财富基金运营机构挪威银行投资管理公司明确表示将投反对票。

“While we appreciate the significant value created under Mr. Musk’s visionary role, we are concerned about the total size of the award, dilution and lack of mitigation of key person risk,” the firm said, using a business term for a company’s dependence on one particular person.

该机构表示：“尽管我们认可马斯克在其富有远见的领导角色下所创造的巨大价值，但我们对这份奖励的总体规模、股权稀释效应以及未能缓解关键人员风险措施的缺失感到担忧。”这里的“关键人员风险”指公司过度依赖某一特定人物。

Other opponents said the plan’s terms allowed the Tesla board of directors too much leeway to award Mr. Musk the shares even if he does not achieve the product goals.

其他反对者则表示，该方案条款赋予特斯拉董事会过大自由裁量权，即使未达成产品目标仍可向马斯克授予股份。

Tesla’s board of directors rejected those complaints.

特斯拉董事会驳斥了这些质疑。

The compensation plan “was designed with one overarching purpose: to supercharge Tesla’s next phase of exceptional growth, innovation and value creation,” Robyn Denholm, the chair of the company’s board of directors, said in a letter to shareholders last month. “There are no layups, and Elon only gets additional voting rights if he delivers on bold market capitalization and operational goals.”

董事会主席罗宾·德霍姆上月致信股东称：该薪酬方案的“核心目标只有一个：加速特斯拉迈向新一轮非凡增长、创新与价值创造。没有易达成的指标，埃隆唯有达成远大的市值与运营目标，才能获得更多的投票权。”

Automakers around the world and their suppliers have begun scaling back production after a dispute over a Chinese-owned chipmaker in the Netherlands led to a shortage of the semiconductors needed to power the systems in vehicles.

荷兰一家中资芯片制造商引发的争端导致为汽车系统供电所需的半导体短缺，全球汽车制造商及其供应商因而开始减产。

Representatives from China and the European Union met on Tuesday in an effort to resolve the standoff, more than a month after the Dutch government seized control of the chipmaker, Nexperia. Beijing has halted deliveries of chips from its factories and criticized officials in the Netherlands for failing to work to find a resolution.

中国和欧盟的代表周二举行会晤，试图解决这一僵局。一个多月前，荷兰政府接管了这家名为安世的芯片制造商。北京方面叫停了中国工厂发货，并批评荷兰官员未能努力找到解决方案。

Efforts from Washington to try to resolve the dispute have failed, leaving more companies concerned they may be forced to halt production if a solution is not found soon.

华盛顿为解决争端所做的努力均以失败告终，更多公司担心，如果不能尽快找到解决方案，它们可能被迫停产。

Europe’s car industry has been the most vocal, but Nexperia makes thousands of chips used by other industries to make products like washing machines, vacuum cleaners, night vision devices, radars and tanks.

欧洲汽车行业对此反应最为强烈，但安世生产的数以千计种芯片还广泛应用于洗衣机、吸尘器、夜视设备、雷达及坦克等其他行业产品。

“I think there are very justified concerns about global manufacturing output being impacted if this can’t be resolved in the next few weeks,” said Chris Miller, author of the book “Chip War,” who reports widely on the semiconductor industry.

半导体行业资深报道者、《芯片战争》(Chip War)一书作者克里斯·米勒表示：“我认为，如果在未来几周内不能解决这个问题，对全球制造业产出受到影响的担忧是非常合理的。”

How did the chip dispute start?

这场芯片争端是如何开始的？

Nexperia, which has headquarters in the Netherlands, was bought by a Chinese company, Wingtech, in December 2019 and has since shipped basic, but necessary, chips to manufacturers around the world.

安世的总部位于荷兰，2019年12月被中国公司闻泰科技收购，此后一直向全球制造商供应基础但不可或缺的芯片。

In late September, the Dutch government took control of the company over what it said were concerns that more production could be moved to China from Europe. Documents from a court in Amsterdam showed that U.S. officials had pressured the Dutch government about the company’s ownership.

9月下旬，荷兰政府以担心更多生产可能从欧洲转移到中国为由接管该公司。阿姆斯特丹一家法院的文件显示，美国官员曾就该公司的所有权问题向荷兰政府施压。

Beijing responded by stopping export of the chips that are packaged at Nexperia’s factories there, sending automakers around the globe scrambling to secure supplies and warning about disruptions.

北京方面的回应是叫停了安世在华工厂封装芯片的出口，这使得全球汽车制造商纷纷争分夺秒地确保供应，并对供应链中断发出警告。

The White House announced on Saturday that as part of the trade deal between President Trump and the Chinese leader, Xi Jinping, shipments from Nexperia’s production sites in China would begin again. That has yet to happen.

白宫上周六宣布，作为特朗普总统和中国领导人习近平之间贸易协议的一部分，安世在中国的生产基地将恢复发货。但这尚未实现。

Some industry insiders have drawn parallels of the current situation to the shortages after economies around the world shut down during the coronavirus pandemic, while others have pointed to a significant difference.

一些业内人士将当前的情况与新冠疫情期间全球经济停摆后的芯片短缺相提并论，也有人指出了一个显著的不同之处。

“This is a politically induced situation,” Ola Källenius, chief executive of Mercedes-Benz, said on a call with analysts last week.

梅赛德斯-奔驰首席执行官康松林(Ola Källenius)上周在与分析师的电话会议上表示：“这是一个由政治因素引发的情况。”

去年在德国汉堡安世半导体生产线上的一块晶圆。

Why can’t the chips just be replaced?

为什么这些芯片不能被替代？

Semiconductors require a two-step production process. In Nexperia’s case, the front-end production takes place in Hamburg, Germany, while the back-end production, where the chips are completed and packaged, is done mostly in China.

半导体的生产过程需要两个步骤。以安世为例，其前端生产在德国汉堡进行，而芯片完成和封装的后端生产主要在中国进行。

To produce the chips in China, Wingtech would have to find wafers that were made locally, while Nexperia would need more options to finish the production outside China. The company already has some back-end production in Malaysia and the Philippines, but it is not enough to compensate for the loss of its Chinese sites.

要在中国生产芯片，闻泰科技必须找到本地生产的晶圆，而安世要想在中国以外的地方完成生产，也需要更多选项。该公司在马来西亚和菲律宾已经有一些后端生产，但这不足以弥补其中国工厂造成的损失。

Nexperia has the financial stability to make this happen, but it would take at least four to six months, said Antonia Hmaidi, a senior analyst at the Mercator Institute for China Studies in Berlin. On top of that, the chips have to be tested and receive certification before they can be used in cars.

柏林墨卡托中国研究学院的高级分析师安东尼娅·赫迈迪表示，安世有足够的财务稳定性来实现这一目标，但至少需要四到六个月的时间。除此之外，这些芯片在用于汽车之前必须经过检测和认证。

In recent years, analysts have warned that companies moving production to China should have a backup plan, even if it means higher operating costs to strengthen and diversify supply chains in case of an emergency.

近年来，分析师们一直警告称，将生产转移到中国的公司应该有一个备用计划，以防紧急情况，即便这意味着需承担更高运营成本来强化供应链韧性与多元化布局。

“This should be the latest wake-up call that anyone needs in terms of how far China is willing to go to protect its own companies,” Ms. Hmaidi said.

赫迈迪说：“这应该是最新的警钟，让所有人都知道中国愿意采取多么强烈的措施来保护自己的公司。”

Which carmakers are affected?

哪些汽车制造商受到了影响？

The necessity of Nexperia’s chips is reflected in the span of automakers announcing plans to curtail production. Mercedes, Stellantis and Nissan have set up task forces to help them figure out how to maintain production, while securing chips from other sources.

安世芯片的重要性体现在宣布减产计划的汽车制造商范围之广。梅赛德斯、斯特兰蒂斯和日产都成立了特别工作组，在寻求其他芯片来源的同时协助制定维持生产计划。

Bosch, Europe’s largest auto parts supplier, said the situation with Nexperia had presented “major challenges” that demanded flexibility. The company said that up to 1,000 of its employees at two factories in Germany might have to scale back to part-time work through a government-supported program that was also used during the pandemic.

欧洲最大的汽车零部件供应商博世表示，安世的情况带来了“重大挑战”，需要灵活应对。该公司表示，其在德国的两家工厂可能有多达1000名员工需要通过政府支持的计划转为兼职岗位，该计划在疫情期间也被使用过。

“We are using alternative sources of supply, optimizing inventory levels in our global manufacturing network and implementing technical alternatives,” said Inga Ehret, a spokeswoman for Bosch.

博世发言人英加·埃雷特表示：“我们正在使用替代供应源，优化我们全球制造网络中的库存水平，并实施技术替代方案。”

Nissan said on Wednesday that it would cut production at two plants in Japan because of the suspension of shipments from Nexperia. The company expects to have to “implement small-scale production adjustments involving several hundred units” at each factory starting next week, a spokeswoman said.

日产周三表示，由于安世暂停发货，将削减日本两家工厂的产量。发言人表示，预计下周起，每家工厂需“实施涉及数百辆车的微调生产计划”。

“The supply situation remains fluid, and we are monitoring developments closely,” she said. “Once supply stabilizes, we will recover quickly and ensure any impact on customer deliveries is minimized.”

她说：“供应情况仍然不稳定，我们正在密切关注事态发展。一旦供应稳定，我们将迅速恢复，将对客户交付的影响降到最低。”

The electric car pulling up to the conference hall was Chinese. The leader who stepped out was not.

驶抵会议大厅的电动车是中国的，但走下车的领导人却不是中国人。

The climate-friendly ride was carrying President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of Brazil, the host of this year’s U.N. Climate Change Conference, a gathering of dozens of world leaders in the Amazonian city of Belém.

这辆环保座驾承载的是巴西总统卢拉——今年联合国气候变化大会的主办国元首。这场汇聚了数十位世界领导人的会议在亚马孙城市贝伦召开。

The vehicle, a sleek black S.U.V. made by the Chinese automaker BYD, was part of a fleet of electric and hybrid cars assembled to shuttle delegations to the summit’s opening on Thursday, where they began negotiations on ways to cut emissions of planet-warming gases and slow down climate change.

这款流线型黑色SUV由中国车企比亚迪制造，属于为周四峰会开幕式准备的电动及混合动力车队。各国代表团乘坐这些车辆前往会场，就削减温室气体排放、减缓气候变化的方案展开谈判。

“We need to embrace a new way of life, a more just, resilient and low-carbon development model,” Mr. Lula said in his opening remarks on Thursday.

“我们需要拥抱一种新的生活方式，一种更公正、更具韧性且低碳的发展模式，”卢拉在周四的开幕致辞中表示。

That Brazil chose Chinese electric vehicles as the official means of transporting Mr. Lula and other world leaders sent a clear signal to many: In its quest to transform its roads and its economy, Latin America’s largest nation would be turning to China.

巴西选择中国电动车作为卢拉及其他世界领导人的官方用车，向许多人传递了明确信号：这个拉丁美洲最大的国家在寻求道路交通与经济转型之际，将目光投向中国。

The gesture highlighted the spectacular inroads that Chinese climate technologies have made in Brazil. It also underscored the absence of the United States at this year’s talks, known as COP30, which President Trump is not attending.

这一举措既凸显了中国气候技术在巴西取得的显著进展，也凸显了美国在今年这场名为COP30气候大会的缺席——特朗普总统并未出席。

“The world is moving on, even without U.S. political and technological leadership,” said Scott Kennedy, a senior adviser at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, a Washington research organization. “With these cars, Brazil is signaling that it has other options.”

“即便没有美国的政治与技术引领，世界仍在前行，”华盛顿智库战略与国际研究中心高级顾问斯科特·肯尼迪表示。“通过这些汽车，巴西在传递一个信息：它还有其他选择。”

Electric vehicles are widely seen as crucial in the fight against climate change because they reduce the world’s reliance on fossil fuels and eliminate emissions of carbon dioxide, the primary heat-trapping gas that’s warming Earth’s atmosphere.

电动车被广泛视为应对气候变化的关键力量，因为它们能减少全球对化石燃料的依赖，且不会排放二氧化碳——这种主要温室气体正导致地球大气升温。

While European and American automakers have struggled to pivot to making vehicles powered by electricity, China has gained ground by offering electric cars built with advanced technologies at lower prices than those of competitors like Tesla. This has made Chinese cars especially attractive in developing countries with less spending power.

当欧美车企仍在艰难转型电动车生产时，中国已凭借技术先进、价格低于特斯拉等竞争对手的电动车占据优势。这使得中国汽车在购买力较弱的发展中国家尤其具有吸引力。

China also controls the supply chains for the critical minerals that are needed to make the powerful batteries that go into these cars. The country is vying with United States for access to these strategic minerals, which are considered key to the technologies of the future and are also plentiful in Brazil and elsewhere in Latin America.

中国还掌控着电动车高性能电池所需关键矿产的供应链。这些被视为未来科技命脉的战略矿产在巴西及拉丁美洲其他地区储量丰富，正引发中美两国的激烈争夺。

Chinese electric cars have been rapidly gaining market share in Asia and Europe, now accounting for roughly two-thirds of the global market. In Brazil, the world’s sixth-largest car market, over 80 percent of electric vehicles sold are Chinese.

中国电动车已迅速抢占亚洲和欧洲市场份额，目前约占全球市场的三分之二。在全球第六大汽车市场巴西，售出的电动车中超过80%是中国品牌。

And Chinese automakers have made it clear that they have even bigger plans for Latin America.

中国车企也明确表示，它们对拉丁美洲有着更大的规划。

Last month, BYD inaugurated its biggest factory outside Asia, at a plant in Bahia State, in northeastern Brazil, that was once run by Ford. Also this year, GWM, another Chinese company, took over a massive plant that once belonged to the German automaker Mercedes-Benz. The plan is to sell the electric cars produced at these factories across Brazil and the rest of Latin America.

上个月，比亚迪在巴西东北部巴伊亚州启用了其在亚洲以外最大的工厂——该厂曾由福特运营。同样在今年，另一家中国企业长城汽车接管了一座曾隶属于德国车企梅赛德斯-奔驰的大型工厂。这些工厂生产的电动车计划销往巴西及拉丁美洲其他地区。

It is already clear whether electric vehicles are leaving a mark on Brazilian cities, including in Belém, a port city of 1.3 million near the mouth of the Amazon River that is frequently choked by traffic.

在贝伦等巴西城市，电动汽车的普及已带来显著变化。这座拥有130万人口的港口城市位于亚马孙河口附近，常年饱受交通拥堵困扰。

On a weekday just before the summit kicked off, the streets were gridlocked, but the clouds of exhaust were thinner than they had once been. The roads were dotted with electric cars, humming quietly in the midday traffic. Dignitaries zipped around in convoys made up of GWM pickup trucks, their windows frosted by air-conditioning. Electric buses shuttled passengers around the city.

峰会召开前的一个工作日，贝伦的街道依旧拥堵，但尾气烟雾较以往稀薄了许多。道路上随处可见电动车，在正午的车流中安静行驶。政要们乘坐由长城皮卡组成的车队穿梭往来，车窗因空调制冷凝结着雾气。电动巴士在城里穿梭，运送乘客。

“This technology is transforming the whole world,” Mr. Kennedy said. “And China has jumped into this space.”

“这项技术正在改变整个世界，”肯尼迪表示，“而中国已迅速切入这一领域。”

They called the police. They showed their wounds. They begged for protection.

她们报了警。她们展示了伤口。她们恳求保护。

But when two women in China tried to escape their violent husbands, the system that promised to protect them looked the other way, until it was too late. One woman died from being beaten. The other woman was left severely injured.

但当两名中国女性试图逃离施暴的丈夫时，那个承诺保护她们的体系却视而不见，直到为时已晚。一名女性被殴打致死。另一名女性身受重伤。

Their stories rippled across the Chinese internet, setting off a wave of anger over how the authorities treat domestic violence as a private family matter, even as state media has called for “zero tolerance” of abuses.

她们的故事在中国互联网上迅速传播，引发了愤怒，人们对当局将家庭暴力视为家庭私事的处理方式表示不满，尽管官方媒体已呼吁对虐待行为“零容忍”。

China’s leader, Xi Jinping, said the country needed to “resolutely combat all forms of violence against women” when he spoke at a global summit for women in Beijing last month. But he has also fostered a culture that emphasizes women’s traditional role at home, creating a reluctance among the police and courts to break families apart even when there is violence.

中国领导人习近平在上个月北京举行的全球妇女峰会上表示，国家需要“坚决打击针对妇女的一切形式的暴力行为”。但他也培养了一种强调女性传统家庭角色的文化，这导致警方和法院即使在存在暴力时也不愿拆散家庭。

c. A crackdown on nonprofit groups has made things worse by shutting down volunteers who once helped to provide aid and support to victims of domestic abuse.

活动人士表示，法律执行不一致导致大多数涉案者未受惩罚。对非营利组织的打压让情况变得更糟，曾经为家庭暴力受害者提供援助和支持的志愿者无法继续工作。

One of the cases that prompted the latest outcry was Zhang Liping, a woman who died in September at the age of 43 from fatal injuries after a beating by her ex-husband.

引发最新抗议的案件之一是张丽萍案，她于9月因前夫殴打伤重不治，年仅43岁。

According to reports in Chinese state-owned media, both the police in Yingkou, a county in Liaoning Province, where the assault took place, and the local branch of the women’s federation, a group appointed and run by the government to represent women’s interests, were aware of the abuse but failed to intervene to protect her.

根据中国官方媒体报道，事发地点在辽宁省营口县，当地警方以及政府任命并管理的妇女权益代表团体——当地妇联——均知晓虐待行为，但未能介入保护她。

Her older daughter, Yu Xinmeng, said on social media before her mother died that she had called the police several times over the years. As she sought public donations to cover her mother’s medical bills, Ms. Yu made public her mother’s hospital records, divorce certificate, police paperwork and multiple photos showing her mother’s face, so swollen from beatings that she couldn’t open her eyes fully.

她的长女于欣萌在母亲去世前在社交媒体上表示，多年来她曾多次报警。在为母亲的医疗费用寻求公众捐款时，于女士公开了母亲的医院记录、离婚证、警方文件以及多张照片，照片显示母亲的脸因殴打肿胀到无法完全睁开眼睛。

The women’s federation in the county of Yingkou confirmed to the Nanjing-based Modern Express news outlet that it had received a call for help from Ms. Zhang’s daughter and told her it could only provide “counseling and legal advice.” The group looked into financial assistance for Ms. Zhang but determined she wasn’t eligible because she was from Heilongjiang Province and not from Yingkou.

营口县妇联向南京《现代快报》确认，曾接到张女士女儿的求助电话，并告知只能提供“心理疏导和法律咨询”。该组织调查了为张女士提供经济援助的可能性，但因她户籍在黑龙江省而非营口，判定她不符合条件。

Ms. Yu, the daughter, didn’t respond to requests for comment. Multiple phone calls to the Yingkou women’s federation went unanswered, and the local police refused to comment.

于女士未回应置评请求。记者多次致电营口妇联亦无人接听，当地警方则拒绝置评。

China has a wide-ranging anti-domestic violence law that was signed into law in 2016 and covers both physical and emotional abuse, and includes legal tools that authorities can use, like protection orders and mechanisms for reported cases to be expedited.

中国有一部范围广泛的反家庭暴力法，于2016年生效，涵盖身体和精神虐待行为，并规定了当局可使用的法律工具，如人身安全保护令以及加快处理报案的机制。

“The law on paper is quite advanced,” said Xin He, a law professor at the University of Hong Kong. But when it comes to enforcement of the law, the authorities are failing many victims, and there are not enough social workers to support victims,” Professor He said.

“纸面上的法律相当先进，”香港大学法学教授贺欣说。但在法律执行方面，当局让许多受害者失望，而且缺乏足够的社会工作者来支持受害者，”他说。

“The system has a lot of inadequacies, which is why you see a lot of women that feel so helpless.”

“这个体系存在很多不足，这就是为什么你会看到很多女性感到如此无助。”

The police are not given proper training to handle domestic violence and the courts get tangled up in administrative hurdles.

警方缺乏处理家暴的专业培训，法院则常受行政程序掣肘。

In cities where there are more resources available, support for victims of domestic violence — typically women in abusive marriages — often clashes with the broader goal of the Communist Party to promote marriage and childbearing to raise the falling birth rate.

