In 1976, Song Ying swam for eight hours from Shenzhen, then a small fishing village, to Hong Kong, joining millions of mainland Chinese who risked their lives to escape hunger, indoctrination and repression under Communist rule.

1976年，宋颖（音）从当时还是一个小渔村的深圳游了八个小时来到香港，加入了数百万冒着生命危险逃离共产党统治下的饥饿、思想灌输和镇压的内地民众行列。

Today, at 72, she is a New Yorker who voted for President Trump three times and voted early for Andrew M. Cuomo in Tuesday’s mayoral election. She views socialism as a curse she barely survived when she fled China and fears that Zohran Mamdani, a democratic socialist and the Democratic mayoral nominee, is a threat to her adopted home.

如今，72岁的她是一名纽约人，曾三次投票给特朗普总统，并在周二的市长选举中提前投票给安德鲁·科莫。她将社会主义视为自己当年逃离中国时侥幸脱身的诅咒，担忧民主社会主义者、民主党市长候选人佐兰·马姆达尼将威胁她的第二故乡。

Ms. Song cannot understand the broad enthusiasm young people have for Mr. Mamdani, who leads the race.

宋颖无法理解年轻人对领先竞选的马姆达尼的广泛热情。

He wants to raise taxes on the rich to fund programs like free child care, buses and city-owned grocery stores, which is vastly different from the Marxist socialism that was practiced by China under Chairman Mao Zedong.

他主张向富人增税以资助免费托儿机构、公交系统及市政杂货店等项目，这与毛泽东时代中国实行的马克思主义社会主义有很大不同。

But her views reflect a growing divide within many Chinese American families between parents who fled collectivism and their children, who were raised in freedom and drawn to the promise of equality.

她的观点折射出许多华裔美国家庭内部日益加深的代际分歧：曾逃离集体主义的父母辈，与在自由环境中成长、追求平等理念的子女辈之间，正形成深刻的思想鸿沟。

The political views of many older Chinese American immigrants are shifting to the right, a trend that is playing out in the mayor’s race. The generational split, accentuated by memory, media and class experience, has turned some Chinese American households in New York into microcosms of a broader debate over what fairness and freedom mean or what the American dream is really about.

许多年长的华裔美国移民的政治观点正在右转，这一趋势正在市长竞选中显现出来。记忆、媒体和阶级经历加剧了这种代沟，使纽约的一些华裔美国家庭成为一场更广泛辩论的缩影，这场辩论的主题是公平和自由意味着什么，或者美国梦到底是什么。

宋颖上周在纽约华埠的一个投票站。宋颖于1970年代逃离中国，她提前投票支持安德鲁·科莫。

Ms. Song and her husband arrived in the United States in 1978 with nothing. They borrowed $168 to pay their first month’s rent in Chinatown and hustled to build a life. She became a reporter for a Chinese-language newspaper while he started a small telecom business. One of their sons graduated from Cornell, the other from M.I.T. Both have professional careers — the kind of American success story that once symbolized immigrant hope.

1978年抵达美国时，宋颖和她的丈夫一无所有。他们借了168美元来支付他们在唐人街第一个月的房租，并努力建立自己的生活。她成为一家中文报纸的记者，而他则办了一家小型电信公司。他们的一个儿子毕业于康奈尔大学，另一个毕业于麻省理工学院，两人都有自己的职业生涯——这种美国式的成功故事曾经象征着移民的希望。

Ms. Song’s political convictions are rooted in the country she fled. “Socialism has been a disaster,” she said. “Everything I’ve seen and experienced points to that. It breeds laziness and kills the motivation to strive.”

宋颖的政治信念植根于她所逃离的国家。“社会主义是一场灾难，”她说。“我所看到和经历的一切都表明了这一点。它滋生懒惰，扼杀奋斗的动力。”

To her, Mr. Mamdani’s proposals sound like echoes from her past.

对她来说，马姆达尼的提议听起来像是来自她过去的回声。

Ms. Song calls her children, who declined to be interviewed, and those of her friends “Ivy League types,” kindhearted progressives who, in her view, fail to see socialism’s destructive side. Her perspective resonates with other older Chinese immigrants who doubt the city can afford such free programs.