在资源较丰富的城市，对家暴受害者——通常是遭受婚姻虐待的女性——的支持往往与共产党推动婚育、提升下降的人口出生率这一更广泛目标相冲突。

Victims are encouraged to talk to their neighborhood committee, made up of low-level government workers who tend to deal more with day-to-day issues like garbage disposal. Then the local women’s federation will get involved, together with the police.

当局鼓励受害者联系居委会，该委员会由基层政府工作人员组成，通常负责处理垃圾清理等日常事务。随后当地妇联会连同警方一起介入。

辽宁营口的一条街道。营口一家旨在帮助女性的政府部门在接到多次求助后表示无法帮助张女士，因为她的户籍在其他省份。

“When the police intervene, then they will emphasize staying in the marriage. The police often see their role as a mediator,” said Minglu Chen, a senior lecturer at the University of Sydney who studies gender and politics in China. “There are also cultural forces in China, because the family is seen as a source of stability and any wrongdoing that happens within the family, you have to keep it in the family.”

“警方介入时，会强调维持婚姻。警方往往视自己为调解者，”悉尼大学研究中国性别与政治的高级讲师陈明璐说。“中国还有文化因素，因为家庭被视为社会稳定的基石，发生在家庭内的任何不当行为都必须留在家庭内部。”

At two homeless shelters in Shanghai that are also meant to accommodate victims of domestic violence, workers told reporters from The New York Times that a person fleeing abuse had to first contact the local women’s federation to be allowed to stay there.

在上海两家同时承担家暴受害者庇护职能的流浪者收容所，工作人员告诉《纽约时报》记者，逃离虐待者必须先联系当地妇联才能入住。

Neither shelter was able to say how one should reach such an official. One worker at a shelter in the district of Huangpu said they had never housed any victims of domestic violence.

两家收容所均无法说明如何联系此类官员。黄浦区一家收容所的工作人员表示，他们从未收容过任何家暴受害者。

A local Shanghai women’s federation did not respond to repeated requests for comment.

上海当地妇联未回应多次置评请求。

A week after Ms. Zhang died, the details of another case of abuse, 1,500 miles away in the southwestern city of Chengdu, emerged. A woman named Ms. Xie, who chose not to disclose her first name, told state broadcaster CCTV she was attacked by her husband more than a dozen times over her three-year marriage and that she had repeatedly asked the police to detain him.

张女士去世一周后，另一起虐待案件的细节在2400公里外的西南城市成都浮出水面。一名选择不透露全名的谢女士告诉CCTV，她在三年婚姻中被丈夫殴打十几次，曾多次要求警方拘留他。

In April 2023, she went to a court in Chengdu to seek a restraining order but was turned away. The court argued that the case was outside its jurisdiction because her husband was not originally from Chengdu.

2023年4月，她前往成都一家法院申请人身安全保护令，但被拒。法院称因其丈夫并非成都户籍，案件不在其管辖范围内。

Only 6,351 restraining orders were issued in 2024 across more than 3,000 courts nationwide. This amounted to an average of just two orders per court, according to a calculation by CCTV.

根据央视计算，2024年全国3000多家法院仅发出6351份人身安全保护令，平均每家法院仅两份。

When her husband found out that Ms. Xie had applied for a restraining order, he beat her for hours. She was sent to a hospital the next day, where doctors found that her liver, kidney and small intestine had ruptured. Her injuries, which included a broken nose and ribs, left her in critical condition for a week.

当得知谢女士申请保护令后，其丈夫将她殴打数小时。她次日被送往医院，医生发现她的肝脏、肾脏和小肠破裂。包括鼻梁骨和肋骨骨折在内的伤势让她在重症监护室度过了一周时间。

In interviews with state media, and in videos on her social media account, Ms. Xie said that in addition to calling the police six times, she had sought help from the local women’s federation, the civil affairs bureau, her residential committee and the local court. She was given the contact of a divorce lawyer, told how to apply for a restraining order and handed some paperwork to start the divorce process.

在接受官方媒体采访以及其社交媒体账号的视频中，谢女士表示，除了报警六次，她还向当地妇联、民政局、居委会和当地法院求助。她获得了一位离婚律师的联系方式、申请保护令的指导，以及启动离婚程序的一些文件。

Her husband was arrested five days after she was sent to the hospital. The court finally granted a divorce a year later in May 2024. The man, He Zhongyang, now her ex-husband, was sentenced to 11 years in prison several months later for “causing grievous physical harm with intent.”

在她入院五天后，其丈夫被捕。法院最终于2024年5月批准离婚。现在是她前夫的何忠阳数月后因“故意造成严重身体伤害”被判处11年监禁。

Her ex-husband had recently appealed his sentence, and a Chengdu court rejected the appeal on Sept. 9. Ms. Xie had urged the court to hand down the death penalty.

他对判决提出上诉，成都一家法院于9月9日驳回上诉。谢女士曾提请法院判处死刑。

But, she told Chinese media, she respected the ruling.

但她对中国媒体表示，她尊重裁决。

“It’s OK,” she later said in a video posted to her social media account. Looking directly into the camera, she gave a thumbs up. “I have survived another day. That is already very impressive.”

“没关系，”她随后在社交媒体账号发布的一段视频中说道。她直视着镜头，竖起大拇指。“我又活了一天。这已经很了不起了。”

A year ago, President Trump won the White House promising to fix the economy. On Tuesday, Republican losses delivered a reminder of the high political price that the party in power pays when voters are still feeling squeezed.

一年前，特朗普总统以振兴经济的竞选承诺入主白宫。而在周二，共和党在选举中的失利提醒人们：当选民仍然感受到经济压力时，执政党要付出高昂的政治代价。

Mr. Trump himself was not on the ballot, and he never held rallies in either of the states where new governors were elected on Tuesday. But the president was still a central character in the campaigns, a mainstay of the Democrats’ advertising and their arguments on the stump.

特朗普本人不在选票上，也未在周二举行州长选举的两个州举办集会。但总统依然是选战的核心人物——既是民主党广告中的常客，也是他们在竞选演讲中反复抨击的对象。

Democratic victories in New Jersey and Virginia were built on promises to address the sky-high cost of living in those states while blaming Mr. Trump and his allies for all that ails those places. In New York City, the sudden rise of Mayor-elect Zohran Mamdani, the democratic socialist with an ambitious agenda to lower the cost of living, put a punctuation mark on affordability as a political force in 2025.

民主党在新泽西州和弗吉尼亚州的胜利建立在解决当地生活成本高企的承诺之上，同时也将这些困境归咎于特朗普及其盟友。在纽约市，候任市长、民主社会主义者佐兰·马姆达尼的迅速崛起——他提出雄心勃勃的计划以降低生活成本——更是凸显出民生关切已经成为2025年的政治核心议题。

The results on Tuesday came after a drumbeat of polls showing that Mr. Trump and the Republican Party have seen their longtime edge on management of the economy evaporate.

此次选举结果出炉前，多项民调持续显示特朗普与共和党长期以来的经济治理优势已荡然无存。

“Exactly one year ago we had that big beautiful victory, exactly one year,” Mr. Trump said on Wednesday at a breakfast with Republican senators at the White House. “And last night it was not expected to be a victory — it was very Democrat areas — but I don’t think it was good for Republicans.”

“就在一年前，我们取得了那场美丽而巨大的胜利，整整一年，”特朗普周三在白宫与共和党参议员共进早餐时说道，“而昨晚，我们本来就不被看好——那些地方非常偏向民主党——但我认为结果对共和党并不理想。”

Mr. Trump’s own meandering focus on the economy has given plenty of fodder to Democrats. He tore down the East Wing for a new ballroom, lavishly remodeled the Lincoln bathroom, paved over the Rose Garden for a patio like the one at Mar-a-Lago and threw a “Great Gatsby”-esque Halloween party with the theme “a little party never killed nobody” during a government shutdown and on the eve of cuts to food assistance.

特朗普本人对经济的漫不经心也为民主党人提供了大量攻击素材。在政府停摆期间及食物补助削减前夕，他斥资拆除白宫东翼建造新舞厅，奢华装潢林肯卫生间，将玫瑰园铺砌成马阿拉歌庄园风格的露台，还以“偶尔放纵一下没什么大不了”为主题举办了《了不起的盖茨比》式万圣节派对。

“Trump is indifferent to the pain American families are feeling,” said Representative Suzan DelBene of Washington, who is leading the campaign arm of House Democrats headed into the 2026 midterms.

来自华盛顿州的联邦众议员苏珊·德尔本表示：“美国家庭正在承受痛苦，而特朗普对此无动于衷。”她正领导众议院民主党人备战2026年中期选举的竞选工作。

Only 30 percent of voters believe Mr. Trump has lived up to their expectations for tackling inflation and the cost of living, according to a recent NBC News poll, his lowest mark for any issue asked. And a meager 27 percent of voters in a CNN poll in late October said Mr. Trump’s policies had improved the country’s economic conditions — less than half of those who thought he had made matters worse.

据美国全国广播公司最新民调显示，仅30%的选民认为特朗普在应对通胀和生活成本方面达到预期，这是他在所有议题中得分最低的一项。美国有线电视新闻网10月底民调更揭示，仅27%的选民认为特朗普的政策改善了国家经济状况——这一比例不到认为他让情况变得更糟选民人数的一半。

“Trump promised to lower costs on Day 1,” Ms. DelBene said. “It’s a big broken promise from the Republican Party.”

“特朗普曾承诺上任第一天就会降低生活成本，”德尔本说。“这是共和党最大的失信承诺之一。”

Abigail Spanberger, a Democratic former congresswoman, flipped the governorship of Virginia with a campaign highlighting the fallout for the state’s economy from Mr. Trump’s efforts to dismantle parts of the federal government. Mikie Sherrill, a four-term congresswoman, won with a platform that prominently included a Day 1 promise to declare a state of emergency on utility costs and freeze rates.

民主党前众议员阿比盖尔·斯潘伯格在弗吉尼亚州长竞选中，通过强调特朗普瓦解部分联邦政府机构对该州经济造成的冲击，成功实现政党轮替。四届众议员米基·谢里尔则以上任首日宣布公用事业成本进入紧急状态并冻结收费为核心政纲赢得选举。

Both won by double digits.

两人都以两位数的优势胜出。

阿比盖尔·斯潘伯格在弗吉尼亚州州长选举中为民主党赢得胜利，她的竞选重点之一是强调特朗普削减联邦政府员工规模如何损害了该州。新泽西州州长选举的民主党获胜者米基·谢里尔在竞选中也重点强调了生活成本和民生关切议题。

The New Jersey race was especially revealing because the Republican nominee, Jack Ciattarelli, had tried to tap into the same frustration that voters have about the economic status quo — and direct that rage at Democrats who control the state government. But ads that had attacked Ms. Sherrill as “more of the same but worse” ultimately fell flat.

新泽西州的选情尤其能说明问题——共和党候选人杰克·恰塔雷利试图利用选民对经济现状的同等不满，将矛头引向控制州政府的民主党人。但攻击谢里尔“换汤不换药，甚至更糟糕”的广告最终未能奏效。

Kiersten Pels, a Republican National Committee spokeswoman, said that “these off-year races in deep-blue states aren’t predictors of 2026.” She insisted that voters still trusted Mr. Trump and that Democrats had gone “far left.”

共和党全国委员会发言人柯尔斯滕·佩尔斯声称：“这些深蓝州的非大选年角逐并不能预示2026年的选情。”她坚称选民依然信任特朗普，并指责民主党已“走得太左了”。

Mr. Mamdani’s rise from obscurity to national stardom showed the mobilizing power of affordability for Democrats. He used a campaign centered on specific and sweeping promises to defeat a once-powerful former governor, Andrew M. Cuomo.

马姆达尼从默默无闻到全国明星的崛起展示出民生关切议题对民主党选民的动员力量。他通过以具体而全面的承诺为核心的竞选纲领，击败了曾权倾一时的前州长安德鲁·科莫。

佐兰·马姆达尼在竞选中高度聚焦生活成本议题，有效动员了纽约市选民前往投票。

And Mr. Mamdani contrasted his own economic focus with the president’s wandering eye on the topic, at times saying that Mr. Trump had won on three promises in 2024 — to punish his enemies, do mass deportations and ease the cost of living — but only followed through on the first two.

马姆达尼在竞选中将自己对经济问题的专注与总统在这一议题上的心猿意马形成对比，他不时地指出，特朗普在2024年凭借三项承诺赢得大选——惩罚敌人、大规模驱逐移民以及降低生活成本——但最终只兑现了前两项。

Robert Blizzard, a Republican pollster, warned his party not to dismiss Mr. Mamdani and his “laserlike focus on” affordability even as Republican strategists were eager to make the 34-year-old democratic socialist the next face of the Democratic Party.

共和党民调专家罗伯特·布利泽德警告同僚，尽管共和党策略师们急于把这位34岁的民主社会主义者塑造成民主党的新面孔，但不要轻视马姆达尼及其对民生议题“激光般的专注”。

“Don’t just chalk up a Mamdani win to a woke candidate winning a woke city,” Mr. Blizzard said. “This is the wake-up call for policymakers on both sides of the aisle about the importance of focusing your campaigns on cost and affordability.”

“不要把马姆达尼的胜利简单归结为一个觉醒派候选人赢得了一个觉醒城市，”布利泽德说，“这对两党政策制定者都是一个警钟——提醒他们必须把竞选重点放在生活成本与民生关切上。”

In Washington, congressional Democrats have opened a front in the affordability wars through a government shutdown that is now the longest in American history. Senate Democrats are so far refusing to vote to reopen the government unless Republicans and Mr. Trump agree to address health care costs that are rising as federal subsidies lapse.

在华盛顿，国会民主党人正通过创下美国史上最长纪录的政府停摆开辟出民生关切之战的新战线。参议院民主党人迄今拒绝投票让政府重新开门，除非共和党人与特朗普同意解决因联邦补贴到期而持续攀升的医疗费用。

But the political dynamics at play on Tuesday were simple and familiar.

但周二展现的政治态势其实简单而熟悉。

Voters are unhappy about the economy and are starting to blame Republicans instead of Democrats.

选民对经济感到不满，开始把责任从民主党转向共和党。

众议院少数党领袖、众议员哈基姆·杰弗里斯上周在华盛顿。周二深夜他在CNN表示：“民生关切就是今天选票上的核心议题，而民主党在全美都取得了胜利。”

In some ways, Mr. Trump is in the unenviable position that Democrats were in a year ago, urging voters not to believe their own eyes — or wallets — when it comes to the economy.

在某种程度上，特朗普正陷入一年前民主党人的窘境——在经济议题上试图让选民不要相信自己的切身感受。

“We have no inflation,” Mr. Trump insisted on “60 Minutes” on Sunday. (There is inflation.)

“我们没有通货膨胀，”特朗普周日在《60分钟》节目中坚称。（实际上确实存在通胀。）

“Our groceries are down,” he said. (Grocery prices are up.)

“我们的食品杂货价格下降了，”他说。（实际上食品杂货价格上涨了。）

“No, we’re in great shape,” Mr. Trump pushed back at another point in the interview. “This country is in great shape. We’re ready to really rock.”

“不是的，我们的经济形势很好，”特朗普在采访的另一处反驳道。“这个国家状况很好，我们准备好大干一场了。”

Polls show voters feel otherwise.

但民调显示，选民并不这么认为。

“People aren’t dummy,” Senator Chris Murphy, Democrat of Connecticut, said in an interview. “They know prices aren’t going down.”

康涅狄格州民主党参议员克里斯·墨菲在采访中直言：“民众不是傻瓜，他们清楚物价根本没有下降。”

This doesn’t mean voters suddenly trust Democrats — the party’s approval stood at 29 percent in the recent CNN survey. But it does mean that Republicans have lost the benefit of the doubt.

这并不意味着选民突然开始信任民主党——根据最近的CNN调查，该党的支持率为29%。但这确实意味着选民不再愿意姑且相信共和党是对的。

Just two years ago, in September 2023, voters gave Republicans a roughly 20-percentage-point edge on the economy in an NBC poll. Now, Democrats and Republicans are statistically tied.

就在两年前的2023年9月，NBC民调显示选民在经济议题上对共和党的信任度领先约20个百分点。如今，两党在该领域的支持率不相上下。

Mr. Trump in particular has been trusted by voters on economic matters ever since he entered the political scene, with a reputation built on a decade of hosting the popular television show “The Apprentice” and the image of a decisive businessman.

自从特朗普进入政坛以来，他在经济事务上尤其受到选民信任，这种声誉建立在他主持长达十年的热门电视节目《学徒》以及他“果断商人”的形象之上。

Democrats have been seeking to chip away at the gains that Mr. Trump made among working-class voters in 2024 ever since he was sworn in surrounded by some of the world’s richest men: Elon Musk of Tesla, Jeff Bezos of Amazon, Mark Zuckerberg of Meta and Sundar Pichai of Google among them.

但自他在特斯拉的马斯克、亚马逊的贝佐斯、Meta的扎克伯格及谷歌的皮查伊等全球顶级富豪簇拥下宣誓就职起，民主党一直在削弱他在2024年从工人阶级选民那里获得的支持。

“Our focus on an economic agenda is — it’s certainly deliberate,” Ken Martin, the chairman of the Democratic National Committee, said in an interview.

民主党全国委员会主席肯·马丁在采访中坦言：“我们聚焦经济议程，这无疑是经过深思熟虑的。”

Republicans are hardly ceding the affordability fight. In an election eve rally by phone, Mr. Trump had framed Mr. Ciattarelli as the “cost of living” candidate.

共和党并未退出民生关切之战。特朗普在选前的电话集会上，将恰塔雷利塑造为“生活成本”议题的代言人。

And in Washington, Mr. Trump certainly has an economic agenda.

在华盛顿，特朗普也确实推行着自己的经济议程。

He has pushed sweeping tariffs as a panacea for America’s economic troubles. While his sweeping fees on imports have not caused the market blowback that many economists had predicted, they do say that the tariffs are raising prices for American consumers. A Goldman Sachs report said consumers were bearing a majority of the costs last month.

他力主将全面关税作为解决美国经济困境的灵丹妙药。虽然这些高额进口税并未引发许多经济学家所预测的市场反弹，但他们表示，这些关税正在推高美国消费者的物价。高盛的一份报告指出，上月大部分关税成本实际由消费者承担。

Congressional Republicans also passed and Mr. Trump signed a sweeping domestic policy bill that slashed taxes and made cuts to Medicaid and other social programs.

国会的共和党人还通过并由特朗普签署了一项全面的国内政策法案，削减税收并对医疗补助计划和其他社会项目进行削减。

But after polling showed that the legislation was unpopular with voters, Republicans not-so-subtly rebranded it from the One Big Beautiful Bill to the Working Families Tax Cut Act.

但在民调显示该立法在选民中极不受欢迎后，共和党人悄然将“大而美法案”改名为“工薪家庭减税法案”。

In public, President Trump has spent weeks disparaging Zohran Mamdani as an extremist, a communist and a danger to New York City.

在公开场合，特朗普总统已连续数周诋毁佐兰·马姆达尼，称其为极端分子、共产主义者，是纽约市的威胁。

He has also insisted he is “much better looking” than the 34-year-old Mr. Mamdani.

他还坚称自己比34岁的马姆达尼“好看多了”。

But in private, Mr. Trump has described Mr. Mamdani, now the mayor-elect of New York City, as a talented politician, calling him slick and a good talker, according to two people who discussed the president’s comments on condition of anonymity.

但据两名要求匿名透露总统言论的人士称，私下里，特朗普称这位纽约市候任市长是有才华的政治人士，认为他机敏善辩。

Despite the grudging compliment, the two men appear to be headed for a showdown, pitting the young democratic socialist against a president who has already treated him as a useful foil. For Mr. Trump, the mayor-elect is the face of Democratic opposition; just hours after Mr. Mamdani’s once-improbable victory, the president said that Democrats were “crazy” and so was “Mamdani, or whatever the hell his name is.”

尽管有这份不情愿的赞赏，两人似乎正走向对峙——这位年轻的民主社会主义者将与一位早已将其视为绝佳靶子的总统展开较量。对特朗普而言，这位候任市长是民主党反对势力的代表；就在马姆达尼上演这场看似不可能的胜利数小时后，总统便称民主党人“疯了”，“马姆达尼，或者管他叫什么鬼名字”也是一样。

Mr. Trump’s aides and allies acknowledge that Mr. Mamdani and New York City are likely to be the next targets of the president’s attacks, even as some caution that Mr. Trump has a vested interest in New York’s financial success because of his multiple real estate holdings.

特朗普的助手和盟友承认，马姆达尼与纽约市很可能成为总统下一轮攻击目标，但也有部分人提醒，由于特朗普在纽约拥有多处房地产资产，纽约的经济繁荣与他的既得利益息息相关。

On Wednesday, Mr. Trump even said he might “help him a little bit maybe” because he wanted New York City to succeed.

周三，特朗普甚至表示，或许会“稍微帮他一把”，因为他希望纽约市能取得成功。

Still, the president has already threatened to withhold federal money “other than the very minimum as required” from the city, although he cannot legally hold back money that Congress has authorized, with narrow exceptions. (When the administration has tried to withhold federal funds from cities over immigration policy, it has consistently lost in court.)

即便如此，总统已威胁要扣留联邦资金，“除法律规定的最低限额外”不再拨款给该市。不过除少数特殊情况外，他无权扣留国会已批准的资金。（此前政府曾因移民政策试图扣留部分城市的联邦资金，但在法庭上屡屡败诉。）

There are dozens of different funding streams to New York City from the federal government including money for health care, transportation and law enforcement, and if the administration were to withhold expected funds for any of those, it would most likely result in a lawsuit.

联邦政府向纽约市提供了数十项拨款，涵盖医疗、交通和执法等领域。若政府扣留其中任何一项预期的经费，大概率会引发诉讼。

Mr. Mamdani, for his part, seems ready for that fight. In his victory speech, he challenged Mr. Trump directly, vowing to fight back against federal efforts to meddle in New York.

而马姆达尼方面似乎已做好应战准备。在胜选演讲中，他直接向特朗普发起挑战，誓言反击联邦政府对纽约内部事务的干涉。

“So Donald Trump, since I know you’re watching, I have four words for you,” he said, taunting the TV-watching president. “Turn the volume up.”

“唐纳德·特朗普，我知道你在看，我有句话要对你说，”他向这位爱看电视的总统发出挑衅，“把音量开大点。”

特朗普总统周三在迈阿密发表演讲时继续抨击马姆达尼。但他同时表示，或许会“稍微帮帮”这位候任市长。

(The White House press secretary, Karoline Leavitt, later confirmed that Mr. Trump was, indeed, watching.)

（白宫新闻秘书卡罗琳·莱维特随后证实，特朗普当时确实在观看这场演讲。）

Mr. Mamdani said that he would not be cowed by the president’s threats and that New York City would provide the playbook for how to defeat Mr. Trump and his political movement.

马姆达尼表示，他不会被总统的威胁吓倒，并称纽约市将为击败特朗普及其政治运动提供行动指南。

“So hear me, President Trump, when I say this: To get to any of us, you will have to get through all of us,” he said.

“听我说，特朗普总统，”他说。“想动我们中的任何一个人，都得先过我们所有人这一关。”

Mr. Mamdani may have few, if any, levers to fight back against the Trump administration other than litigation. The mayor-elect has vowed to hire 200 additional lawyers to the city’s law department, partly to stand up to what his campaign described as “presidential excess.”

要对抗特朗普政府，马姆达尼除发起诉讼外也没有什么别的办法。这位候任市长承诺将为市政法律部门增聘200名律师，部分原因正是要抵御其竞选中所称的“总统权力滥用”。

In his second term, Mr. Trump has repeatedly shown his willingness, and at times eagerness, to use the levers of the federal government to exact revenge on his opponents. He has already cut billions of dollars in federal grants to states and cities run by Democrats, including New York City. He has sent the National Guard into Democratic-run cities against their wishes. And he has instructed the Justice Department to prosecute his political opponents, including the attorney general of New York.

特朗普在第二任期内屡次展现出利用联邦政府权力报复政敌的意愿，有时甚至显得急切。他削减数十亿美元联邦拨款，目标直指纽约市等民主党执政的州和城市；他不顾民主党城市意愿派遣国民警卫队进驻；他还指示司法部起诉政治对手，包括纽约州总检察长。

But some allies of the president privately said Mr. Mamdani’s victory could prove useful to Mr. Trump, allowing him to replicate a playbook he has long deployed to demonize Democratic leaders — such as former House Speaker Nancy Pelosi; Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Democrat of New York; and George Soros, the billionaire supporter of Democrats — to further his political agenda.

但总统的一些盟友私下表示，马姆达尼的胜选对特朗普可能反而有好处，使他得以再次使用长期用于妖魔化民主党领袖的套路——例如他对前众议院议长南希·佩洛西、纽约民主党众议员亚历山德里娅·奥卡西奥-科尔特斯，以及民主党亿万富翁支持者乔治·索罗斯采取的行动——从而推进其政治议程。

Since Mr. Mamdani won a surprise victory in the Democratic primary, Mr. Trump and his allies have tagged him as the future of the party, seeking to paint the Democratic Party as extreme. On Wednesday, as Mr. Trump assailed Democrats for allowing transgender women and girls to compete in women’s sports, the president lumped Mr. Mamdani into the fold.

自从马姆达尼在民主党初选中爆冷获胜以来，特朗普及其盟友便将其塑造成该党的未来代表，试图将民主党描绘成极端势力。周三，当特朗普抨击民主党允许跨性别女性和女孩参加女子体育赛事时，也将马姆达尼归入了同一阵营。

“He thinks it’s wonderful to have men playing in women’s sports,” Mr. Trump said.

“他觉得让男性参加女子体育赛事很棒，”特朗普说。

Mr. Mamdani has promised to defend the rights of transgender New Yorkers and to make the city a “sanctuary city” for L.G.B.T.Q. residents in the face of Mr. Trump’s policies targeting transgender people. He has not explicitly addressed the athletes issue, and a spokeswoman pointed to his record.

面对特朗普针对跨性别群体的政策，马姆达尼承诺将捍卫纽约跨性别者的权利，并使纽约成为LGBTQ居民的“庇护城市”。他尚未明确就运动员问题表态，其发言人仅提及他的过往言论。

Mr. Mamdani — who says he is a democratic socialist, not a communist — seems unafraid of mixing it up with the president, and on Wednesday morning, he dismissed concerns that he had sought to provoke Mr. Trump in his victory speech.

马姆达尼称自己是民主社会主义者，而非共产主义者。他似乎并不畏惧与总统针锋相对，周三上午，他淡化了外界对他在胜选演讲中刻意挑衅特朗普的质疑。

“I will work with the president if he wants to work together to deliver on his campaign promises of cheaper groceries or a lower cost of living,” the mayor-elect said in an interview on NY1. But, he repeated, “if the president looks to come after the people of this city, then I will be there standing up for them every step of the way.”

“如果总统愿意合作，兑现他竞选时关于食品杂货降价或降低生活成本的承诺，我会和他合作，”候任市长在接受NY1采访时表示，“但如果他想打压这座城市的民众，那我会全程挺身捍卫他们。”

David Axelrod, a Democratic strategist and a longtime adviser to former President Barack Obama, said some of Mr. Mamdani’s comments about Mr. Trump were “unnecessary playground stuff.”

民主党策略师、前总统奥巴马的长期顾问戴维·阿克塞尔罗德表示，马姆达尼关于特朗普的部分言论属于“没必要的校园操场式挑衅”。

“I don’t think that getting into a trolling contest with Trump is a very valuable thing to do, but standing firm when he is essentially waging a war on the city, that I think is required,” he said. “The question is: How do you challenge the president and still leave room for the idea that you’re going to be mayor for the whole city?”

“我认为，和特朗普陷入网络挑衅没什么意义，但当他实质上向这座城市宣战时，坚决反击是必要的，”他说。“关键问题在于：如何在挑战总统的同时，还能守住为全市服务的市长理念？”

Mr. Trump, a born-and-raised New Yorker, is deeply concerned with the city’s affairs. His advisers tried to meddle in the race to sink Mr. Mamdani, though they were unsuccessful, and Mr. Trump campaigned for president multiple times in New York City last year, even though its residents reliably support Democrats.

特朗普是土生土长的纽约人，对纽约市事务一直非常关注。他的顾问曾试图干预选举，阻挠马姆达尼当选，但未能成功；去年特朗普多次在纽约市开展总统竞选活动，尽管该市选民向来支持民主党。

And so, some of the president’s allies in New York are encouraging him to take a more diplomatic approach to the city.

因此，特朗普在纽约的部分盟友鼓励他对这座城市采取更圆滑的态度。

John Catsimatidis, a billionaire grocery and oil magnate in New York, said he told the president not to hold back money that would help New Yorkers. He also said he did not think the president needed to send the military into the city. Instead, he recommended to Mr. Trump that the federal government closely monitor all federal funds that are distributed to New York City.

纽约食品和石油大亨、亿万富翁约翰·卡齐马蒂迪斯表示，他已告知总统，不要扣留那些能帮到纽约民众的资金，也认为总统没必要向纽约派遣军队，而是建议特朗普让联邦政府密切监控拨给纽约市的所有联邦资金。

“They’re not going to send him money and allow him to spend it the way he is going to want,” he said, adding, “I think he’ll monitor the situation very closely because he cares about New York.”

“他们不会给他钱，然后让他随心所欲地花，”他还说。“我认为总统会密切关注情况，因为他在乎纽约。”

The French government said on Wednesday that it was suspending access to the online retailer Shein until the company proved that its content complied with French laws, after the discovery this week of child pornography sex dolls posted for sale on its site drew nationwide furor.

法国政府周三表示，暂停在线零售商Shein的访问权限，直至该公司证明其内容符合法国法律，此前该网站于本周被发现上架销售儿童色情题材性爱玩偶，引发全国公愤。

The crackdown, ordered by Prime Minister Sébastien Lecornu, added to a ballooning controversy over Shein in France. The company on Wednesday opened a store in Paris, its first brick-and-mortar location in the world, drawing throngs of protesters and shoppers alike to a chaotic scene.

这项整治行动由法国总理塞巴斯蒂安·勒科尔尼下令，它使得Shein在法国的争议进一步升级。周三，Shein在巴黎开设了全球首家实体店，吸引了大批抗议者和购物者前往，现场一片混乱。

More than 200 police officers surrounded BHV Marais, a department store where Shein had taken over the top floor, and sought to keep order as crowds lined up to get in. Hundreds of protesters massed across the street behind barricades, shouting “Shame on you!” to those waiting in line, while passing cyclists hurled insults.

200多名警察包围了BHV玛黑百货公司，竭力维持排队入场的秩序——Shein占据了该商场顶层作为门店。数百名抗议者在街对面的路障后聚集，向排队者高呼“可耻”，路过的骑行者也发出谩骂。

Andreia Chavent, a worker at BHV Marais, said many employees were upset by what they viewed as the incursion into France of a low-cost Chinese competitor that used cheap labor and violated environmental standards to make its clothes.

BHV玛黑百货公司员工安德烈娅·沙万表示，许多员工对这家中国低成本竞争对手闯入法国市场感到不满，认为其使用廉价劳动力、违反环保标准生产服装。

“We are directly concerned by how people work, what the conditions are like and how the clothes are made, even if it’s not in France,” said Ms. Chavent, who is also a member of the C.F.D.T., France’s largest union. The controversy over the sex dolls had made things worse, she added.

身为法国最大工会C.F.D.T.成员的沙万说：“即便生产地不在法国，我们也直接关切劳动者的工作方式、劳动条件以及服装的生产过程。”她还说，性玩偶引发的争议让情况雪上加霜。

The French government had threatened on Monday to bar Shein from selling its products online in the country and referred the company to the Paris prosecutor after an investigation found that sex dolls “resembling children” were being sold on the company’s platform in France. The dolls, which were the size of little girls, were of a “child pornography nature,” the country’s consumer fraud agency said.

法国政府周一曾威胁要禁止Shein在法线上销售产品，并将该公司移交巴黎检察官处理。此前调查发现，Shein法国区平台上正销售“酷似儿童”的性玩偶。法国消费者欺诈监管机构表示，这些玩偶体型与女童相当，具有“儿童色情性质”。

A spokesman for Shein, Quentin Ruffat, told French radio on Tuesday that the company had moved immediately to stop the sale of sex dolls on its site, temporarily delisted the “adult products” category and expanded a blacklist of key words that could be used to search for such products.

Shein发言人昆廷·鲁法周二向法国电台透露，公司已立即采取行动停止销售相关性玩偶，暂时下架“成人用品”分类，并扩大了可用于搜索此类产品的违禁词库。

Even as Shein’s arrival in France has unified politicians and fashionistas in anger, the brand has positioned itself as an affordable and popular alternative to expensive French brands.

尽管Shein登陆法国引发政客和时尚界人士一致愤怒，但该品牌仍将自己定位为昂贵法国品牌备受欢迎的平价替代品。

On Wednesday, the physical boutique was eagerly awaited by influencers and consumers looking to buy ultracheap knockoffs, from pink miniskirts to black berets, at low prices in an otherwise highbrow department store known for its steep price tags.

周三，这家线下门店受到网红和消费者的热切期待——他们希望能在这家以高昂价格著称的高端百货公司里，买到从粉色迷你裙到黑色贝雷帽等超低价仿制品。

Maya Jacobi, a tourist from Israel, waited in line with her sister who is getting married, “so we came to buy some stuff, cheap stuff,” she said.

来自以色列的游客玛雅·雅各比正和他即将结婚的姐妹在外排队等候，她说：“我们来买点东西，便宜货。”

Philippe Hamard, 27, showed up in a sharp-looking jacket and shirt he had bought online from Shein. “When I saw that Shein was coming to France, I said, ‘Yay!’ Because it still takes 20 weeks” for clothing purchased on the site to arrive, he said.

27岁的菲利普·阿马尔穿着从Shein网购的时髦夹克和衬衫来到现场。“看到Shein进驻法国时我超开心！因为网购的衣服要等20周才能送达。”他说。

He added that he did not buy from Shein often because of “environmental issues and all that.” But, he added, “I still buy from time to time for fun.”

他还说，因为“环保之类的问题”，自己不常在Shein购物，但是“偶尔会因为好玩买一点”。

As for the doll controversy, he added: “I think there are a lot of controversies at the moment. But people will forget about it.”

至于玩偶争议，他表示：“目前争议确实很多，但人们很快就会忘记的。”

China has postponed a mission to return three astronauts from its space station after a suspected debris strike on a spacecraft, the country’s space authorities said on Wednesday.

中国航天部门周三表示，因航天器疑似受到太空碎片撞击，推迟三名航天员从空间站的返航任务。

The China Manned Space Agency said in a statement that an analysis of the suspected strike and a risk assessment was underway, and that it had decided to delay the return mission for the health and safety of the astronauts.

中国载人航天工程办公室在声明中称，目前对疑似撞击事件正在进行影响分析及风险评估工作，为保障航天员的健康安全，决定推迟返航任务。

The mission, known as Shenzhou-20, was launched on April 24 from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in northern China’s Gobi Desert and is the 35th flight of the country’s manned space program. The astronauts — the mission commander, Chen Dong, and Chen Zhongrui and Wang Jie — have spent six months in orbit at the Tiangong space station. They were expected to return on Thursday to the Dongfeng Landing Site in China’s northern region of Inner Mongolia.

这次任务名为神舟二十号，于4月24日从中国北部戈壁沙漠的酒泉卫星发射中心发射升空，是中国载人航天工程的第35次飞行任务。航天员包括指令长陈冬、航天员陈忠瑞和王杰，已在天宫空间站轨道驻留六个月。他们原计划于周四返回中国北部内蒙古的东风着陆场。

The investigation into the debris strike on Shenzhou-20 will include an assessment of the impact to determine whether it caused any damage to critical parts of the spacecraft’s system, creating a problem for re-entry back to Earth.

针对神舟二十号遭遇碎片撞击的调查将包括撞击影响评估，以确定是否对航天器系统关键部件造成损坏，从而影响返回地球。

Debris in space has become a bigger problem in recent years as more satellites are sent into orbit. Rocket pieces often remain in orbit long after satellites are launched.

随着入轨卫星的数量增多，太空碎片问题近年来日益突出。卫星发射后，火箭残骸往往会长期滞留轨道。

Antisatellite tests have created large volumes of waste, too. Scientists are tracking debris from one Chinese strike in 2007 that destroyed a weather satellite.

反卫星试验同样制造了大量太空垃圾。科学家们仍在追踪2007年中国一次反卫星试验产生的碎片，该试验摧毁了一颗气象卫星。

Scientists and space organizations have done a good job of cataloging larger objects in space, making it easier to avoid collisions, said Christophe Bonnal of the International Academy of Astronautics. But numerous smaller objects, like micrometeroids and debris, float in space, too.

国际宇航科学院的克里斯托夫·邦纳尔表示，科学家和航天机构已对太空中的大型物体进行了妥善分类编目，这让规避碰撞变得更加容易。但太空中还漂浮着大量微小物体，比如微流星体和碎片。

“You don’t see them, and they are deadly,” Mr. Bonnal said.

“这些小物体肉眼不可见，却具有致命杀伤力。”邦纳尔说。

An object as small as 1 millimeter can wreak havoc in space because it will have a similar impact as a bowling ball barreling down at 100 kilometers per hour on earth, Mr. Bonnal said. Some estimates say that there are about 130 million such objects orbiting the earth.

邦纳尔指出，一颗直径仅1毫米的物体在太空中也能造成严重破坏，其撞击力相当于地球上时速100公里飞驰的保龄球。据估计，地球轨道上约有1.3亿个此类微小物体。

The probability of collisions in space has risen in the last decade with the deployment of large satellite constellations such as SpaceX’s Starlink and two Chinese equivalents, Qianfan and Guowang.

过去十年间，随着SpaceX的“星链”，以及中国“千帆”、“国网”等大型卫星星座的部署，太空碰撞的概率有所上升。

“We can see there are more risks,” said Bian Zhigang, vice administrator of China’s National Space Administration.

“我们能看到风险在增加，”中国国家航天局副局长卞志刚表示。

His country is researching “the active removal of space debris on orbit,” Mr. Bian said, speaking at the International Astronautical Congress in Sydney in September.

今年9月，卞志刚在悉尼举行的国际宇航大会上透露，中国正在研究“在轨主动清除太空碎片”技术。

China’s space agency addressed questions about space debris strikes last year, saying at a news conference that in extreme situations, it could launch one of its standby emergency spacecraft to rescue astronauts. In this case, that would mean sending an unmanned spacecraft to the space station for the Shenzhou-20 crew to return home.

中国航天部门去年曾在新闻发布会上回应太空碎片撞击相关问题，表示极端情况下可发射备用应急航天器营救航天员。具体而言，此次可能会向空间站发射无人航天器，接神舟二十号乘组返回地球。

After launching its first satellite in 1970, China fell behind in space exploration for two decades until the 1990s.

中国于1970年发射了第一颗人造卫星，此后二十年间，其太空探索事业落后于世界，直到20世纪90年代才逐步追赶。

Over the past few years, its space program has catapulted from fourth in world rankings behind the United States, Russia and Europe, to a close second behind the U.S. with a large stable of launch vehicles, said Jonathan McDowell, an astronomer and expert on space exploration.

天文学家、太空探索专家乔纳森·麦克道威尔表示，过去几年间，中国航天事业已从世界第四（落后于美国、俄罗斯和欧洲）跃升至紧随美国之后的第二位，拥有了完备的运载火箭体系。

“They have now moved to this era of permanent human occupation,” Mr. McDowell said, referring to the fact that the space station always has a Chinese astronaut. “That is a really impressive achievement from a late starter.”

“中国现已进入人类长期驻留太空的时代。”麦克道威尔说，他指的是中国空间站始终有航天员驻留的现状。“对于后来者而言，这是一项令人印象深刻的成就。”

During their time in space, the Shenzhou-20 crew has made several spacewalks, handled cargo deliveries and conducted scientific experiments, among other tasks.

神舟二十号乘组在轨期间完成了多次出舱活动、货物转运、科学实验等任务。

They were joined last week at the Tiangong station by a relief crew aboard another spacecraft known as the Shenzhou-21. Both spacecraft are now docked at the station.

上周，神舟二十一号乘组已乘坐另一艘航天器抵达天宫空间站执行轮换任务，目前两艘飞船均与空间站对接。

Zohran Mamdani, a 34-year-old state lawmaker, was elected New York’s 111th mayor on Tuesday, riding a historic surge of enthusiasm as the nation’s largest city embraced generational and ideological change.

34岁的州议员佐兰·马姆达尼于周二当选纽约第111任市长，借助一股历史性的热情浪潮，全美最大城市迎来了世代更替与意识形态变革的时刻。

The Associated Press called the race just 35 minutes after polls closed, cementing a stunning upset that took root in June’s Democratic primary. Then and now, Mr. Mamdani handily dispatched former Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo, the scion of a New York dynasty, and the big-money super PACs backing him.