宋颖称她的孩子们（他们拒绝接受采访）和她的朋友们是“藤校那一款的”，在她看来，这些善良的进步人士看不到社会主义的破坏性。她的观点与其他年长的中国移民产生了共鸣，他们怀疑纽约能否负担得起这样的免费项目。

For younger Chinese Americans, however, Mr. Mamdani represents hope in a city facing an affordability crisis. Many have watched childhood friends and relatives be priced out of neighborhoods like Sunset Park in Brooklyn and Elmhurst in Queens. Some are delaying or forgoing parenthood altogether because raising children in New York feels impossibly expensive.

然而，对于年轻的华裔美国人来说，马姆达尼代表着这座面临负担能力危机的城市的希望。许多人目睹了儿时的朋友和亲戚因房价过高而被赶出布鲁克林的日落公园和皇后区的埃尔姆赫斯特等社区。有些人推迟或完全放弃生育计划，因为在纽约抚养孩子感觉贵得令人望而却步。

布鲁克林日落公园社区的一家商铺。

Angela Li, 26, supports Mr. Mamdani’s plan for free child care. She works at a philanthropy that aids low-income mothers and has seen firsthand how a lack of affordable care keeps women from pursuing an education. Her own childhood underscores the issue, too: Her parents, who immigrated from Fujian Province in southern China in the 1990s, sent her back to China when she was barely 2 months old because they couldn’t afford to care for her. Her father worked in restaurants, her mother in garment factories. They brought her back just before she turned 5.

26岁的安吉拉·李（音）支持马姆达尼的免费托儿计划。她在一家帮助低收入母亲的慈善机构工作，亲眼目睹了缺乏可负担医疗服务如何阻碍女性接受教育。她自己的童年也凸显了这个问题：她的父母在上世纪90年代从中国南方的福建省移民过来，在她还不到两个月大的时候就把她送回了中国，因为他们负担不起照顾她的费用。她的父亲在餐馆工作，母亲在服装厂工作。他们在她快满五岁时把她带了回来。

Ms. Li, who attended Hunter College High School and the University of California, Los Angeles, was dismayed when her mother, 56, voted for Mr. Trump last year — her first presidential vote since becoming a citizen. Like many older Chinese Americans, her mother plans to vote for Mr. Cuomo this week.

安吉拉·李曾就读于亨特学院高中和加州大学洛杉矶分校，当她56岁的母亲去年投票给特朗普时，她感到沮丧——这是她成为美国公民以来第一次在总统选举中投票。和许多年长的华裔美国人一样，她的母亲计划本周投票给科莫。

Ms. Li believes language and media consumption drive much of the generational divide.

安吉拉·李认为，语言和媒体影响是导致代沟的主要因素。

“Language barriers really deepen the generational divide within our communities,” said Ms. Li, who lives with her parents in Kew Gardens, Queens. At home, she speaks a mix of Mandarin and the Fujian dialect with her parents and translates between them and her two younger siblings, who speak primarily English.

“语言障碍确实加深了我们社区的代沟，”李女士说，她和父母住在皇后区的邱园。在家里，她和父母说普通话和福建方言，并在父母和两个主要说英语的弟弟妹妹之间翻译。

Despite decades in the United States, many middle-aged and older immigrants speak little English and rely solely on Chinese-language media. Ms. Li and many young Chinese Americans blame misinformation on YouTube, the Chinese messaging app WeChat and local Chinese-language newspapers for hardening pro-Trump views among older immigrants.

尽管在美国生活了几十年，许多中老年移民几乎不会说英语，而且只依赖中文媒体。安吉拉·李和许多年轻的华裔美国人指责YouTube、中文通讯应用微信和当地中文报纸上传播的虚假信息巩固了老一代移民对特朗普的支持立场。

In last year’s election, support for the Democratic presidential candidate, Vice President Kamala Harris, among Chinese Americans fell to 53 percent, from over 70 percent in 2020, according to the American Electorate Voter Poll, a large-scale national survey of voters.