美联社在投票结束仅35分钟后即宣布了结果，这场自6月民主党初选便埋下种子的政治逆袭终成定局。从初选到大选，马姆达尼始终以压倒性优势击败了前州长、出身纽约政治世家的安德鲁·科莫，以及他身后那些资金雄厚的超级政治行动委员会。

Tuesday’s results underscored how thoroughly Mr. Mamdani has built his own new coalition of support, uniting younger voters with working-class immigrant enclaves in Queens. But he also made gains in working-class Black and Latino communities compared with the primary.

周二的选举结果充分表明，马姆达尼通过团结年轻选民与皇后区的工薪阶层移民社区，成功地建立起全新的支持者联盟。与初选相比，他在工薪阶层黑人与拉丁裔社区的支持率也显著提升。

Here are seven takeaways from election night:

以下是选举之夜的七大看点：

Mamdani got the most votes since the 1960s.

马姆达尼获得了自20世纪60年代以来纽约市长选举的最高票。

In an era of low turnout nationwide, participation in Tuesday’s mayoral election in New York City was nothing short of electric, approaching numbers not seen in half a century.

在全美投票率低迷的时代，周二的纽约市长选举热度空前，投票人数接近半个世纪以来的最高水平。

More than 2 million New Yorkers cast their ballots. That figure was almost double the 1,100,000 people who voted for mayor four years ago. In some areas of Brooklyn, Queens and Manhattan, participation approached presidential election levels.

超过200万纽约市民前去投票，这一数字几乎是四年前市长选举110万投票人数的两倍。在布鲁克林、皇后区和曼哈顿的一些地区，投票率直逼总统大选规模。

Mr. Mamdani drove the surge. He was the first candidate since John V. Lindsay in 1969 to win over one million votes in a mayoral election in the five boroughs. (Overall turnout that year, 2,458,203 people, still slightly topped Tuesday’s total, though.)

马姆达尼直接推动了这场投票热潮——他成为自1969年约翰·林赛以来，首位在五个行政区获得超百万选票的市长候选人（尽管当年总投票数2,458,203人仍略高于本周二的票数）。

马姆达尼的胜选得益于他成功地建立起全新的支持者联盟，其中包括皇后区和布朗克斯的南亚裔工薪阶层移民。

Mamdani built his own new Democratic coalition.

马姆达尼建立了他自己的民主党人新联盟。

For decades, Democrats in New York City have prevailed with a fairly static coalition: white liberals in Manhattan and Brooklyn, Black and Latino voters, ultra-Orthodox Jewish communities and a smattering of other immigrants.

数十年来，纽约市的民主党人一直依靠相对固定的联盟取胜：曼哈顿与布鲁克林的白人自由派、黑人与拉丁裔选民、极端正统派犹太社区及少数其他移民群体。

Early results suggest that Mr. Mamdani reworked the contours of that coalition, stitching together new alliances that could shift the city’s political outlook for years to come.

初步计票结果显示，马姆达尼重新调整了这一联盟的结构，他构建的新联盟可能改变纽约未来数年的政治版图。

He ran up 40- and 50-point margins in Brooklyn’s affluent Brownstone belt, swept northern Manhattan and secured slightly more narrow margins in historically Black and Latino areas of Brooklyn and the Bronx.

他在布鲁克林富裕的“褐石带”赢得了40至50个百分点的巨大优势，横扫曼哈顿北部，并在布鲁克林和布朗克斯历来以黑人和拉丁裔为主的地区以较小优势获胜。

Mr. Cuomo pulled away in Orthodox Jewish precincts, where he approached 80 percent of the vote, and clearly won large numbers of more liberal Jewish voters in Manhattan and Riverdale in the Bronx that typically back the Democratic nominee.

科莫则在正统派犹太人选区中遥遥领先，获得接近80%的选票；同时，他还赢得了曼哈顿和布朗克斯河谷区大量更自由派的犹太选民的支持——这些选民通常都会支持民主党候选人。

But Mr. Mamdani, who will be the city’s first Muslim and South Asian mayor, more than made up for those losses with two groups most Democrats have overlooked: the young residents of gentrifying neighborhoods like Bushwick and Williamsburg, and the taxi drivers, bodega owners and other working-class South Asian immigrants in Queens and the Bronx.

但即将成为纽约首位穆斯林和南亚裔市长的马姆达尼通过赢得两个长期被民主党忽视的群体弥补了这些损失：布什维克与威廉斯堡等士绅化社区的年轻居民，以及皇后区与布朗克斯的出租车司机、小杂货店老板等南亚工薪阶层移民。

Cuomo squeezed his Republican rival — but not enough.

科莫虽压制了他的共和党对手——但还不够。

As he saw his chances fading, Mr. Cuomo, a lifelong Democrat, launched a furious and at times ugly campaign to pull away supporters from Curtis Sliwa, the Republican nominee.

眼见选情告急，这位终身民主党人发动了一场激烈的、有时甚至丑陋的竞选攻势，试图从共和党候选人柯蒂斯·斯利瓦那里拉走支持者。

He blanketed Fox News and conservative talk radio, at one point laughing along with a shock jock who said Mr. Mamdani would cheer for a Sept. 11-style terrorist attack. He flipped key Republican endorsers. And on the eve of the election, Mr. Cuomo even won an endorsement from President Trump.

他在福克斯新闻和保守派电台上铺天盖地地投放广告，甚至在一位喜欢发表极端言论的电台主持人声称马姆达尼会为“类似9·11的恐怖袭击”欢呼后，与对方一起大笑。他成功争取到关键共和党人的背书，更在选举前夜获得特朗普总统的公开支持。

Mr. Cuomo’s message to voters on the right was blunt: “He cannot win. You vote for Curtis, save yourself the time, and vote for Mamdani.”

科莫向右派选民传递的信息非常直白：“他赢不了。你要是打算投柯蒂斯的票，不如省点事，直接投马姆达尼吧。”

The effort appears to have been remarkably successful. Mr. Cuomo won Republican sections of Staten Island and Southern Brooklyn handily. Mr. Sliwa was on track to win just 7 percent Tuesday night.

这番操作成效显著：科莫在史坦顿岛与布鲁克林南部的共和党票仓轻松取胜。斯利瓦在周二夜晚仅获得7%的选票。

It was not enough for Mr. Cuomo to make up the difference.

然而这一切仍不足以扭转科莫的败局。

“这场竞选是一场值得一战的斗争，我为我们所做的一切以及我们共同完成的事情感到自豪，”安德鲁·科莫在周二晚间败选后说道。

Despite spending $40 million, super PACs could not pull Cuomo to victory.

尽管投入了4000万美元，超级政治行动委员会仍未能让科莫取得胜利。

Billionaires like Bill Ackman and former Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg pumped millions of dollars into super PACs supporting Mr. Cuomo with the hopes of defeating Mr. Mamdani.

比尔·阿克曼与前市长迈克尔·布隆伯格等亿万富翁向支持科莫的超级政治行动委员会注资数百万美元，希望击败马姆达尼。

In advertisements and on social media, they focused on the fact that Mr. Mamdani is an avowed democratic socialist; parsed his positions on the war in Gaza; and highlighted his relative inexperience.

在广告和社交媒体上，他们集中攻击马姆达尼自称是民主社会主义者这一点，挑剔他在加沙战争问题上的立场，并强调他相对缺乏经验。

At the end of the race, the political ads dipped into what Mr. Mamdani called “naked bigotry” and Islamophobia. An advertisement from one super PAC, For Our City, placed a picture of a smiling Mr. Mamdani in front of the collapsing World Trade Center.

到了选战末期，这些政治广告沦为马姆达尼所称的“赤裸裸的偏见”和恐伊斯兰。一个名为“为了我们的城市”的超级政治行动委员会在广告中将马姆达尼微笑的照片置于坍塌的世贸中心背景前。

Super PACs supporting Mr. Cuomo have raised more than $40 million while those supporting Mr. Mamdani have raised about $10 million. According to Campaign Finance Board records, Fix the City spent more than $29 million to boost the campaign of Mr. Cuomo and to attack his two opponents in the election.

支持科莫的超级政治行动委员会筹得超过4000万美元，而支持马姆达尼的仅筹得约1000万美元。根据竞选财务委员会记录，“修复城市”组织投入了逾2900万美元为科莫造势，并攻击他的两位对手。

It was not decisive.

但这些资金并未成为决定性因素。

Mr. Mamdani successfully framed the attacks as an example of how the very wealthy, whom he has proposed taxing to fund some of his campaign platform, were obstacles to New Yorkers seeking a better quality of life.

马姆达尼成功将这些攻击塑造为富豪阻挠纽约市民追求更优质生活的例证——他早前曾提议通过对富豪征税来资助其部分竞选政纲。

Mamdani made progress in working-class Black and Latino neighborhoods.

马姆达尼在工薪阶层的黑人与拉丁裔社区取得了进展。

During the primary, Mr. Mamdani struggled to win some working-class Black and Latino areas. He overcame those challenges in a major way on Tuesday night.

初选期间，马姆达尼在部分工薪阶层黑人与拉丁裔选区战绩不佳。但在周二夜晚，他大幅逆转了这一局面。

With almost 90 percent of the votes counted, Mr. Mamdani was winning the Bronx by 11 points, a striking turnaround from the primary when he lost the county to Mr. Cuomo by 18 points.

在已完成近90%计票的情况下，马姆达尼在布朗克斯区以11个百分点领先，这与初选时在该区落后科莫18个百分点的局面形成惊人逆转。

In working-class neighborhoods like Kingsbridge in the Bronx, Mr. Cuomo beat Mr. Mamdani by almost two points in the primary. On Tuesday night, Mr. Mamdani was winning the neighborhood by 14 points.

在布朗克斯金斯布里奇等工薪阶层社区，科莫初选时曾领先马姆达尼近两个百分点，而本周二马姆达尼在该地反超14个百分点。

In Brownsville, Brooklyn, one of the most economically deprived neighborhoods in the city, Mr. Mamdani was winning by 18 points. Mr. Cuomo had won the neighborhood by 40 points in the primary.

在布鲁克林布朗斯维尔这个全市经济最困顿的社区之一，马姆达尼领先18个百分点——而科莫在初选时曾于此地大胜40个百分点。

But things changed after the primary. Mr. Mamdani said doors to places in some of those neighborhoods that he lost began to open to him. As the Democratic nominee for mayor, community groups wanted to meet with him, and he suddenly found himself invited into pulpits to speak almost every Sunday.

初选后的形势发生了转变。马姆达尼表示，在那些他此前失利的社区，一些地方开始向他敞开大门。作为民主党市长候选人，各社区组织纷纷希望与他会面，而他突然发现，几乎每个星期天自己都被邀请到教堂讲坛上发言。

The campaign also made a point of emphasizing how Mr. Mamdani’s focus on affordability would help a family of four in Brownsville as much as it would a young person who had recently moved to the city.

竞选团队还着重强调马姆达尼的可负担性政策，不仅能帮助布朗斯维尔的一个四口之家，同样也能惠及刚搬到城市的年轻人。

“It is really without a question an electoral victory that belongs to working-class and middle-class people who are dissatisfied with a political system that tells people who are struggling to just wait or endure,” said Ana María Archila, a co-director of the New York Working Families Party.

纽约劳工家庭党联合主任安娜·玛丽亚·阿奇拉指出：“这场选举胜利毫无疑问属于工薪阶层与中产阶级——他们早已对那个只会让困境中人们忍耐等待的政治体系深感不满。”

Andrew Cuomo has reached his expiration date.

安德鲁·科莫的时代已经走到尽头。

There was a time, not that long ago, when Mr. Cuomo, 67, was not only the most powerful Democrat in New York, but widely considered a viable candidate for the White House.

曾几何时——就在不久前——67岁的科莫不仅是纽约最具权势的民主党人，更被普遍视为入主白宫的潜力人选。

That seemed like another lifetime on Tuesday night, as he faced his second stinging defeat in just five months. The results suggested he held onto support among some Black and many Jewish Democrats. But after running a scorched-earth campaign against Mr. Mamdani, the lifelong Democrat performed far better in many Republican precincts than solidly Democratic ones.

但在周二晚，当他在短短五个月内遭遇第二次惨败时，那一切恍如隔世。计票结果显示，他保住了部分黑人选民和许多犹太裔民主党人的支持。然而这位终身民主党人在对马姆达尼发动焦土战略后，他在众多共和党选区的得票率远胜于传统的民主党票仓。

Mr. Cuomo may yet run for another office, but after decades of him and his father, Mario M. Cuomo, many voters said they were done.

科莫也许还会再次参选其他职位，但在他和其父马里奥·M·科莫统治数十年之后，许多选民表示他们已经厌倦了。

“We need someone who’s trying to turn a new leaf for New York City,” said Alexis Pierson, 35, an interior designer from Brooklyn.

“我们需要一个愿意为纽约市翻开新篇章的人，”35岁的布鲁克林室内设计师亚历克西斯·皮尔森说道。

“Cuomo?” she added. “Been there, done that.”

“科莫？”她补充道，“已经是过去式了。”

The rich could not make up their minds.

富人们举棋不定。

It was an election, in many ways, about New York City’s spiraling living costs, the haves and have-nots. Evidently, the haves could not agree about whom to vote for.

这次选举在许多方面都与纽约市不断攀升的生活成本有关，也反映出贫富分化问题。显然，富人们自己也无法就投给谁达成一致。

Mr. Cuomo, a Sutton Place resident who earned nearly $5 million last year, clearly appealed to his neighbors a few blocks away on the Upper East Side, long the bastion of New York’s superrich. He won every block touching Central Park on the East Side between 59th and 102nd Streets, and many more nearby.

居住于萨顿坊、去年收入近500万美元的科莫显然对几个街区外上东区的邻友们具有吸引力——长期以来，那里都是纽约超级富豪的堡垒。他在从东区59街到102街毗邻中央公园的每个街区都取得胜利，并横扫周边众多区域。

The former governor won chunks of the more liberal but still affluent Upper West Side, too, and most of TriBeCa, where the average home price is more than $3 million.

这位前州长还赢得了偏自由派但仍属富裕的上西区的大部分选票，以及平均房价超300万美元的翠贝卡区的多数票源。

Mr. Mamdani, the son of a renowned filmmaker and a Columbia professor, was the choice of Brooklyn’s most exclusive neighborhoods. His margins of victory were staggering in areas like Brooklyn Heights, Cobble Hill, Park Slope and Fort Greene — where wealthy professionals and people in creative fields have congregated in recent decades.

而身为著名电影导演与哥伦比亚大学教授之子的马姆达尼则成为布鲁克林顶级精英社区的选择。他在布鲁克林高地、科布尔山、公园坡与福特格林等地获得惊人胜利——这些地方近几十年来汇聚了富裕专业人士与创意领域人才。

Kim Yong-nam, North Korea’s long​time former ceremonial head of state whose loyalty shielded him from frequent political purges and enabled him to serve the country’s​ ruling family for three generations, died on Monday. He was 97.

长期担任朝鲜礼仪性国家元首的金永南于周一逝世，享年97岁。他的忠诚让他躲过了频繁的政治清洗，得以为该国统治家族的三代人效力。

The country’s official Korean Central News Agency said the cause was multiple organ failure resulting from cancer. North Korea’s top leader, Kim Jong-un, visited Mr. Kim’s bier early Tuesday to lay a wreath and express deep condolences, the news agency said.

朝鲜官方媒体朝中社表示，金永南的死因是癌症引发的多器官衰竭。朝中社还称，朝鲜最高领导人金正恩于周二早些时候前往金永南灵前敬献花圈，致以深切哀悼。

Mr. Kim stood apart for his ability to stay in favor of the ruling Kim family, to which he was not related and which has ruled North Korea ​as a totalitarian dictatorship since its founding at the end of World War II. Mr. Kim served on the ruling Workers’ Party’s Politburo from 1978 to 2019, when he retired from public service.

金永南的特别之处在于他能始终获得统治朝鲜的金氏家族的信任，自“二战”结束朝鲜建国以来，金氏家族一直以极权独裁方式统治该国（金永南与该家族并无血缘关系）。1978年至2019年，金永南担任执政党朝鲜劳动党的中央政治局委员，直至2019年从公职岗位退休。

His career spanned the governments of Kim Il-sung, the founder of North Korea; his son, Kim Jong-il; and his grandson, Kim Jong-un. Mr. Kim’s longevity was even more remarkable because in the monolithic tenure of the ruling family, senior officials outside ​the top leader’s immediate kin are ultimately considered expendable and are frequently purged and sent to labor camps.

他的政治生涯跨越了朝鲜三代领导人时期：建国者金日成、金日成之子金正日，以及金正日之子金正恩。在金氏家族集权统治的背景下，最高领导人直系亲属以外的高级官员终会被视为可替代者，常遭清洗并被送往劳改营，因此金永南的长期任职显得尤为罕见。

By the time he retired in 2019, Kim Yong-nam had also served as president of the Presidium of the Supreme People’s Assembly, North Korea’s rubber-stamp parliament​, for 21 years.

截至2019年退休时，金永南在21年的时间里担任朝鲜最高人民会议常任委员会委员长——最高人民会议是朝鲜的橡皮图章议会。

That post made Mr. Kim the ceremonial head of state for North Korea. During the reign of the reclusive Kim Jong-il, who was North Korea’s top leader from 1994 until his death in 2011, he often led government delegates overseas. He also received credentials from foreign diplomats newly posted to Pyongyang. When the then-South Korean president, Roh Moo-hyun, visited North Korea in 2007, he and Mr. Roh rode through central Pyongyang in an open limousine, as hundreds of thousands of spectators were mobilized to line the streets waving paper flowers and shouting “Hurray!”

这一职位使金永南成为朝鲜的礼仪性国家元首。在深居简出、于1994年至2011年担任朝鲜最高领导人的金正日执政期间，金永南常率政府代表团出访海外，也会接受外国新派驻平壤外交官递交的国书。2007年，时任韩国总统卢武铉访问朝鲜时，金永南与卢武铉乘坐敞篷豪华轿车穿行平壤市中心，数十万民众被组织在街道两侧，手持纸花高呼“万岁！”

But Mr. Kim always operated in the shadow of the ​ruling Kim family. His behavior offered a model for North Korean officialdom, according to defectors​ from the county.

但金永南始终在金氏统治家族的阴影之下行事。据朝鲜脱北者透露，他的行事风格为朝鲜官员群体提供了范本。

朝鲜官方媒体提供的一张照片显示，朝鲜领导人金正恩（左三）在朝鲜某未公开地点凭吊金永南的遗体。

In 2018, he appeared openly deferential to a junior colleague — Kim Yo-jong, the influential sister of Kim Jong-un — while he was leading a North Korean delegation to South Korea to attend the Winter Olympics. He was seen asking Ms. Kim to sit on a sofa in an airport V.I.P. lounge before he did. He sat first only after Ms. Kim, 60 years his junior, indicated that he could do so.

2018年，金永南率朝鲜代表团前往韩国出席平昌冬奥会期间，曾公开对一位资历比自己浅的官僚——金正恩颇具影响力的妹妹金与正——表现出谦恭姿态。当时有画面显示，在机场贵宾休息室，金永南请金与正先落座，直到比他年轻60岁的金与正示意他可以坐，他才坐下。

“I found Kim Yong​-nam a puzzling figure. In greetings before business began, he was cordial and relaxed, but once at work, he relentlessly followed his script​,” Don Oberdorfer, the late American journalist who had met ​Mr. Kim, wrote in ​his book “The Two Koreas.”

曾与金永南会面的已故美国记者唐·奥伯多弗在其著作《两个朝鲜》(The Two Koreas)中写道：“我觉得金永南是个令人费解的人物。在正式议事前的寒暄中，他亲切而放松，但一旦进入工作状态，就会严格按照既定脚本行事。”

Mr. Oberdorfer quoted a former North Korean diplomat as saying​, “If Kim Il​-sung was pointing to a wall and said there is a door, Kim Yong​-nam would believe that and try to go through it​.”

奥伯多弗还引用一位前朝鲜外交官的话说：“如果金日成指着一堵墙说那里有一扇门，金永南就会深信不疑并且试图穿过去。”

“Yet by all accounts,” Mr. Oberdorfer wrote, “he is highly intelligent and, due to his high position and prestige within the system, an important behind-the-scenes figure in Pyongyang.”