根据大规模全国选民调查“美国选民民意调查”，在去年的选举中，华裔美国人对民主党总统候选人、副总统贺锦丽的支持率为53%，而2020年华裔美国人对民主党候选人的支持率为70%。

A New York Times analysis of the 2022 New York governor’s race found that voters in Asian neighborhoods across the city shifted 23 percentage points to the right, compared with 2018. Chinese enclaves in Sunset Park and Bensonhurst in Brooklyn even flipped Republican for the first time in at least a decade.

《纽约时报》对2022年纽约州州长竞选的分析发现，与2018年相比，全市亚裔社区的选民右倾了23个百分点。位于日落公园和布鲁克林本森赫斯特的华人聚居区甚至出现了至少十年来的首次倒戈共和党。

Joey Zhang, a registered Democrat who lives in Sunset Park, said her 13-year-old daughter could not believe she planned to vote for Mr. Cuomo, who has faced sexual harassment accusations. (Mr. Cuomo has denied the accusations.) But Ms. Zhang, 44, said she didn’t believe in “free stuff,” even if she understood why her children were excited about Mr. Mamdani.

住在日落公园的注册民主党人乔伊·张（音）说，她13岁的女儿不敢相信自己会投票给面临性骚扰指控的库莫。（库莫否认了这些指控。）但44岁的乔伊·张说，她不相信“免费的东西”，尽管她明白为什么孩子们对马姆达尼感到兴奋。

“The U.S. has changed in recent years,” said Ms. Zhang, a customer service representative who immigrated from Fujian in 2003. “It wants people to believe that everyone deserves the same, no matter the effort. But life doesn’t work that way.”

“美国近年来发生了变化，”2003年从福建移民到美国的客户服务代表乔伊·张说。“它想让人们相信，无论付出多少努力，每个人都应该得到同样的待遇。但生活不是这样的。”

The divide has caused tension in some households.

这种分歧在一些家庭中造成了紧张关系。

Jessica Liew, a graduate student born and raised in Sunset Park, recalled arguing with her mother last fall. Her mother urged her to vote for Mr. Trump, saying he would lower living costs. Ms. Liew, 25, countered that he would cut Medicaid, Medicare and other social programs that her grandparents relied on.

杰西卡·刘（音）是一名研究生，在日落公园出生和长大。她回忆起去年秋天和母亲的争吵。母亲敦促她投票给特朗普，说他会降低生活成本。25岁的杰西卡·刘反驳说，他会削减医疗补助、联邦医疗保险和她的外祖父母所依赖的其他社会项目。

She hasn’t asked her mother about the cuts Mr. Trump and Congress have made to social benefits. “I’m too scared that it will cause another argument,” Ms. Liew said. She has been canvassing for Mr. Mamdani’s campaign since the spring.

她没有向母亲提及特朗普和国会削减社会福利的问题。“我很害怕这会引发另一场争论，”杰西卡·刘说。自今年春天以来，她一直在为马姆达尼的竞选活动拉票。

Lisa Lau, a data analyst at the World Bank, had a similar debate with her mother and father. Like Ms. Song, her parents fled mainland China to Hong Kong in the 1970s, then migrated to the United States in 1978. They worked in restaurants and real estate in Chinatown and Sunset Park, sending their two children to Harvard and Yale.

世界银行的数据分析师丽莎·刘（音）与父母也有过类似的争论。和宋颖一样，她的父母在20世纪70年代从中国大陆逃到香港，然后在1978年移民到美国。他们在唐人街和日落公园的餐馆和房地产行业工作，送两个孩子上了哈佛和耶鲁大学。

Her parents voted for both Democratic and Republican candidates until 2016, when they became steadfast supporters of Mr. Trump. They believed he would bring down the Chinese Communist Party, Ms. Lau said, “even though a lot of his instincts and approach are very much reminiscent of an authoritarian government.”

她的父母在2016年之前既投票给民主党候选人，也投票给共和党候选人，后来他们成为特朗普的坚定支持者。丽莎·刘说，他们相信他会扳倒中国共产党，“尽管他的很多本能和做法非常容易让人想到威权政府。”

Ms. Lau’s father died last year. Her mother, Wah Mei Lau, said she hadn’t decided whom to support for mayor, but wants someone who will take crime seriously. She also echoed a conservative refrain: that too many people exploit social programs.