“但所有人都认为，”奥伯多弗写道，“他智商很高，在体制内的高位和声望也很高，是平壤政坛的一位重要幕后人物。”

Mr. Kim was born in 1928, when Korea was ​still a colony of Japan. He joined North Korea’s foreign service in the 1950s after studying in Moscow. He rose through the ranks of the party, becoming party secretary for international affairs in 1975 and foreign minister in 1983. He survived​ many crises in North Korean diplomacy, including the Russian and Chinese decisions to establish diplomatic ties with rival South Korea in the early 1990s.​

金永南出生于1928年，当时朝鲜半岛仍是日本殖民地。20世纪50年代，他在莫斯科留学后加入朝鲜外交部门。他在党内逐步晋升，1975年出任党中央国际部部长，1983年担任外交部长。他经历了朝鲜外交史上的多次危机，包括20世纪90年代初俄罗斯和中国先后与朝鲜的对手韩国建立外交关系。

He ​helped Kim Jong-un​ establish his leadership in the wake of his father’s death.​ When he read a eulogy at the funeral of Kim Jong-il in 2011, he urged North Koreans to rally around the dead leader’s son. Later that year at a huge rally in Pyongyang, it was Mr. Kim who announced that Kim Jong-un was the new “supreme leader of our party, military and people.”

金正日去世后，金永南协助金正恩巩固领导地位。2011年，他在金正日的葬礼上致悼词，呼吁朝鲜民众团结在已故领袖的儿子身边。同年，在平壤举行的一场大规模集会上，正是由金永南宣布金正恩成为朝鲜新一任“党、军队和人民最高领导人”。

When he led the North Korean delegation to the 2018 Winter Olympics, Mr. Kim became the highest-ranking North Korean official to visit the South at the time.​ His trip helped thaw inter-Korean relations, which lay the groundwork for Kim Jong-un’s meetings with the former South Korean leader, Moon Jae-in, in 2018 and President Trump in 2019, for which the North Korean leader stepped onto South Korean soil.

2018年率朝鲜代表团出席冬奥会时，金永南成为当时访问韩国的最高级别朝鲜官员。他的这一次出访为朝韩关系缓和发挥了作用，也为金正恩后续的外交活动奠定了基础——2018年金正恩与韩国前总统文在寅会面，2019年又与美国前总统特朗普会面，期间金正恩还踏上了韩国领土。

“Comrade Kim Yong-nam​ lived a life of glory and honor in the bosom of the party, and the leader and his life shined with clean loyalty and high competence​,” state media said on Tuesday.

周二，朝鲜官方媒体表示：“金永南同志在党的怀抱中度过了光荣而崇高的一生，他的领导风范与人生历程闪耀着纯粹的忠诚与卓越的才能。”

Chung Dong-young, a South Korean Cabinet minister in charge of relations with North Korea, issued a statement of condolences on Tuesday, recognizing Mr. Kim’s role in creating an inter-Korean rapprochement in 2018.

韩国负责对朝事务的内阁官员郑东泳周二发表悼词，认可金永南在2018年推动朝韩和解过程中所发挥的作用。

Zohran Mamdani, a 34-year-old state lawmaker who transformed himself into an electrifying voice for New Yorkers disillusioned with runaway living costs and a scandal-plagued old guard, was elected the city’s 111th mayor on Tuesday, according to The Associated Press.

 据美联社报道，34岁的州议员佐兰·马姆达尼于周二当选纽约市第111任市长。此前他成功转型，代表那些对飞涨的生活成本感到失望、对丑闻缠身的老牌政界人士不满的纽约市民，发出了振奋人心的声音。

His victory, stretching from the gentrified corridors of Brooklyn to the working-class immigrant enclaves of Queens, completed one of the most remarkable political upsets in New York history and will soon put a democratic socialist in City Hall.

他的胜利遍及从布鲁克林绅士化街区到皇后区工薪移民聚居地的广阔地区。这一胜选不仅成就纽约历史上最惊人的政治逆转之一，还意味着一位民主社会主义者将入主纽约市政厅。

Mr. Mamdani defeated former Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo in a rematch of June’s Democratic primary, as New Yorkers soundly rejected a man who was once the state’s most powerful figure for the second time in five months. Curtis Sliwa, the Republican, was in a distant third place, and conceded earlier in the night.

马姆达尼击败了前州长安德鲁·科莫，这是6月民主党初选的复赛。五个月内，纽约市民第二次明确拒绝了这位曾执掌纽约州最高权力的人物。共和党候选人柯蒂斯·斯利瓦则远远落后，排名第三，并于当晚早些时候承认败选。

Turnout surged past two million voters, the highest level of participation in one of the city’s municipal elections since 1969.

此次选举投票人数突破200万，创下1969年以来纽约市市级选举的最高参与度。

A state assemblyman from Queens, Mr. Mamdani had entered the contest a year ago as little more than a protest candidate with a thin résumé and virtually no citywide profile.

马姆达尼此前是皇后区的州众议员，一年前宣布参选时，他不过是个履历单薄、在全市范围内几乎毫无知名度的抗议型候选人。

But his intense focus on affordability, mastery of social media and relentlessly infectious optimism about New York galvanized record turnout among young voters and immigrant groups, catapulting him past more seasoned rivals.

但他始终聚焦可负担议题，精通社交媒体运营，且对纽约未来抱有极具感染力的乐观态度。这些特质成功动员了创纪录数量的年轻选民和移民群体，让他成功超越了多名资历更深的对手。

Now, he is poised to make history. He will be New York City’s youngest mayor since the 19th century, and its first Muslim and first South Asian mayor. Born in Uganda to parents of Indian descent, he will also be the first naturalized immigrant to serve as mayor since Abraham Beame in the 1970s.

如今，他即将创造历史。他将成为19世纪以来纽约市最年轻的市长，同时也是该市首位穆斯林市长和首位南亚裔市长。出生于乌干达，父母为印度裔的他，还将成为自20世纪70年代的亚伯拉罕·比姆之后首位担任纽约市长的归化移民。

Mr. Mamdani campaigned as an insurgent against the city’s long-running political and business establishment. He has called for raising taxes on the wealthy, making buses and child care free, a rent freeze for rent-stabilized apartments and overhauling a Police Department he has harshly criticized.

竞选期间，马姆达尼以一种反叛者姿态对抗纽约长期以来的政治与商业权势集团。他提出多项主张：向富人加税、推动免费公交与托儿服务、冻结租金管制公寓租金，以及彻底改革他曾严厉批评的警察局。

But he will face profound challenges when he takes office on Jan. 1. Gov. Kathy Hochul and Albany lawmakers hold the strings to the purse needed to fund his plans. Many Jewish New Yorkers and business leaders deeply mistrust him.

但明年1月1日就职后，他将面临严峻挑战。其政策所需资金的审批权掌握在州长凯西·霍格尔及奥尔巴尼的议员手中。此外，纽约许多犹太民众和商界领袖对他极度不信任。

Looming over all of it is President Trump, who even before Mr. Mamdani’s victory had identified “my little communist mayor” as a target of his ire. The president officially backed Mr. Cuomo on the eve of the election.

特朗普的阴影也笼罩一切。早在马姆达尼胜选前，总统就称他是“我的小共产主义市长”，将他列入攻击目标。选举前夕，特朗普还公开支持科莫。

Mr. Trump has threatened to make New York the next target in his fight with American cities, potentially cutting off federal funds and deploying the National Guard, if Mr. Mamdani pursues policies he does not like.

特朗普威胁称，若马姆达尼推行他不认可的政策，纽约将成为他与美国各城市的斗争中的下一个目标，届时可能会切断联邦资金，并部署国民警卫队。

The results put a punctuation mark on a remarkable stretch for New York City. It began last fall when Mayor Eric Adams, who in a typical year would be the favorite for re-election, was indicted on federal corruption charges.

此次选举结果为纽约市一段特殊时期画上了句号——去年秋天，通常情况下本应是连任热门的市长埃里克·亚当斯因联邦腐败指控被起诉。

Mr. Adams did not run in the Democratic primary, and then abandoned his third-party bid for re-election in September. His late-stage endorsement of Mr. Cuomo did not seem to significantly help the former governor.

亚当斯未参与民主党初选，随后在9月放弃了以第三方身份竞选连任的计划。他在选战后期给科莫的背书似乎并未给这位前州长带来显著帮助。

And the closing weeks of the campaign were exceptionally bitter, shaken by accusations of antisemitism and Islamophobia.

此外，竞选最后几周的气氛异常紧张，反犹太主义和恐伊斯兰相关指控引发了动荡。

Mr. Mamdani accused Mr. Cuomo of selling out the city, its transit system and its housing stock to big-money donors. Voters ultimately seemed unwilling to give Mr. Cuomo another chance after he was run out of the governorship amid allegations of sexual harassment.

马姆达尼指责科莫将纽约市、该市的公共交通系统及住房资源出卖给金主捐赠者。而科莫此前因性骚扰指控被迫卸任州长，选民最终似乎不愿再给他第二次机会。

Mr. Cuomo, in turn, tried to portray Mr. Mamdani as a far-left radical who would endanger New Yorkers’ finances and security. The tone of Mr. Cuomo and his allies became notably menacing in the race’s final weeks, as he chased conservative voters with messages that played to fear about Mr. Mamdani’s Muslim faith and foreign origin.

反过来，科莫则试图将马姆达尼描绘成极左翼激进分子，称其政策会威胁纽约市民的财务与人身安全。选战最后几周，科莫及其盟友的言论明显带有威胁意味——为争取保守派选民，他们刻意利用对马姆达尼穆斯林身份及外国出身的担忧大做文章。

Here’s what else to know.

以下是其他需了解的信息：

• Also on the ballot: Voters weighed in on a number of other contests including two citywide positions, comptroller and public advocate. In Manhattan, Alvin Bragg won re-election as the district attorney.

 · 选票其他内容：选民还对其他多项选举进行了投票，包括两个市级职位——审计长和公众利益倡导人。在曼哈顿，阿尔文·布拉格成功连任地区检察官。

• Housing proposals: On the back side of the ballot, voters were asked to consider six proposals, including three on housing development in the city. Those three, which have been contentious, are intended to remove some political and bureaucratic barriers to development that would allow some projects to bypass the City Council.

 · 住房提案：选票背面列出了六项待选民考虑的提案，其中三项与纽约市住房开发相关。这三项提案存在较大争议，旨在消除部分政治和官僚障碍，让部分开发项目可绕开市议会直接推进。

The police officers walked past the display of robot dogs and into the ornate Beijing hotel ballroom, as a welcome video showed animated androids conducting warfare in outer space.

警察经过展示机器狗的地方，走进北京某个酒店华丽的宴会厅，欢迎视频中展示着动画机器人在外太空作战的画面。

For the next few hours, the officers, who had come from all across China, sat and listened as tech executives and government researchers took the stage to describe how they could use artificial intelligence to perfect their surveillance of Chinese society.

在接下来的几个小时里，这些来自中国各地的警官坐下来，听科技高管和政府研究人员上台描述如何利用人工智能完善对中国社会的监控。

One executive said his company was partnering with the police in ethnic-minority regions to deploy its speech recognition software, which he said could decipher more than 200 Chinese dialects and minority languages, in the name of national security.

一位高管表示，他的公司正在与少数民族地区的警方合作，以国家安全的名义部署语音识别软件。他说，该软件可以破译200多种中国方言和少数民族语言。

A researcher for the Ministry of Public Security said that robots could reduce the need for police officers to conduct street patrols, by being trained to look out for things like protest banners.

公安部的一名研究人员说，机器人可以通过训练来识别抗议横幅之类的东西，从而减少警察进行街头巡逻的需求。

The chief executive of another company, which describes itself as using big data to make cities safer, suggested its software could help the police understand a person’s habits, connections and even state of mind, based on that person’s medical history, online shopping habits, interactions with neighbors and use of smart home appliances.

另一家自称利用大数据提升城市安全的公司的首席执行官表示，该公司的软件可以帮助警方根据一个人的就医记录、网购习惯、邻里互动以及智能家电的使用数据，了解一个人的生活习性、社交关系甚至精神状态。

It was hard to tell how many of the systems advertised at the conference, which was hosted by an industry group, actually worked, and how many were being hyped up with the aim of winning contracts from the many high-ranking police officials in attendance.

这次会议由一个行业组织主办，很难说在会上宣传的系统中有多少真正有效，又有多少是为了从与会的许多高级警官那里赢得合同而过度宣传。

But it was clear that the companies and the officials shared a common goal: a Chinese state that is ever more capable of knowing, predicting and controlling its citizens.

但很明显，这些公司和官员有一个共同的目标：一个越来越有能力了解、预测和控制其公民的国家政权。

That vision of an all-seeing state has unnerved Washington, which has cited China’s use of advanced computing to enable surveillance and repression as one reason for restricting the export of chips and semiconductors to China.

这种全知全能的国家愿景让华盛顿感到不安，华盛顿把中国利用先进的计算技术进行监视和镇压作为限制向中国出口芯片和半导体的理由之一。

A number of the Chinese companies that attended the conference are on American export control lists, including the tech giants Huawei and Hikvision, a maker of surveillance camera systems. Several presenters acknowledged the challenges that the U.S. restrictions had created for their ambitions, but they pledged to overcome them with homegrown alternatives.

参加会议的许多中国公司都被列入美国的出口管制名单，包括科技巨头华为和监控摄像头系统制造商海康威视。几位发言者承认，美国的限制给他们的雄心造成了阻碍，但他们承诺将用本土的替代方案来克服困难。

华为手机，摄于上海。这家科技巨头还生产供政府使用的监控摄像头系统。

China is not alone in using advances in A.I. to heighten surveillance. The New York Police Department, for example, has drawn criticism from civil rights advocates for its widespread and often undisclosed use of tracking technology.

中国并不是唯一一个利用人工智能技术来加强监控的国家。例如，纽约警察局就因广泛且经常未公开地使用追踪技术而受到民权倡导者的批评。

But the scale and sophistication of China’s surveillance apparatus are unparalleled. The state tracks its 1.4 billion people through a vast network of cameras, internet controls and requirements that people use their national IDs to buy everything from SIM cards to stand-up comedy tickets.

但中国监控体系的规模和复杂程度是无与伦比的。中国政府通过庞大的摄像头网络、互联网控制，以及要求人们使用身份证购买从SIM卡到脱口秀门票等一切商品，对14亿人口实施追踪。

Now the authorities are looking to make it even more powerful, after the central Chinese government recently rolled out the “A.I.+ Action Plan,” a sweeping project to put the technology at the center of education, health care, entertainment — basically, every aspect of Chinese life.

现在，在中央政府最近推出“人工智能+”行动之后，当局正寻求将它进一步强化。这个宏大计划旨在将人工智能技术深度植入教育、医疗、娱乐——几乎涵盖中国人生活的所有领域。

The new political mandate was palpable at the security conference, where several speakers referred to it by name.

这场安全会议上弥漫着新的政治导向，多位发言者明确提及该计划。

“Our country’s security industry has already become one of the most successful sectors in implementing A.I.+,” Gu Jianguo, a former high-ranking official at the Ministry of Public Security, said at the conference. “We don’t need to be modest.”

“我国的安全行业已经成为应用‘人工智能+’最成功的行业之一，”前公安部高级官员顾建国（音）在会议上说。“我们不必谦虚。”

The conference highlighted one key advantage that Chinese companies that work with the police hold over competitors, at home and abroad, in developing cutting-edge A.I. technology: access to huge amounts of data.

会议强调了与警方合作的中国公司在开发尖端人工智能技术方面相比国内外竞争对手拥有的一个关键优势：获得大量数据的渠道。

The companies’ close cooperation with the government gives them an unmatched supply of information that can be used to train and refine artificial intelligence systems. An analysis published by the National Bureau of Economic Research, in the United States, found that Chinese facial recognition companies that won public security-related government contracts later went on to develop more new commercial products afterward, compared with companies that did not work with the police.

公司与政府的密切合作为他们提供了无与伦比的信息资源，这些资源可用于培训和完善人工智能系统。美国国家经济研究局发布的一份分析报告发现，获得公安类政府合同的中国人脸识别企业，后续开发的新商业产品数量显著多于未与警方合作的同行。

中国官方媒体5月发布的一张照片显示，北京警方正与机器人进行巡逻演练。与中国警方合作的人工智能技术开发企业拥有一个重要优势：能够获取海量数据。

Fang Ce, a representative of iFlytek, a leading Chinese speech recognition company, said that police reports were a particularly valuable source of input for the company, because “the data volume is extremely large.” Mr. Fang, the director of iFlytek’s police affairs department, said the company’s software could help police officers log and analyze emergency calls, as well as infer whether someone was talking about a crime in a roundabout way, rather than using specific keywords.

中国领先的语音识别公司科大讯飞的代表方策说，警方的报告对该公司来说是特别有价值的输入来源，因为“数据量非常大”。科大讯飞智慧警务业务部总监方策说，该公司的软件可以帮助警察记录和分析报警电话，并能识别隐晦表述，以推断对方是否在谈论犯罪活动，而不是仅靠特定的关键词。

He also said that iFlytek had developed a large-scale speech model that recognized 74 foreign languages and “for our national security, supports 202 dialects” of Chinese.

他还表示，科大讯飞开发了一个大规模的语音模型，可以识别74种外语，以及“为保障我们的国家安全，它支持202种方言”。

The company has been “collaborating in limited ways with local ethnic minority public security agencies” to protect ethnic languages, he added.

他还说，该公司一直在“与当地少数民族公安机关进行一定的合作”，保护少数民族语言。

Human rights groups have long accused iFlytek of helping the Chinese government use voice patterns for surveillance and repression, especially of minorities in regions like Xinjiang and Tibet. The company has said that it protects users’ privacy and is interested in the preservation of dialects and languages.

人权组织长期指控科大讯飞协助中国政府利用语音特征实施监控与压制，尤其针对新疆、西藏等地区的少数民族。该公司表示，它保护用户的隐私，并致力于方言和民族语言的保护传承。

Indeed, many of the presenters described the use cases for their products as benign: helping to track down missing children, for example, or combat identity fraud. Mr. Fang suggested that iFlytek’s software could be used to monitor police officers, too, for missteps or misconduct.

事实上，许多发言者将产品应用场景描述为善意用途：例如，帮助寻找失踪儿童，或打击身份欺诈。方策表示，科大讯飞的软件也可以用来监控警察的失误或不当行为。

But companies pitched their ability to target certain types of individuals who have long been identified as potential troublemakers, including migrant workers and people who complain to the government.

但是，公司也强调了它们针对特定人群的监控能力——这些长期被视为潜在麻烦制造者的群体包括农民工和上访的民众。

7月，上海一个展会上科大讯飞人工智能模型的展位。人权组织指控科大讯飞协助中国政府利用语音特征压制部分民众。

One presenter from the company Quan Min Ren Zheng — which translates loosely as All-People Authentication, and makes tools to help governments and companies verify people’s identities — described how his company could help the authorities detect suspicious behavior in rental homes. His company makes products like smart door locks that could determine if people who were not authorized to live in a place had entered the premises, and electricity meters that could flag abnormal electricity usage.

一位来自全民认证公司的发言者描述了他的公司如何帮助当局发现出租屋里的可疑行为，该公司主要生产帮助政府和企业验证个人身份的工具。该公司生产的智能门锁能识别未经授权认证的入住者，以及可以标记异常用电量的电表。

Some of the technology is most likely already being used. One state-owned company at the conference, SDIC Intelligence, won a $2 million contract last year to provide a county government in southwestern China with a platform that could analyze people’s “frequented areas, activity patterns and locations,” according to public procurement documents. It won a similar amount to help Dongguan, a city in southern China, build profiles of mobile phone users based on their movements, deliveries and contact book entries.

其中一些技术很可能已经投入使用。据公共采购文件显示，参加会议的国有企业国投智能公司去年赢得了一份价值148万元的合同，为中国西南部的某县政府提供可以分析人们“经常光顾的地区、活动模式和地点”的系统平台。该公司还以相近金额中标中国南方城市东莞的一个项目，它可以根据手机用户的活动轨迹、快递记录和通讯录条目建立手机用户画像。

For all the excitement that advances in A.I. have created in the security industry, though, the technical prowess of the surveillance technology is less important than its sheer pervasiveness, said Alison Sile Chen-Zhao, a researcher studying the effect of A.I. on surveillance at the University of California San Diego. As long as people believe that they are being watched, they will think twice about doing anything the government might disapprove of.