丽莎·刘的父亲去年去世了。她的母亲刘华美（音）说，她还没有决定支持谁，但希望新市长是个认真对待犯罪问题的人。她还附和保守派的观点：太多人在占社会福利项目的便宜。

“There should be proper vetting,” she said. “Don’t let people take unfair advantage of it.”

“应该进行适当的审查，”她说。“不要让人不公平地利用它。”

Her daughter finds that view frustrating. Her parents benefited from the programs they now criticize: free child care, food stamps and other support for low-income families. When she challenged them about that, she said, “they just pretended not to hear me.”

她的女儿对这种观点深感沮丧。她的父母当年曾受益于他们现在批评的项目：免费托儿服务、食品券和对低收入家庭的其他支持。她说，当她向他们提出质疑时，“他们只是假装没听到我的话。”

It’s an open secret that countries spy on each other. That’s probably why world leaders almost never talk about espionage in public.

各国相互进行间谍活动是一个公开的秘密。也正因为如此，世界各国领导人几乎从不在公开场合谈论间谍问题。

But over the weekend, it was the punchline of a joke between China’s top leader, Xi Jinping, and President Lee Jae Myung of South Korea.

但在刚刚过去的周末，中国最高领导人习近平和韩国总统李在明却拿它开起了玩笑。

The joke revolved around two cellphones Mr. Xi gave Mr. Lee — one for him, one for his wife — during their meeting in the South Korean city of Gyeongju on Saturday. The phones were manufactured by the Chinese company Xiaomi, with Korean-made displays, a spokesman for Mr. Xi said as the two leaders inspected them with news cameras rolling.

玩笑的核心是习近平在周六于韩国庆州与李在明会晤时送给他的两部手机——一部给他，一部给他的妻子。当两位领导人在记者的镜头前查看这一礼物时，习近平的一位发言人介绍称，这两部手机由中国公司小米制造，使用了韩国生产的显示屏。

Mr. Lee picked up one of the phones, still in its box, and admired it. Then he asked how good the security was.

李在明拿起其中一部未拆封的手机仔细端详，然后问了一句：这手机的安全性怎么样？

Mr. Xi laughed. “You can check if there’s a backdoor,” he said, referring to preinstalled software that allows a third party to monitor a cellphone. That prompted Mr. Lee to laugh and clap his hands in apparent delight.

习近平笑了，说：“你可以看看有没有后门。”他指的是允许第三方监控手机的预装软件。李在明听后大笑，还拍起了巴掌，显得很开心。

The exchange was notable in part because Mr. Xi is rarely seen speaking off the cuff in public. It also deviated from a “sort of old-fashioned gentlemen’s agreement” in which world leaders typically pretend that covert activities aren’t happening, said John Delury, a historian of China based in Seoul.

这段互动引人注目，一方面是因为习近平在公开场合中极少即兴发言。常驻首尔、研究中国历史的学者鲁乐汉(John Delury)指出，这也偏离了“那种老派绅士间的默契”——即各国领导人通常会假装间谍活动不存在。

“What’s interesting here is they’re doing it in public, but they’re not acknowledging ‘I spy on you, you spy on me,’” said Mr. Delury, the author of a book about a C.I.A. campaign in China in the 1950s. “They’re more ironically and playfully referencing the secret world of espionage and surveillance and laughing it off.”

“有趣的是，他们是在公开场合这样做的，但又没有直接承认‘我在监视你，你也在监视我’，”鲁乐汉说。他著有一本关于美国中情局在20世纪50年代对华行动的书。“他们只是以一种讽刺而轻松的方式提及这个隐秘的间谍与监控世界，然后一笑置之。”

For years, the United States and its allies have been warning that Chinese technology could be used for espionage. The United States, Australia and Britain have all banned Huawei, a Chinese technology firm, from their 5G mobile communication networks. They argue that the company is inseparable from China’s ruling Communist Party.