加州大学圣地亚哥分校研究人工智能对监控影响的研究员赵思乐说，尽管人工智能的进步在安防行业引发了巨大的热情，但监控技术的关键在于它的覆盖能力，而不是它的监控能力。只要人们相信自己受到监视，他们就会在做任何可能触犯政府的事情时三思而后行。

“The surveillance actually doesn’t need to achieve a very high accuracy or effectiveness to have the desired effect,” she said.

“监视实际上不需要达到很高的准确性或有效性，就能获得预期效果，”她说。

As President Trump has imposed steep tariffs on China, American importers are buying much less.

随着特朗普总统对中国加征高额关税，美国进口商的采购量大幅下降。

减少从中国采购的地区：中国出口下降，2025年第三季度与2024年第三季度对比

But the rest of the world is making up the difference, buying more from China than ever.

但世界其他地区填补了这一缺口，从中国的进口量创下历史新高。

增加从中国采购的地区：2025年第三季度中国出口额较2024年同期增长

China has offset the decline from America with breathtaking speed. Shipments to other parts of the world have surged this year, demonstrating that China’s manufacturing dominance will not be easily slowed. Chinese exports are on track to reach another record this year.

中国以惊人的速度抵消了对美出口下滑的影响。今年中国对世界其他地区的出口量大幅激增，这表明中国制造业的主导地位不会轻易动摇。中国今年的出口额有望再创纪录。

That’s because China was prepared. It has been seeking out new customers for years, and its massive manufacturing investment allows it to sell goods at low prices.

这背后的原因是中国早有准备。多年来，中国一直在积极开拓新客户，且其大规模的制造业投资使它能够以低价销售商品。

“They should not be surprised that China is able to find markets outside of the advanced economies,” said Mary Lovely, a senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics.

彼得森国际经济研究所高级研究员玛丽·洛夫利表示：“中国能够在发达经济体之外找到市场，这一点不应令人感到意外。”

Last week, Mr. Trump reduced the tariffs he imposed on China, though they remain at heights not seen in decades. He insists that his tariffs will force a revival of American factories and create jobs — a pledge that is contested by many economists and manufacturing experts. It is also unclear how effective his policies will be in stemming the flow of goods that originate in China and route through other countries before arriving in the United States.

上周，特朗普降低了此前对中国加征的部分关税，但当前关税水平仍处于数十年来未见的水平。他坚称，自己推出的关税政策将推动美国工厂复苏并创造就业岗位——但这一承诺遭到了许多经济学家和制造业专家的质疑。而对于那些原产自中国、经第三国转运至美国的商品，其政策能产生多大遏制效果仍不明朗。

尽管特朗普政府竭力阻挠，中国全球出口仍持续增长。注：图表显示中国季度出口额。

The rest of the world is caught between the two superpowers. Some countries, including Vietnam (+28%) and members of the European Union (+11%), are deeply concerned about the risk posed by China’s exports to their own industries, and China faces a backlash in the form of tariffs in regions like Europe. Other nations, like Argentina (+57%) and Nigeria (+45%), are buying low-cost Chinese technology to modernize their economies but running up wider trade imbalances with China.

世界其他国家正夹在这两大超级经济体之间。包括越南（增长28%）和欧盟成员国（增长11%）在内的部分国家对中国出口产品给本国产业带来的风险深感担忧，中国在欧洲等地区也面临着关税形式的抵制。而阿根廷（增长57%）和尼日利亚（增长45%）等其他国家则在采购中国低成本技术以实现经济现代化，但这也导致它们与中国的贸易逆差进一步扩大。

For years, Americans have turned to China to outfit their homes and stock their offices. While the volume of Chinese exports remains enormous, the declines this year are widespread and drastic. The United States is buying less of almost everything from China:

多年来，美国人一直依赖中国为他们的家庭添置物品、充实办公物资。尽管中国出口总量依然庞大，但今年对美出口的下滑范围广、幅度大。美国从中国采购的几乎所有品类商品数量都在减少：

Take, for example, plastic goods. China exported $5 billion of those products — from laundry baskets to plastic forks — to the United States between July and October, down 16 percent from a year earlier.

以塑料制品为例，7月至10月期间，中国对美出口的这类产品——从洗衣篮到塑料叉——金额为50亿美元，较去年同期下降16%。

Last year, over a quarter of all Chinese-made furniture, including mattresses and lamps, went to the United States; now that number is closer to a fifth.

去年，中国生产的家具（包括床垫和灯具）当中，超过四分之一销往美国；如今这一比例已降至约五分之一。

China’s exports of phones (−47%) and computers (−54%) to the United States were among the categories that declined the most. Mr. Trump exempted such consumer electronics from most of his tariffs this year, but Apple, Hewlett-Packard and other manufacturers have continued to diversify their supply chains outside China. The United States now gets most of its smartphones from India and its laptop computers from Vietnam, according to the latest U.S. government data.

中国对美手机出口（下降47%）和电脑出口（下降54%）是降幅最大的品类之一。尽管特朗普今年将这类消费电子产品排除在大部分关税政策之外，但苹果、惠普等制造商仍在继续将供应链迁出中国，实现多元化布局。美国政府最新数据显示，美国目前的智能手机主要来自印度，笔记本电脑则主要来自越南。

Meanwhile, China is flooding developing economies in Africa (+42%) and South America (+13%) with cars, trucks, bikes and ships; it is expanding in Europe (+7%) and Asia (+14%) by shipping batteries and iron products.

与此同时，中国正向非洲（增长42%）和南美洲（增长13%）等发展中经济体大量出口汽车、卡车、自行车和船舶；通过出口电池和钢铁产品，中国在欧洲（增长7%）和亚洲（增长14%）的市场份额也在不断扩大。

After decades of top-down priorities established by Beijing’s industrial policies, China has become the world’s leading producer of cars, batteries and solar panels. Struggling consumer demand in its domestic economy has put even more pressure on Chinese companies to find new business abroad.

经过数十年由政府工业政策主导的自上而下发展，中国已成为全球最大的汽车、电池和太阳能电池板生产国。国内消费需求疲软进一步加剧了中国企业开拓海外市场的压力。

China also produced record amounts of steel over the past few years. This is now sold across the world at prices sometimes cheaper than bottled water.

过去几年，中国钢铁产量也屡创新高。如今这些钢铁销往世界各地，售价有时甚至低于瓶装水。

Many African countries bought few of these items from China before this year. China sold only about 100 electric cars to Nigeria two years ago; this year it has already sold thousands. Solar panel shipments to Algeria thus far this year is already nearly four times that of all of last year.

今年之前，许多非洲国家从中国采购的这类产品数量极少。两年前，中国对尼日利亚的电动汽车出口仅约100辆；而今年，这一数字已是数以千计。今年以来，中国对阿尔及利亚的太阳能电池板出口量已接近去年全年总量的四倍。

China’s growing exports to Africa come as Mr. Trump has pulled back aid to the continent. Chinese companies are sacrificing profits by selling to Africa at low prices, but are, in many cases, gaining influence.

在中国对非出口不断增长的同时，特朗普政府却在削减对非洲大陆的援助。中国企业虽以低价向非洲销售产品，牺牲了部分利润，但在许多情况下，也借此扩大了影响力。

“The margins may not be as high,” said Ilaria Mazzocco, a deputy director at the Center for Strategic and International Studies. “But for those markets, it's entirely transformational to have access to this technology at affordable prices.”

战略与国际研究中心副主任伊拉莉亚·马佐科表示：“利润率可能不高，但对于这些市场而言，能以可承受的价格获得此类技术，本身就具有彻底的变革意义。”

There are exceptions to China’s ability to successfully make up for lost revenue by selling to American customers and redirecting exports elsewhere. Chinese companies, for example, make most of the world’s toys, and the United States has long been its largest customer. Over the summer, China’s exports of video game consoles, costumes and board games fell $3.5 billion over last year, mostly due to a steep decline in shipments to the United States.

不过，中国并非在所有领域都能通过转向其他市场出口来成功弥补对美出口减少的损失。例如，中国企业生产了全球大部分玩具，而美国长期以来都是其最大客户。今年夏季，中国电子游戏主机、化妆服饰和桌游等产品的出口额较去年减少35亿美元，这主要是由于对美出货量锐减。

It remains to be seen how effective Mr. Trump will be in pressuring countries, especially those in Asia, to reject rerouted Chinese exports as part of trade negotiations. These workarounds limited the impact of his trade measures with China during his first term.

特朗普在贸易谈判中施压其他国家——尤其是亚洲国家——抵制中国转口贸易的成效仍有待观察。在他的第一任期内，这类规避手段曾削弱了其对华贸易措施的效果。

One thing is certain: American consumers are buying more goods from other parts of Asia. In September, Thailand’s exports to the United States rose by 33 percent. Taiwan’s exports also grew by 51 percent, and Singapore’s by 13 percent.

有一点可以确定：美国消费者正从亚洲其他地区采购更多商品。9月，泰国对美出口增长33%，台湾对美出口增长51%，新加坡对美出口增长13%。

The shifts in China’s exports are part of what is expected to be a continuing and unpredictable transformation. Mr. Trump’s tariff reduction last week, which he said lowered overall tariffs on China to about 45 percent from about 55 percent, could stabilize China’s exports to the United States, said Gerard DiPippo, associate director of the RAND China Research Center.

中国出口格局的转变是一场预计将持续且充满不确定性的转型的一部分。特朗普上周表示已将对华整体关税从约55%降至约45%，兰德公司中国研究中心副主任杰拉德·迪皮波表示，这一举措或能稳定中国对美出口。

But despite agreeing to a one-year trade truce with China, Mr. Trump is considering whether to impose additional tariffs on industries dominated by China, such as pharmaceuticals and drones. He is vowing to wean America off its reliance on China for some critical minerals. With more than three years left in office, Mr. Trump’s campaign to reshape trade is unlikely to end here.

尽管特朗普政府已与中国达成为期一年的贸易休战协议，但他仍在考虑对制药、无人机等中国主导的行业加征额外关税，并誓言要让美国摆脱对中国关键矿产的依赖。特朗普的任期还有三年多，他重塑贸易格局的行动恐怕不会就此结束。

“An apple a day” might seem like overkill, but America’s most popular fruit — currently weighing down branches in orchards everywhere — is packed with health benefits. Here’s what nutrition experts have to say about apples, plus some recipes from New York Times Cooking to help you eat more of them all year long.

“每天一个苹果”听起来或许有些夸张，但作为美国最受欢迎的水果——此刻正压弯各地果园枝头——苹果确实有许多健康益处。以下是营养专家对苹果的看法，以及《纽约时报》烹饪专栏中一些帮助你全年多吃苹果的食谱。

They’re good for your gut.

苹果是肠道健康卫士。

Apples are rich in dietary fiber, a type of complex carbohydrate that our body isn’t capable of digesting on its own. That fiber acts as food for many of the bacteria species that reside in our guts. These bacteria have a powerful impact on our health, affecting everything from cancer risk, to weight, to mood.

苹果富含膳食纤维，这是一种人体自身无法消化的复合碳水化合物。这种纤维能为生活在我们肠道中的多种菌群提供养分。这些菌群对我们的健康影响深远，涉及从癌症风险、体重到情绪等各个方面。

A diet high in fruits and vegetables, including apples, has been shown to increase the number of beneficial bacteria and decrease the number of harmful bacteria in people’s guts, said Marie van der Merwe, a nutrition scientist at the University of Memphis. That could lead to better overall health, Dr. van der Merwe said.

孟菲斯大学营养学家玛丽·范德默维博士指出，富含果蔬（包括苹果）的饮食能增加肠道有益菌，抑制有害菌，从而提升整体健康水平。

In addition, apples themselves contain a host of beneficial bacteria. (While this is true for all fruits and vegetables, one study found that apples have a greater variety of bacteria than most.) When you eat an apple, some of those bacteria may become part of your microbiome. The apple is “acting like a probiotic in addition to acting like a prebiotic,” Dr. van der Merwe explained.

此外，苹果本身也含有大量有益菌。（虽然所有水果和蔬菜都有这一特性，但有研究发现，苹果所含细菌的种类比大多数水果都要多。）当你吃下苹果时，其中一些细菌可能会成为你肠道微生物群的一部分。范德默维解释说，苹果“既像益生元一样发挥作用，又像益生菌一样起作用”。

They’re heart healthy.

苹果是心脏守护能手。

Apples have high amounts of pectin, a dietary fiber that can help you maintain healthy cholesterol levels. In a 2012 study, 160 postmenopausal women ate either 75 grams of dried apples (equal to about two medium sized apples) or prunes every day for one year. After six months, the women who consumed apples experienced a 13 percent drop in their total cholesterol and a 24 percent drop in “bad” LDL cholesterol, while the women who ate prunes experienced a 3.5 percent drop in total cholesterol and an 8 percent drop in LDL cholesterol.

苹果中含有大量果胶，这是一种有助于维持健康胆固醇水平的膳食纤维。2012年一项研究中，160名绝经后女性每日食用75克苹果干（约等于两个中等苹果）或西梅干，持续一年。六个月后，食用苹果的女性总胆固醇下降了13%，低密度脂蛋白（“坏”胆固醇）下降了24%；而食用西梅的女性总胆固醇下降了3.5%，低密度脂蛋白下降了8%。

Apples are also one of the biggest dietary sources of polyphenols — tiny, health-promoting molecules that plants produce to defend themselves from the elements. Certain polyphenols in apples, called flavonoids, are particularly good at stimulating the production of nitric oxide, a gas that flows through our blood vessels, causing them to dilate. That’s good for blood pressure, said Nicola Bondonno, a postdoctoral researcher at the Danish Cancer Institute who has coauthored several studies on apples.

苹果还是多酚类物质最重要的膳食来源之一——这些促进健康的微小分子是植物为抵御外界侵蚀而产生的。苹果中被称为黄酮类化合物的特定多酚，尤其擅长促进一氧化氮生成。这种气体在血管中流动，使其扩张。与人合作发表了多篇苹果相关论文的丹麦癌症研究所博士后研究员尼古拉·邦多诺指出，这对控制血压大有裨益。

They can reduce chronic inflammation.

苹果具有缓解慢性炎症的作用。

Polyphenols in apples can reduce inflammation — and, in turn, possibly help reduce disease risk. Researchers published a study in August that analyzed health data from more than 119,000 people collected over nearly 20 years, including records of everything they ate over a 24-hour period on five separate occasions. The study found that those who reported eating more than two apples a day in the meal logs had a 30 percent lower chance of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease later on. “We saw benefits even at just half a serving a day,” said Aedin Cassidy, the chair of nutrition and preventive medicine at Queen’s University Belfast and a study co-author. The study found that the association between apples and C.O.P.D. risk was also linked to a reduction in inflammatory markers.

苹果所含的多酚能缓解炎症反应，从而可能帮助降低疾病风险。研究人员于8月发表的一项研究报告分析了11.9万名参与者近20年来的健康数据，记录了受试者24小时内五个不同时间点的详细饮食记录。研究发现，在饮食日志中记录每日食用超过两个苹果的人，后期患慢阻肺的风险降低30%。贝尔法斯特女王大学营养与预防医学系主任、研究合著者艾丁·卡西迪表示：“即使每日仅摄入半个苹果也能观察到益处。”该研究还发现，苹果与慢阻肺风险降低之间的关联也与炎症指标的减少有关。

How to Enjoy Them

食用指南

Apples are most nutritious when you leave the skin on, Dr. Bondonno said: After all, it’s the skin that contains those powerful polyphenols (and much of the fiber). She added that you should wash apples thoroughly before eating them to avoid pesticide exposure.

邦多诺指出，带皮食用最能保留苹果营养：毕竟果皮富含强效多酚（及大部分纤维）。她补充说，食用前应彻底清洗苹果，以去除农药残留。

In general, a darker color apple will have a richer variety of polyphenols, Dr. van der Merwe said. But more important than selecting the deepest red apple you can find is eating different apple varieties, so you can absorb as many different polyphenols as possible, she said.

范德默维表示，一般来说，颜色越深的苹果含多酚种类越丰富。但她强调，比起刻意挑选深红色品种，摄入不同种类的苹果更为重要，这样才能获取尽可能多样的多酚。

Apples are a perfect food all on their own, of course. But these recipes from NYT Cooking will help you work even more into your diet.

当然，苹果本身就是一种完美的食物。《纽约时报》烹饪专栏的这些食谱能助您解锁更多吃法：

1. Apples With Honey and Crushed Walnuts

1. 蜂蜜核桃苹果沙拉

Michael Graydon & Nikole Herriott for The New York Times. Prop Stylist: Kalen Kaminski.

Created as a crunchy take on the traditional Passover dish haroseth, this tangy salad is a welcome bit of freshness on any table, any time of year.

这道食谱是对传统逾越节菜肴哈罗塞的新演绎，口感爽脆、酸甜清新，一年四季都适合端上餐桌。In this comforting one-pot dinner, you get a triple dose of apple — apple cider, cider vinegar and apple slices — alongside chicken and kale.

在这道治愈系一锅料理中，苹果酒、苹果醋与新鲜苹果片——一曲苹果三重奏——与鸡肉和羽衣甘蓝一同炖煮。

• Recipe: Cider-Braised Chicken Thighs With Apples and Greens

食谱：苹果酒焖鸡腿佐绿蔬

3. Bircher Muesli

3. 瑞士什锦麦片

Yossy Arefi for The New York Times (Photography and Styling)

Milk-soaked oats are naturally sweetened with grated apple. You can scatter some more on top for crunch.

食谱：瑞士什锦麦片This light green salad features the unbeatable combination of sweet-tart apples and sharp, salty Cheddar. To turn it into a full meal, add toasted pecans.

这款清新的绿色沙拉将酸甜口感的苹果与辛咸的切达奶酪完美结合。若想让它更饱腹，可加入烤山核桃。

• Recipe: Fall Salad With Apples, Cheddar and Crispy Sage

食谱：秋日苹果切达脆鼠尾草沙拉

5. Honey-Roasted Sweet Potatoes and Apples

5. 蜂蜜烤红薯和苹果

Firm apples become nearly jammy when they’re roasted alongside sweet potato spears. They’re just as good cooked with carrots or parsnips.

将质地较硬的苹果与红薯条一同烘烤，苹果会变得几乎像果酱一样柔软。也可以用胡萝卜或欧洲萝卜代替红薯同样美味。

• Recipe: Honey-Roasted Sweet Potatoes and Apples

食谱：蜂蜜烤红薯和苹果

President Trump has used tariffs to try to reduce American reliance on Chinese exports and prevent China’s factory overcapacity from swamping the U.S. economy. But his effort has hit an obstacle: Beijing was already well on its way to weaning its economy from the United States.

特朗普总统一直利用关税试图减少美国对中国出口的依赖，并防止中国的工厂产能过剩冲击美国经济。但他的努力遇到了阻力：中国政府早已着手降低经济对美国的依赖。

For two decades, China has systematically pursued economic self-reliance. China has been able to establish choke points to pressure the U.S. economy, while making it harder for Washington to block China.

过去20年里，中国一直有条不紊地推进经济自立。中国已经能够建立起可以用来对美国经济施压的“卡脖子”环节，同时也让华盛顿更难封锁中国的发展。

Self-reliance has been a cornerstone of Chinese policymaking not just under Xi Jinping, the country’s top leader since 2012, but also under his predecessor, Hu Jintao.

“自力更生”一直是中国政策制定的基石，不仅在2012年起担任中国最高领导人的习近平领导下如此，在其前任胡锦涛时期也是如此。

Their program of replacing imported manufactured goods with domestic production has been costly and often inefficient. But it has left the West with dwindling leverage it can deploy during disputes.

他们推动以国内生产取代进口制造品的计划代价高昂，而且往往效率不高，但它使西方在发生争端时可以动用的筹码越来越少。

China’s leaders have become increasingly public about emphasizing the self-reliance drive. It took a prominent place at an annual gathering of the Communist Party’s Central Committee last month, when the country’s top officials laid out a sketch of China’s next five-year plan.

中国领导人如今越来越公开地强调这种自立方针。在上个月召开的中央委员会年度会议上，这一主题占据了突出位置。中国的最高级别官员在此次会议上制定了下一个五年规划的总体框架。

“We must first and foremost intensify efforts toward achieving greater self-reliance and strength in science and technology,” Mr. Xi said in a speech.

习近平在讲话中表示：“我们必须加快高水平科技自立自强。”

This year, China has wielded one of its most powerful choke points — its almost complete control over the world’s supply of rare-earth metals and rare-earth magnets.