多年来，美国及其盟友一直警告称，中国的科技产品可能被用于间谍活动。美国、澳大利亚和英国都禁止中国科技公司华为参与本国的5G移动通信网络建设，理由是该公司与中国共产党政府关系密切。

The first Trump administration placed Xiaomi on a blacklist and warned American companies that doing business with the maker of smartphones and electric cars could get them barred from future Pentagon contracts.

特朗普第一任期时曾将小米列入黑名单，并警告美国企业，若与这家生产智能手机和电动汽车的公司开展业务，未来可能被禁止参与五角大楼合同。

Xiaomi successfully sued the U.S. government to be removed from the blacklist, arguing that it did not have any links to the Chinese military.

小米后来起诉美国政府，成功将自己从黑名单中移除，称公司与中国军方没有关联。

When Mr. Lee met Mr. Xi on Saturday, on the sidelines of an international economic summit, he seemed to be acknowledging concerns about Chinese products and China’s surveillance capabilities, Mr. Delury said.

鲁乐汉表示，当李在明于周六在国际经济峰会期间与习近平会面时，他似乎是在承认外界对中国产品和中国监控能力的担忧。

“But by joking about it, by using irony, ultimately he’s dismissing a lot of those concerns and saying, ‘Thank you for the phone and it’s great that Korean and Chinese companies are building it together,’” he said.

“但通过开玩笑、用反讽的方式，他实际上是在化解这些担忧。他的意思是：‘谢谢你送我的手机，很高兴中国和韩国的企业能合作生产它，’”鲁乐汉说。

The jovial interaction reflected efforts by the two leaders to strengthen their countries’ relationship through economic collaboration. That is a challenge for South Korea, a key U.S. ally, in part because the rivalry between Washington and Beijing is growing. During a meeting last week in Gyeongju, Mr. Lee awarded President Trump South Korea’s highest decoration and a replica of an ancient gold crown.

这场轻松愉快的互动体现出两位领导人希望通过经济合作来加强双边关系的努力。对于美国的主要盟友韩国而言，这是一项颇具挑战的任务，部分原因是华盛顿和北京之间的竞争日益加剧。上周在庆州的一次会议上，李在明向特朗普总统颁发了韩国最高勋章，并赠送了一顶古代金冠的复制品。

Mr. Lee has also faced a domestic backlash from a conservative opposition party that accuses him of aligning too closely with China. His predecessor, Yoon Suk Yeol, raised concerns about Chinese meddling in South Korea’s elections. China has rejected the accusations.

李明博在国内也面临着来自保守派反对党的强烈反对，该党指责他与中国走得太近。他的前任尹锡悦曾对中国干预韩国选举表示担忧，中国政府否认了这些指控。

Governments usually acknowledge spying on allies only when they’re forced to. In 2013, after Edward Snowden revealed that the United States had been monitoring the phone of Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany for over a decade, President Barack Obama promised Ms. Merkel that it would not happen again.

各国政府通常只有在迫不得已时才会承认对盟友进行间谍活动。2013年，在爱德华·斯诺登揭露美国监控德国总理默克尔的手机长达十多年后，当时的美国总统奥巴马向默克尔承诺这类事件不会重演。

Mobile phones are not a common diplomatic gift because of the security concerns they bring, said Patrick F. Walsh, a professor of intelligence and security studies at Charles Sturt University in Australia,

澳大利亚查尔斯特大学情报与安全研究教授帕特里克·F·沃尔什表示，由于安全隐患，手机并非常见的外交礼物。

Will Mr. Lee use the Xiaomi phones? Probably not, he said.

至于李在明是否会真的使用小米手机？“大概不会，”沃尔什说。

“I can’t imagine him saying ‘We’ve got this phone, I’ll talk to the Japanese prime minister or Washington on it,’” Mr. Walsh said. “He might gift it to a granddaughter or something.”

“我无法想象他会说‘我就用这部手机跟日本首相或华盛顿通话吧’，”沃尔什说。“他可能会把它送给孙女之类的。”

Jensen Huang, the head of Nvidia, said again on Friday that he was eager for the Silicon Valley chip-making giant to resume selling advanced semiconductors in China, but expressed uncertainty about whether this week’s meeting between President Trump and China’s top leader, Xi Jinping, brought the company any closer to achieving that goal.