今年，中国动用了最强有力的反制手段之一——它几乎完全掌控着全球稀土金属及稀土磁体的供应。

Faced with restrictions on China’s supply of rare earths, Mr. Trump last week accepted a compromise with Mr. Xi.

面对中国稀土供应的限制，特朗普上周被迫与中国领导人达成妥协。

特朗普总统与中国国家主席习近平上个月在韩国。

Their agreement left this year’s new U.S. tariffs for China similar to those for countries in Southeast Asia and lower than the tariffs for countries like India and Brazil, with which the United States has traditionally maintained closer relations.

这项协议使得美国今年对中国征收的新关税水平与对东南亚国家的关税大致相当，并低于对印度、巴西等传统上与美国关系更密切国家的关税。

China’s threat to put extremely tight controls on its rare-earth exports also helped persuade the Trump administration to suspend a policy it adopted in September to expand the number of military-related Chinese companies that Americans are not allowed to do business with.

中国威胁将对稀土出口实施极其严格的管制，也促使特朗普政府暂停执行一项原定于9月实施的政策，该政策原本打算扩大禁止美国企业与之往来的中国“军工关联企业”名单。

China has gained other choke points through its policies of manufacturing self-reliance. It is the world’s dominant producer of the ingredients needed to make antibiotics and other pharmaceuticals. It is also the main producer of a lot of electrical equipment, low-end computer chips and much more.

通过推行制造业自立的政策，中国在其他领域也占据着优势地位。中国如今是全球主要的抗生素及其他药物原料生产国，同时也是大量电气设备、低端芯片等产品的主要制造者。

The United States has been left with fewer options when it needs to fight back. When Washington wanted to pressure Beijing to back down on rare-earth export controls, the Trump administration threatened to restrict some of the last categories of crucial American exports that China still needs, like aircraft parts.

这使得美国在需要反制时选择日益受限。当华盛顿试图向北京施压、要求其撤回稀土出口管制时，特朗普政府只能威胁将限制中国仍然需要的、仅存的几类关键美国出口产品，例如飞机零部件。

Chinese officials are now calling for their country to become even more self-reliant.

中国官员现在呼吁进一步增强自立能力。

“A comprehensive industrial system benefits the enhanced resilience of supply chains,” Tian Peiyan, one of Mr. Xi’s senior policy advisers, wrote in a journal over the weekend. He added that a very broad industrial base could create “a bulwark of economic security.”

“完整产业体系有利于增强产业链供应链韧性，”习近平的一位高级政策顾问田培炎上周末在一份期刊上发文。他还说，一个覆盖面非常广的产业基础可以形成“经济安全屏障”。

When China joined the World Trade Organization at the end of 2001, it depended on imports for a wide range of goods. The cars, telecommunications gear, power generation equipment and other manufactured goods that China made then were inferior to imports, prompting many Chinese companies and consumers to prefer imports.

2001年底中国加入世界贸易组织时，其众多商品依赖进口。当时中国生产的汽车、电信设备、发电设备和其他制成品质量不如进口产品，导致许多中国企业和消费者更倾向于进口商品。

Since then, China has made enormous strides in the quality and quantity of these and many other goods.

此后，中国在这些以及其他许多商品的质量和产量方面都取得了巨大进步。

“Among 500 major industrial products, my country ranks first globally in the production of over 220,” Jin Zhuanglong, a prominent Chinese engineer, said last year when he was minister of industry and information technology.

去年，著名工程师、时任工信部部长金壮龙表示：“500种主要工业产品中，中国有220多种产品产量位居全球第一。”

中国的国有银行向电动汽车和太阳能电池板制造商提供了大量贷款，帮助中国成为世界上最大的电动汽车和太阳能电池板出口地。

Last month’s Central Committee gathering, or plenum, ordered that China would, starting next year, double down on its emphasis on advanced manufacturing. The plenum document ordered government and business to “work faster to boost China’s strength in manufacturing, product quality, aerospace, transportation and cyberspace.”

上个月召开的四中全会要求从明年开始加倍推进先进制造业发展。全会公报要求政府和企业“加快建设制造强国、质量强国、航天强国、交通强国、网络强国”。

Beijing has combined the vast scale of its manufacturing operations with considerable state direction. Only a handful of business sectors are left in which American and European industries still lead the world, notably commercial aircraft and a few of the most advanced semiconductors.

北京将庞大的制造业规模与强大的国家干预相结合。如今，只有少数几个行业仍由美国和欧洲企业主导，例如商用飞机和一些最先进的半导体。

“President Xi has been quite good at finding ways to engineer American imports out of China’s supply chains over time, apart from the most advanced semiconductors designed but not made by U.S. firms,” said Brad Setser, a China specialist at the Council on Foreign Relations.

“除了美国公司设计但并非由美国公司制造的尖端半导体之外，习近平主席在逐步将美国进口产品排除出供应链方面取得了显著成效，”外交关系委员会的中国问题专家布拉德·塞特瑟表示。

Despite more than a decade of heavy public investment, China lags in making the fastest semiconductors, needed for artificial intelligence and the latest military technologies. But Chinese companies have proved adept at buying and smuggling Nvidia microchips.

尽管十多年来投入了大量公共资金，中国在人工智能和尖端军事技术所需的高端半导体方面仍然落后。但中国企业已经证明，它们擅长采购和走私英伟达的微芯片。

China’s policies to replace imports with domestic products have included the Indigenous Innovation campaign adopted soon after China joined the W.T.O., Made in China 2025 starting in 2015 and the effort called “high quality productive forces” in the past two years.

中国用国产产品替代进口产品的政策包括加入WTO后不久推出的“自主创新”运动、2015年启动的“中国制造2025”计划，以及近两年提出的“新质生产力”战略。

The state-controlled banking system has lent heavily at low interest rates to manufacturers of electric cars and solar panels, and China has become the largest exporter of these goods.

国有银行体系以低利率向电动汽车和太阳能电池板制造商提供大量贷款，使中国成为这些商品的最大出口国。

For some products, China has achieved self-reliance with protectionist trade policies. Since 2008, China has used tariffs and fees that more than double the sticker prices of imported cars and sport utility vehicles with large gasoline engines.

对于部分产品，中国通过保护性贸易政策实现了自立。自2008年以来，中国对进口汽车和大型汽油发动机SUV征收关税和各种费用，使其标价翻了一番以上。

电动汽车和混合动力汽车目前占中国汽车市场的一半以上。

That has not only discouraged imports but meant that Chinese consumers never became accustomed to powerful and bulky vehicles. This is one reason they have been quick to switch over to electric cars and hybrid gasoline-electric cars, which together now make up more than half the Chinese market.

这不仅抑制了进口，也导致中国消费者从未习惯于动力强劲但体积庞大的车辆。这也是他们迅速转向电动汽车和油电混合动力汽车的原因之一，如今这两类汽车合计占据了中国市场的一半以上。

Since early in Mr. Trump’s first term, American officials tended to dismiss concerns that China might use the choke points it was developing. To do so would damage China’s credibility as a destination for foreign investment, they argued, and would prompt multinationals to shift their purchases elsewhere.

自特朗普第一任期初期以来，美国官员往往对中国可能动用其逐步构建的供应链制约手段不以为意。他们认为，这样做会损害中国作为外商投资目的地的信誉，并促使跨国公司将采购转移到其他地方。

That could yet happen. But China’s leaders, as shown last month, seemed determined to pursue even greater self-reliance.

这种情况或许会发生。但正如上个月所表明的那样，中国领导人似乎决心追求更大的自主发展。

The plenum’s closing statement said, “We must consolidate and expand our advantages, break through bottlenecks and constraints and strengthen our shortcomings and weaknesses.”

四中全会闭幕公报指出，“我们必须巩固拓展优势、破除瓶颈制约、补强短板弱项。”

Starbucks said on Monday that it had agreed to sell up to 60 percent of its retail operations in China to Boyu Capital, a private equity firm, in a deal valued at $4 billion.

星巴克于周一宣布，已同意将其中国零售业务至多60%的股权出售给私募股权公司博裕资本，这笔交易估值为40亿美元。

The agreement states that Boyu and Starbucks would operate its nearly 8,000 stores there under a joint venture. Starbucks will own and license its brand and intellectual property to the new entity, according to a statement.

协议显示，博裕资本与星巴克将通过一家合资企业运营其在华近8000家门店。星巴克在声明中表示，星巴克将拥有品牌及知识产权，并向新实体授予使用许可。

Starbucks said it expected the value of its retail business in China to exceed $13 billion, which includes the proceeds from the sale, the company’s remaining 40 percent stake, as well as the expected value of licensing fees over the next decade.

星巴克表示，其中国零售业务估值预计将超过130亿美元，这一估值包括交易所得款项、公司剩余的40%股权，以及未来十年授权费的预期价值。

“This approach allows us to combine the strength of the Starbucks brand, our coffee expertise, the third place, and our unique partner culture with Boyu’s deep knowledge of the China market and local expertise,” Brian Niccol, Starbucks’s chief executive, said in a statement.

星巴克首席执行官布莱恩·尼科尔在声明中称：“这种合作模式能让我们将星巴克品牌的优势、咖啡专业能力、第三空间理念，以及独特的伙伴文化，与博裕对中国市场的深刻理解及本土运营经验相结合。”

Mr. Niccol added that the joint venture agreement would be finalized in early 2026. Boyu has offices in Singapore, Shanghai, Hong Kong and Beijing.

尼科尔还说，这份合资协议预计将于2026年初敲定。博裕资本在新加坡、上海、香港及北京均设有办公室。

China has been a big bet for Starbucks going back decades.

数十年以来，中国一直是星巴克的重要战略市场。

Starbucks opened its first shop in China in 1999, at a time when tea dominated and a coffee culture was practically nonexistent. But as China’s middle-class grew and aspired for iPhones, Louis Vuitton handbags and other international brands to signal its newfound wealth, Starbucks’s flourished.

1999年，星巴克在中国大陆开设了首家门店。当时，中国市场以茶饮为主导，咖啡文化几乎不存在。但随着中国中产阶级规模扩大，他们渴望通过iPhone、路易威登手袋及其他国际品牌彰显新获得的财富，星巴克也随之蓬勃发展。

Today, China is Starbucks’s second-largest market, accounting for about 8 percent of revenue. At the end of June, there were 7,828 stores in China compared with 17,230 in the United States.

如今，中国已成为星巴克的第二大市场，贡献了约8%的营收。截至6月底，星巴克在中国的门店数量为7828家，而美国门店数量为17230家。

But in recent years, consumers in China have increasingly turned away from foreign brands as they have become more cost conscious and curious about local rivals.

但近年来，随着中国消费者日益注重成本效益并对本土品牌产生兴趣，他们正逐渐疏远外国品牌。

A number of Chinese chains like Luckin Coffee, ChaGee and HeyTea flooded the region, offering coconut milk lattes, boba milk teas with cheese cream and sugary jasmine tea frappés, often with significant promotions.

瑞幸咖啡、霸王茶姬、喜茶等众多本土连锁品牌迅速扩张，推出椰乳拿铁、芝士奶盖珍珠奶茶、茉莉冰沙等创新产品，且常伴有大幅促销活动。

For Starbucks, which has resisted entering a price war on lattes and cold brew coffees, same-store sales over the last couple of years have weakened, as has its share of the overall Chinese market.

星巴克一直拒绝参与拿铁和冷萃咖啡的价格战，因此过去几年其同店销售额持续下滑，在中国整体市场的份额也出现萎缩。

Mr. Niccol has spent much of his first year as chief executive of Starbucks trying to bolster the chain’s business in the United States. While he has said the turnaround is happening, the company’s stock has fallen 17 percent in the past year. In late September, the company abruptly said it was laying off 900 corporate staff and shuttering more than 600 stores that it said was underperforming.

尼科尔担任星巴克首席执行官的第一年，将大量精力投入提振美国本土业务。尽管他表示业务正在好转，但过去一年星巴克股价仍下跌了17%。9月下旬，该公司突然宣布将裁员900名总部员工，并关闭600多家公司声称业绩不佳的门店。

Last month, Starbucks reported its quarterly global revenue rose 5.5 percent from a year earlier, to $9.6 billion. But its net income dropped 85 percent to $133 million.

上个月，星巴克公布其全球季度营收同比增长5.5%，达到96亿美元，但净利润下降85%，降至1.33亿美元。

But Starbucks’s struggles in China are another significant test for Mr. Niccol. Last year, he told Wall Street analysts that the company needed to ”figure out how we grow in the market now and into the future” in China. That growth could come with the help of a strategic partner, he added.

然而，星巴克在中国市场的困境，成为尼科尔面临的又一重大考验。去年，他曾对华尔街分析师表示，公司“需要明确当前及未来在中国市场的增长路径”。他还称，战略合作伙伴的加入或将助力实现这一增长目标。

For Travis McMaster, the general manager of Cocoon USA, an outdoor and travel brand, ordering products from his foreign suppliers this year has been a lot like gambling.

对于户外旅行品牌Cocoon USA的总经理特拉维斯·麦克马斯特而言，今年从海外供应商处采购产品的过程如同一场赌博。

After reading the news of a trade truce between the United States and China last week, Mr. McMaster was relieved to have finally gotten a win. He estimated that President Trump’s decision to lower tariffs on Chinese products would save him roughly $30,000 in tariff costs on a shipment the company has coming in from China this week — enough to perhaps hire another seasonal employee in the small Washington town where Cocoon is based.

上周看到中美达成贸易休战的新闻后，麦克马斯特终于松了口气，感觉迎来了一场胜利。他估算，特朗普总统下调中国商品关税的决定能为公司本周从中国进口的一批货物节省约3万美元关税成本——这笔钱足够在Cocoon总部所在的华盛顿州小镇再雇佣一名季节性员工。

But the tariff deal came with a downside. Cocoon had begun shifting some production to India this spring to avoid high tariffs on China. But in the past few months, Mr. Trump has raised tariffs on India by 50 percent, while dropping tariffs on Cocoon’s Chinese goods to 30 percent, scrambling the company’s plans.

但这份关税协议也带来了负面影响。为规避中国商品的高额关税，Cocoon今年春季已开始将部分生产转移至印度。然而过去几个月里，特朗普将印度进口商品关税提高了50%，同时却把Cocoon采购的中国商品关税降至30%，彻底打乱了公司的计划。

Mr. McMaster lamented the time he had spent on building up production in India. At least for the time being, he said, “I’m not going to spend any more energy trying to get out of China.”

麦克马斯特对在印度拓展生产所耗费的时间感到惋惜。他表示，至少目前来看，“我不会再花精力试图脱离中国市场了”。

After a chaotic year of tariff threats and trade deals, the United States has landed, at least temporarily, in a surprising situation. In the face of a potentially devastating trade clash with China, Mr. Trump agreed to cut in half a 20 percent tariff he had used to punish China for its role in the flow of fentanyl.

在经历了一年充满关税威胁与贸易协议的混乱局面后，美国至少暂时陷入了一种出人意料的境地。面对可能与中国爆发的毁灭性贸易冲突，特朗普同意将此前为惩罚中国在芬太尼流通中所扮演角色而征收的20%关税减半。

That has pared back U.S. tariffs on certain Chinese products to levels that are nominally near or sometimes below those he has put on products from other countries, including some allies like Switzerland, India, Brazil and Canada. According to calculations by the Yale Budget Lab, the average effective tariff on Chinese goods has risen by 20.2 percentage points this year, compared with 17.3 percentage points for the rest of the world.

这一调整使得美国对部分中国商品的关税水平，在名义上接近甚至低于对其他国家商品的关税（包括瑞士、印度、巴西、加拿大等部分盟友）。根据耶鲁大学预算实验室的计算，今年美国对中国商品的平均有效关税提高了20.2个百分点，而对世界其他地区商品的平均有效关税仅提高了17.3个百分点。

Not every company pays the same tariff, and other calculations that include earlier tariffs on China indicate a higher overall rate. Chad P. Bown, an economist at the Peterson Institute, has calculated an average tariff rate for China of 47.6 percent, but it is not clear how that compares with U.S. tariffs on other countries.

不过，不同企业缴纳的关税并不相同，若计入前期对华关税，整体税率会更高。彼得森研究所经济学家查德·鲍恩计算得出，美国对中国商品征收的平均关税税率为47.6%，但该数据与美国对其他国家关税的对比尚不明确。

Companies that rely on doing business with China have been grateful for the tariff reduction, even as they scramble to parse what the latest deal means to them and how long it will last. Some economists and executives argue that the outcome may slow the move by companies to find alternatives to China, potentially complicating a longer-run effort by U.S. officials to reduce America’s dependence on Chinese supply chains.

依赖对中国业务的企业对关税下调表示欢迎，但同时也在紧急分析这份最新协议对自身的影响及持续时间。部分经济学家和企业高管认为，这一结果可能会减缓企业寻找中国替代市场的步伐，进而可能使美国官员减少对中国供应链依赖的长期努力变得复杂。

Many companies remain intent on diversifying where they source their products and are cautious about tying their fortunes to China over the longer term. Yet the current system of tariffs removes some of the urgency for companies to find factories outside China. It also chips away at the economic advantage that companies had expected from moving factories to Brazil, Vietnam and India.

许多企业仍打算实现采购来源多样化，对长期将自身命运与中国绑定持谨慎态度。但当前的关税体系降低了企业在海外寻找工厂的紧迫性，也削弱了企业原本期望通过将工厂迁至巴西、越南和印度所获得的经济优势。

“There isn’t a great incentive, if this is the final tariff structure, to reallocate out of China,” said Brad Setser, an economist at the Council on Foreign Relations. He argued that the tariff differential between China and other countries was much smaller now than Mr. Trump had suggested in his 2024 campaign, when he proposed putting a 60 percent tariff on Chinese goods and a 10 to 20 percent tariff on products from the rest of the world.

美国外交关系委员会经济学家布拉德·塞策表示：“如果这就是最终的关税结构，那么企业没有足够动力将业务迁出中国。”他认为，如今中美与美国和其他国家之间的关税差距，远小于特朗普在2024年竞选时提出的水平——当时特朗普提议对中国商品征收60%的关税，对其他国家商品征收10%至20%的关税。

“Contrary to what many in the administration are saying, they haven’t ended up with a tariff structure that really encourages relocation out of China,” Mr. Setser said.

塞策还说：“与政府内部许多人的说法相反，他们最终形成的关税结构，并没有真正起到鼓励企业迁出中国的作用。” 

The Trump administration disputed that idea, saying that its national security tariffs — which impose taxes on products like auto parts, pharmaceuticals and semiconductors — would disproportionately affect China. Officials also argued that the administration was focused on ending China’s chokehold on other products, like rare earths.

特朗普政府反驳了这一观点，称其针对汽车零部件、药品、半导体等产品征收的国家安全关税，将对中国造成更大影响。官员们还表示，政府正致力于打破中国在稀土等其他产品上的垄断地位。

Kush Desai, a White House spokesman, said in a statement that Mr. Trump had pledged to end “America’s foreign reliance by reviving domestic manufacturing and industry.” The trade deals and trillions of dollars in investment commitments “prove that the Trump administration’s trade and tariff policies are delivering on this pledge,” he said.

白宫发言人库什·德赛在声明中称，特朗普已承诺“通过重振国内制造业，结束美国对外国的依赖”。他表示，各项贸易协议以及数万亿美元的投资承诺“证明特朗普政府的贸易和关税政策正在兑现这一承诺”。

China’s ability to retaliate appears to be one reason that the country is not facing more severe tariffs, as India and Brazil are. Mr. Trump has threatened repeatedly to put triple-digit tariffs on China, but Beijing responded by hitting back at the United States where it hurt. It created a system to regulate the export of rare earth minerals and clamped down on those shipments, threatening to shutter U.S. auto plants and other factories.

中国的反制能力，似乎是它未像印度、巴西那样面临更严厉关税的原因之一。特朗普曾多次威胁要对中国商品征收三位数关税，但中国政府采取了针对性反制措施：建立稀土出口监管体系并限制稀土出口，威胁将导致美国汽车工厂及其他工厂停产。

The strategy worked. Xi Jinping, China’s top leader, walked out of negotiations with lower fentanyl-related tariffs than countries like Canada, which have tried to placate Mr. Trump.

这一策略最终奏效。中国最高领导人习近平在谈判中达成的芬太尼相关关税税率，低于加拿大等试图安抚特朗普的国家。

After a meeting in South Korea last week, Mr. Trump agreed to pause new fees on Chinese ships and delay sanctions on thousands of Chinese companies, in addition to cutting a 10 percent tariff. China said it would suspend the rollout of certain rare earths restrictions for a year and return to buying U.S. soybeans. It also said it would crack down on shipments of the chemicals used to make fentanyl.