英伟达掌门人黄仁勋周五再次表示，他渴望让这家硅谷芯片巨头恢复向中国销售高端半导体，但他也坦言，自己并不确定美国总统特朗普与中国最高领导人习近平的会晤是否让公司离这一目标更近了一步。

Mr. Huang arrived in South Korea shortly after the face-to-face summit of the two leaders in the country on Thursday. Mr. Trump told reporters that the leaders had discussed semiconductors without addressing Nvidia’s most advanced A.I. technology. He added that Chinese officials would talk to Nvidia about “taking chips,” with the United States playing “referee.”

黄仁勋在两国领导人于上周四在韩国举行面对面峰会后不久抵达该国。特朗普向记者表示，两位领导人讨论了半导体问题，但没有提及英伟达最先进的人工智能技术。他补充说，中国官员将与英伟达讨论“购买芯片”的问题，而美国将在其中扮演“裁判”的角色。

The remarks created confusion because Mr. Trump had suggested before the meeting that he would discuss Nvidia’s most powerful A.I. semiconductors with Mr. Xi, fueling speculation that the United States might ease restrictions limiting access to the technology.

此番言论引发了外界的困惑，因为在会晤前，特朗普曾暗示他将与习近平讨论英伟达最强大的人工智能半导体，这曾引发美国可能放宽相关技术限制的猜测。

“I don’t have any new insight from the meeting,” Mr. Huang said at a news conference on the sideline of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation summit on Friday. “I hope that we will have new policies that allow Nvidia to go back into China, for China to welcome Nvidia back.”

“我从这次会谈中没有获得新的消息，”黄仁勋周五在亚太经合组织峰会期间的记者会上表示。“我希望我们能有新的政策，允许英伟达重返中国市场，让中国再次欢迎英伟达。”

Amid skyrocketing demand for technology infrastructure to power artificial intelligence systems, access to Nvidia’s chips has become a national security issue. Nvidia has been thrust into the middle of the economic feud between China and the United States.

在人工智能系统的技术基础设施需求急剧增长之际，获取英伟达的芯片已成为国家安全问题。英伟达因此被卷入中美之间的经济纷争核心。

Before Mr. Trump came into office, the U.S. government had already imposed rules to limit the sales of Nvidia’s most powerful chips in China. The Trump administration initially banned exports of Nvidia’s H20 chip, a downgraded version of the company’s Hopper chips, which were made particularly for China. It reversed that decision in July, when Mr. Trump said that the H20 chip could be sold and that the federal government would take a 15 percent cut of that revenue.

在特朗普上任之前，美国政府已经制定了限制英伟达最强大芯片在中国销售的规定。特朗普政府最初禁止出口英伟达的H20芯片——这是专为中国市场开发的降级版Hopper芯片。但在7月，特朗普宣布撤销该禁令，表示H20芯片可以恢复销售，同时联邦政府将从销售收入中抽取15%的分成。

But before Nvidia could move forward, China closed off the company’s access to its market. In July, China’s internet regulator summoned Nvidia to explain security risks associated with one of its chips. Beijing also discouraged Chinese companies from using the H20 chip, pushing them to try domestic alternatives.

但英伟达还没来得及推进项目，中国就对该公司关闭了市场准入。今年7月，中国互联网监管机构召见英伟达，要求其解释一款芯片存在的安全风险。北京还劝阻中国企业使用H20芯片，敦促它们尝试国产替代品。

Mr. Huang said Nvidia’s business in China was now at “zero,” after once holding near total market share.

黄仁勋表示，英伟达目前在中国的业务已经“归零”，而此前该公司几乎占据整个市场。

He repeated some of his familiar arguments for why Nvidia should be allowed to sell chips in China. Some of America’s national security concerns are overblown because the Chinese military does not need Nvidia’s chips to develop A.I. technology, he said. And the United States risks conceding leadership in one of the most significant technological breakthroughs known to humanity by closing itself off from the vast Chinese market.