上周在韩国举行的会晤后，特朗普除了将一项10%的关税下调外，还同意暂停对中国船只征收新费用，并推迟对数千家中国企业的制裁。作为回应，中国表示将暂停实施部分稀土限制措施一年，恢复采购美国大豆，并加大对芬太尼制造所需化学品出口的打击力度。

The Numbers

数据

In the wake of last week’s agreement, Mr. Trump will have added a 20 percent tariff to all Chinese imports so far this year. That includes the 10 percent fentanyl tariff and another 10 percent tariff that Mr. Trump said is directed at slowing the flow of Chinese imports into the United States.

根据上周达成的协议，特朗普政府今年已对所有中国进口商品额外征收了20%的关税。这其中包括10%的芬太尼相关关税，以及特朗普所称旨在减缓中国商品进口量的另一项10%关税。

A portion of Chinese imports also face an additional tariff of 7.5 to 25 percent left over from Mr. Trump’s first-term trade war. Chinese products are also hit by Mr. Trump’s global tariffs on industries like autos, steel and aluminum, as well as pre-existing tariffs from the World Trade Organization, and Chinese goods qualify for fewer tariff exclusions than many other countries’.

部分中国进口商品还需缴纳特朗普第一任期贸易战时遗留的7.5%至25%的额外关税。此外，中国商品还需缴纳特朗普政府针对汽车、钢铝等行业征收的全球关税，以及世界贸易组织框架下的既有关税。而且，中国商品享受的关税豁免范围远小于其他许多国家。

Although U.S. tariffs on Chinese products are high, American tariffs on certain products from other countries are now sometimes similar or higher, for reasons that make little sense.

尽管美国对中国商品的关税水平较高，但出于一些难以解释的原因，美国对部分其他国家特定商品的关税如今已达到相近甚至更高水平。

For example, Mr. Trump has imposed a 10 percent “reciprocal” tariff on exports from Britain and Australia, now the same reciprocal rate as for China. The administration says that tariff is directed at offsetting the U.S. trade deficit, but the United States runs trade surpluses with both Britain and Australia, while it racked up a nearly $300 billion trade deficit in goods with China last year.

例如，特朗普对英国、澳大利亚两国出口商品征收10%的“对等关税”，与对中国的对等关税税率持平。美国政府称此举旨在抵消美国的贸易逆差，但事实上美国对两国均存在贸易顺差，而去年美国与中国的商品贸易逆差接近3000亿美元。

The United States also runs a trade surplus with Brazil. But Mr. Trump has put a 50 percent tariff on goods from Brazil and India, amid spats over Brazil’s treatment of a former president and India’s refusal to credit Mr. Trump in making peace with Pakistan. Mr. Trump has also imposed a 39 percent tariff on Switzerland in response to the country’s trade surplus with the United States, even though much of that recent trade has been gold bullion that investors have imported to hedge against tariffs.

美国对巴西同样保持贸易顺差，但特朗普仍对巴西和印度商品征收50%的关税，原因包括美国与巴西在对待前总统问题上的分歧，以及印度拒绝承认特朗普在促成印巴和平中发挥的作用。特朗普还对瑞士商品征收39%的关税，理由是瑞士对美贸易顺差，尽管近期该国对美贸易中很大一部分是投资者为对冲关税风险而进口的黄金。

Canada, America’s closest ally, faces a 35 percent tariff that Mr. Trump imposed in part because of his claim that Canada is a significant source of fentanyl for the United States. While in practice many goods coming from Canada are exempted through the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement, the nominal rate is still much higher than China’s 10 percent fentanyl tariff, despite far more fentanyl coming from China than Canada.

作为美国最亲密的盟友，加拿大面临特朗普政府征收的35%的关税，部分原因是特朗普声称加拿大是美国芬太尼的重要来源地。尽管实际上通过《美墨加协定》，许多加拿大输美商品获得了豁免，但名义关税税率仍远高于中国10%的芬太尼相关关税——而来自中国的芬太尼远多于加拿大。

Countries in Southeast Asia, where many companies have moved their factories after leaving China, typically now face a reciprocal tariff of 19 or 20 percent, the same as or slightly lower than the base line tariff on China. But economists said countries like Vietnam and Cambodia could be heavily affected by the administration’s plans to put an additional tax on goods that are made with a certain proportion of Chinese content.

许多企业撤离中国后将工厂迁至东南亚国家，而这些东南亚国家如今通常面临19%或20%的对等关税，与针对中国的基准关税相同或略低。但经济学家表示，越南和柬埔寨等国可能因美国政府计划对含特定比例中国成分的商品加征关税而遭受严重影响。

A Range of Strategies

多种策略

For many companies that have spent years planning an exodus from China, an overall tariff reduction of 10 percent on goods made in China is not big enough to lead to any sudden strategic changes. Companies also remain wary that the U.S. trade truce with China could quickly crumble, as it has before.

对于许多多年来一直计划撤离中国的企业而言，中国商品整体10%的关税下调幅度，不足以促使它们做出突然的战略调整。企业还担心，美国与中国的贸易休战可能会像以往一样迅速破裂。

“Ten percent isn’t quite enough to move the needle,” said Cameron Johnson, a supply chain consultant in Shanghai. He said many of his clients are still waiting to see how things play out when Mr. Trump meets with Mr. Xi again in China next year.

上海供应链顾问卡梅伦·约翰逊表示：“10%的降幅不足以改变局面。”他透露，自己的许多客户仍在观望，等待明年特朗普与中国国家领导人再次会晤后的局势发展。

“There is a bit of skepticism about whether this will hold. You’re not going to move your factory or production for six months and a 10 percent reduction,” Mr. Johnson said, referring to a comment Mr. Trump made last week about visiting Beijing in April.

“人们对这份协议能否持续持怀疑态度。不会有人因为短短六个月和10%的关税降幅，就贸然迁移工厂或生产线，”约翰逊在提及特朗普上周所说的4月访华计划时说。

Companies, particularly larger ones, have found ways to weather the volatility in the U.S.-China relationship by diversifying their supply chains through partnerships with factories in neighboring countries like Vietnam, or setting up their own factories outside China. Across southern Vietnam in Ho Chi Minh City, dozens of sprawling new industrial parks have popped up amid the influx of demand for a factory alternative to China.

企业——尤其是大型企业——已找到应对美中关系波动的方法：通过与越南等周边国家的工厂建立合作关系，或在海外自建工厂，实现供应链多元化。在越南南部的胡志明市，随着对替代中国工厂的需求激增，数十个大型新工业园区应运而生。

“I don’t think you’ll see companies moving out of Vietnam, India and elsewhere to go back to China. It’s the big number that actually matters,” said Adam Sitkoff, the executive director of the American Chamber of Commerce in Hanoi.

河内的美国商会会长亚当·西特科夫表示：“我认为不会有企业从越南、印度等地迁回中国。真正重要的是整体大趋势。”

Japan has about 100,000 people who have lived for a century or more — the most in the world, and more per capita than in any other country. The frailty that comes with age is creating challenges for Japan, where a record-low birthrate means ever more retirees and fewer working-age people to support them.

日本约有10万名百岁人瑞，总数居全球之首，人均占比更是冠绝各国。高龄带来的衰弱正给日本带来挑战——创历史新低的出生率意味着退休人口持续增加，而为他们提供供养的适龄劳动人口却不断减少。

But for some people, reaching 100 is just another milestone in a full life. We met five remarkable centenarians who credited their longevity to eating well, Japan’s affordable health care, exercise and family support. But for these five, there is also something else: their work.

但对一些人来说，活到一百岁只是丰盈人生中的又一个里程碑。我们采访了五位非凡的百岁老人，他们把长寿归功于健康饮食、日本普惠的医疗体系、锻炼以及家人支持。但对这五个人来说，还有一个共同特质：持续工作。

The Bicycle Repairman

自行车修理匠

As a 12-year-old, Seiichi Ishii was walking home from school one day when he came across a “help wanted” sign in the window of a bicycle repair shop in the Shitamachi district of Tokyo. He had always admired the long navy jumpsuits that bike repairmen wore, and he wanted to step into one himself.

12岁那年，石井清一（音）放学途经东京下町地区时，偶然看见自行车修理铺橱窗上的招聘启示。他一直很喜欢修车师傅穿的深蓝色连体工作服，渴望有朝一日也能穿上它。

More than 90 years after that start, Mr. Ishii is still fixing bikes at his own shop. Though the legs of the jumpsuit are too long for his shrinking body, he goes to bed every night excited about the customers who might show up the next day. “If I die here, in my workshop, I will be happy,” he said. “I am a working man, and that doesn’t change with age!”

如今90多年过去了，石井先生仍在自己的小店里修车。尽管工装裤的裤腿对他日渐佝偻的身形显得过长，但他每天晚上仍带着对明天可能有顾客上门的期待入睡。“如果我死在这里，在我的工作坊里，我也会感到幸福，”他说，“我是个劳动者，这一点不会因为年龄而改变！”

石井在东京的店铺里，正在修理顾客自行车上的车灯。他喜欢拆解自行车再重新组装。

Mr. Ishii, 103, loves removing bolts and tires and puzzling out how to piece everything back together, though his hands have grown shaky and his vision is blurrier than in his younger days.

现年103岁的石井先生依然热爱拆卸螺栓和轮胎，将零件重新组装复原，尽管双手已不再如从前那般听使唤，视力也不复年少时的清晰。

Mr. Ishii remembers living through the war, when nothing was guaranteed. His income from the repairs supplements a monthly pension of 50,000 yen, or about $330. “You never know what will happen,” he said, making miso soup for one in the cluttered kitchen behind his shop.

石井经历过战争年代，那时一切都没有保障。修车所得是他每月5万日元（约330美元）养老金之外的一份补充。“你永远不知道会发生什么，”他在店后那间杂乱的厨房里为自己煮味噌汤，一边说道。

Working on bikes brings him even more joy than singing karaoke, which he does every Sunday at his favorite snack bar. He rides a tricycle to get there. On special karaoke outings, he wears his old jumpsuit with the hems rolled up.

修车给他带来的快乐甚至超过唱卡拉OK，每个礼拜天，他都会骑着三轮车去自己最喜欢的小酒吧唱歌。在特别的卡拉OK聚会时，他还会穿上那件旧连体工作服，把裤脚卷起。

The Ramen Chef

拉面师傅

Five or six days a week, Fuku Amakawa works the lunch shift at her family’s ramen restaurant alongside her son and daughter, using long chopsticks to swirl egg noodles in pork broth and sprinkling chopped spring onions into bowls filled with hot soup.

每周有五六天的午市时段，天川福（音）都会在自家的拉面店跟一双儿女一起忙碌。她用长筷子在猪骨汤中搅动鸡蛋面，再往盛着热汤的碗里撒上切碎的葱花。

“I can’t believe I’ve managed to work this long without getting bored,” she said while disinfecting serving trays.

“真没想到能坚持工作这么久还不觉得腻，”她边给餐盘消毒边说。

天川在她的餐厅休息。天川手持鲜花，出席餐厅60周年庆典活动。

Ms. Amakawa, 102, says she has always been a bit stubborn. She put off her arranged marriage as long as she could. But after she made the leap, she opened the restaurant with her husband. Its 60th anniversary was this year.

102岁的天川女士说她一直都比较倔。她曾将父母安排的婚事一拖再拖，但成家后便与丈夫共同经营起这家餐馆，今年是开业的第60个年头。

“It is really beautiful that I can still work. Physically and emotionally, it changes the quality of my life,” she said, sitting below an autographed photograph of Takuya Kimura, a singer and actor who visited the restaurant last year. Ms. Amakawa’s skin glistens, which she attributes to all the steam in the kitchen.

“我还能继续工作，真的很美好。无论是身体上还是心理上，这都改变了我生活的质量，”她说，在她上方挂着一张去年来店里用餐的歌手、演员木村拓哉的签名照片。天川女士的皮肤闪着光泽，她说那是厨房里蒸汽的功劳。

One of her biggest fears is losing the ability to walk, and she says the work helps her stay fit. Last year, she felt pain in her chest and panicked, afraid she was having heart problems. But a doctor told her not to worry: It was just muscle pain, from lifting heavy pans.

她最害怕的事情之一就是丧失行走能力，而工作让她保持健康。去年，她胸口疼痛，一度慌了神，以为自己心脏出了问题。但医生告诉她不用担心——那不过是她经常拿重锅导致的肌肉酸痛。

The Farmer

农夫

Bright yellow rapeseed flowers, Masafumi Matsuo’s favorite, filled the fields behind his home when he was young. He loved the mild bitterness of the vegetable, which turns sweet when cooked, and which he farmed and sold. But his son, who now runs the family farm, decided to replace the flowers with rice, a less laborious crop to maintain.

在松尾正文（音）年轻的时候，屋后田野曾经开满了黄灿灿的油菜花——那是他最喜欢的花。他喜爱这种蔬菜略带的苦味，因为煮熟便化作清甜，当年他正是种植并出售这种作物。而今接手家业的儿子却改种了水稻——毕竟稻作省力得多。

Mr. Matsuo, 101, also grows eggplants, cucumbers and beans across different seasons. “I work to stay healthy,” he said on a July morning, dragging a plastic stool out into the field, where he sipped water during breaks from watering his rice seedlings.

现年101岁的松尾仍依时节栽种茄子、黄瓜和豆类。“劳作是为保持健康，”7月某个清晨，他边说边将塑料凳拖到田里，在给稻苗浇水的间隙坐下小憩饮水。

松尾在家中与孙女共处。“劳作是为保持健康，但这也是我唯一会做的事，”松尾说。“我这一辈子都在干这个。”

Mr. Matsuo was born, grew up and raised three children in his town, which is nestled in the mountains of Oita, a coastal prefecture on the southwestern island of Kyushu. His wife died four years ago, which devastated him. Every morning, he climbs the stairs, clutching the railing, to the second floor, where he has made a Buddhist shrine to his wife, and brings her freshly cooked rice.

松尾出生、成长并抚养了三个孩子的这座小镇位于九州西南部沿海的大分县群山之间。四年前，他的妻子去世，这对他打击很大。每天早晨，他都会扶着栏杆爬上二楼，那里有他为妻子设立的小佛龛，他每天都为她奉上一碗新煮的米饭。

Mr. Matsuo, who survived esophageal cancer and, at 99, a bout of Covid, spends his weekends playing with his year-old great-grandson, Toki. After farming each day, he goes inside to rest at his kotatsu, a heated table that’s covered with heavy blankets. He slides down into their warmth, as grasshoppers bounce around on the windowsill behind him.

战胜过食道癌、又在99岁高龄挺过新冠的松尾，在周末会和一岁大的曾孙时君玩耍。每日耕作结束后，他回到屋内，坐在厚重棉被覆盖的暖桌旁休息。他钻进被炉的温暖中，身后的窗台上有蚱蜢跳跃。

The Beauty Consultant

美容顾问

Tomoko Horino always knew there was more in store for her than staying home. Inspired by a saleswoman she had met, she wanted to sell makeup. But she was a young mother of three, and cultural norms meant it would not be considered proper for her to work.

堀野友子（音）始终坚信，自己的人生不应囿于家庭。受到一位推销员的启发，她萌生了卖化妆品的念头。但那时她是三个孩子的年轻母亲，按照当时的社会观念，女性外出工作被认为是不合适的。

At 39, she ran into an old friend whose husband was recruiting saleswomen for the same makeup brand she’d fallen in love with years before. With her children older, she took the job. Ms. Horino loved seeing her customers’ faces light up as they tried a new lipstick color or foundation that she’d suggested.

39岁那年，她偶遇一位老朋友，对方的丈夫正在为她多年前就钟爱的那个化妆品品牌招募销售。孩子们已经长大，于是她接下了这份工作。堀野喜欢看到顾客试用她推荐的口红色号或粉底液时容光焕发的脸庞。

“When I first tried on makeup, I felt so pretty,” she said. “I wanted to make others feel the same way.”

“我第一次化妆时，觉得自己好漂亮，”她说，“我也希望能让别人有同样的感觉。”

堀野在福岛县邻居家完成一笔销售后离开（她买了防晒霜）。堀野傍晚在家中。她说，让自己忙碌起来能减轻孤独感。

Her husband, who worked in an office, wasn’t happy to have a wife who also worked, but the family was in a dire financial situation. All he asked was that she knock on doors where she wouldn’t be recognized. She complied, traveling at least an hour from home to sell her products. Soon she was making more than he was.

她的丈夫在一家公司上班，对于妻子外出工作颇为不满，但家计困窘使他只得妥协。他唯一的要求是她必须去不会被熟人认出的地方做上门推销。她应允了，每天辗转至少一小时的路程上门销售。没过多久，她的收入就超过了丈夫。

Now widowed and living alone at 102, she makes her sales over the phone, with only occasional home visits. Keeping busy helps her fend off loneliness. She spends the rest of her time knitting, feeding tuna-flavored kibble to the neighborhood cat, and waiting for neighbors to drop by for a cup of oolong tea. Though she has outlived most of her clients, she’s never considered quitting her job.

如今102岁的她寡居独处，主要通过电话销售，偶尔上门拜访。让自己忙碌起来有助于驱散孤独。余暇时，她或者打毛衣，或者给在这一带出没的猫喂金枪鱼味的猫粮，或等待街坊来喝乌龙茶。尽管多数老主顾已先她离去，她从未考虑过放弃这份事业。

“I love making people feel beautiful,” Ms. Horino said. When she sees a customer’s self-confidence rise, “that is the most important and joyful part of this,” she said.

“我喜欢让大家感到自己很美，”堀野说。当她看到顾客的自信提升时，“便是这份工作中最重要、最幸福的所在。”

The Storyteller

说书人

When Tomeyo Ono plopped onto a cushion to begin her performance, there was total silence. Then, from somewhere deep in her petite body, she started to recite the folk tale of a bull and a baby bear, with perfect enunciation.

小野知世端坐垫上准备开讲时，全场一片寂静。接着，她从那瘦小的身躯深处发出洪亮的声音，开始讲述一则关于公牛和小熊的民间故事，字字圆润。

As she spoke, she gestured wildly with her hands, the audience hanging on every word. At the end, the room filled with applause.

她边说边用手生动地比划，观众屏息倾听。故事结束时，满堂喝彩。

With a repertoire of 50 stories, Ms. Ono is a teller of minwa, or folk tales, a career she took up for fun after turning 70. “I’ve never had a proper job before, can I do this?” she said she thought at the time. “I was raised in the suburbs, and girls didn’t know that we could have dreams back then.”

能说50个故事的小野是位古稀之后为兴趣而执业的民间说书人。“我这辈子没做过什么正经工作，真能胜任吗？”她说当时暗自思忖，“我是在郊区长大的，那时候的女孩根本不知道自己也可以有梦想。”

小野开始新的一天。小野（中）70岁开始说书。她说：“我是在郊区长大的，那时候的女孩根本不知道自己也可以有梦想。”

Now 101, she is the oldest, and loudest, member of a storytelling collective. After the 2011 tsunami washed away her home in Fukushima, she vowed to incorporate the experiences of its survivors into her work.

如今101岁的她，已是说书界最年长又最有活力的人物。2011年海啸摧毁了她在福岛的家后，她便立誓要将灾民经历融入口述艺术。

“I’m living to tell my stories,” Ms. Ono said, tears rolling down her cheeks. She said she was terrified by the idea of folk tales, or memories of the tsunami, being lost.

“我活着就是为了讲述，”小野任由泪珠滚落面颊。她表示，想到民间故事或海啸的记忆可能被遗忘，让她感到害怕。

Every day, she writes in her journal and eats natto — a sticky dish made from fermented soybeans — folded between two pieces of fluffy white bread. Occasionally, she dozes off while reading the newspaper as her daughter-in-law tidies up around her. “I get special treatment because I’m the oldest,” she chuckled.

每天，她都会写日记，还会用黏糊糊的纳豆——一种发酵大豆制成的食物——夹着两片松软的白面包吃。偶尔，她会在看报纸时打起瞌睡，儿媳则在一旁整理屋子。“倚老卖老嘛，”她笑道。

Lately, Ms. Ono said, she “no longer dreams of the living,” seeing only friends and family from the past. She is determined to keep telling stories until she joins them, she said.

小野说，最近她“已经不再梦见活着的人”，梦中出现的都是过去的朋友和家人。她说，她决心一直讲故事，直到有一天与他们重逢。

小野与朋友们散步。