他重申了应该允许英伟达在中国销售芯片的一贯主张。他表示，美国的一些国家安全担忧被夸大了，因为中国军方并不需要英伟达的芯片来开发人工智能技术。如果美国将自己与庞大的中国市场隔绝开来，恐将在人类史上最具突破性的技术领域丧失领导地位。

“It’s critically important for America to be back in the China market,” Mr. Huang said. “As an American company, we would like to see American A.I. technology be the global standard.”

“美国重返中国市场至关重要，”黄仁勋说。“作为一家美国公司，我们希望美国的人工智能技术成为全球标准。”

He argued that Nvidia would be “very beneficial” for China, as its technology is superior to that of Chinese competitors. He was careful to avoid disparaging the Chinese technology giant Huawei, which has developed its own A.I. semiconductor technology, but emphasized Nvidia’s superiority.

他表示，英伟达的技术远优于中国竞争对手，因此对中国“非常有利”。他谨慎地避免贬低已资助研发人工智能半导体技术的中国科技巨头华为，但强调了英伟达的优势。

“We are miles ahead, but it is foolish to underestimate the might of China,” he said.

“我们遥遥领先，但低估中国的实力实属不智，”他说。

Since arriving in South Korea, Mr. Huang has been on a nonstop charm offensive. On Thursday, his night out in Seoul with two of the country’s most prominent businessmen, Samsung Electronics’ executive chairman, Lee Jae-yong, and Hyundai Motor Group’s executive chairman, Euisun Chung, was covered with paparazzi-like fanfare. Swarms of reporters filmed them at a restaurant eating fried chicken and drinking beer.

自抵达韩国以来，黄仁勋展开了一场马不停蹄的魅力攻势。周四晚间，他与韩国两位最知名的企业家——三星电子会长李在镕和现代汽车集团会长郑义宣——一同出现在首尔街头，引发了如同狗仔队式的媒体追访狂潮。大批记者拍下他们在餐厅里吃炸鸡、喝啤酒的场面。

At his much anticipated speech at the summit on Friday, Mr. Huang ditched his trademark black leather jacket for a navy blue suit. Then, Nvidia announced that South Korea and a handful of its biggest companies, including Samsung and Hyundai Motor, had agreed to purchase more than 250,000 specialized computing chips to advance the country’s efforts in developing A.I. technology.

在周五备受期待的峰会演讲中，黄仁勋脱下了标志性的黑色皮夹克，换上深蓝色西装。随后，英伟达宣布，韩国以及包括三星、现代汽车在内的几家大型企业同意采购超过25万枚专用计算芯片，以推动该国人工智能技术的发展。

The Nvidia chips will be used for next-generation data centers as well as to propel South Korea’s efforts to build so-called sovereign A.I., a nationalized effort to make the breakthrough technology available to local businesses and institutions that cannot afford to build their own infrastructure.

这些英伟达芯片将用于下一代数据中心，并将推动韩国建设所谓“主权人工智能”——这项国家战略旨在让无法自建基础设施的本地企业和机构也能使用这项突破性技术。

Later at a news conference, he handed out snacks to journalists and signed the white dress shirt of a reporter with a black marker. Even as his security detail tried to usher him out of the venue, swarms of reporters begged Mr. Huang for selfies.

在之后举行的记者会上，黄仁勋向记者分发零食，并用黑色马克笔在一位记者的白衬衫上签名。即便他的安保人员试图护送其离场，大批记者仍争相与他合影。

China’s leader Xi Jinping, the de facto geopolitical heavyweight at an Asia-Pacific economic summit, on Friday courted countries for trade and investment, but also implicitly warned them not to join the United States in reducing the world’s reliance on Chinese supply chains.

作为亚太经济峰会事实上的地缘政治重量级人物，中国领导人习近平周五积极争取各国对华贸易和投资，同时也含蓄地发出警告，不要加入美国削弱全球对中国供应链依赖的努力。

President Trump’s departure from South Korea a day earlier meant that Mr. Xi was the sole superpower leader at the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit in the city of Gyeongju. At the opening of the meeting, Mr. Xi could be seen smiling and shaking hands with world leaders and economic and finance ministers who came up to greet him.

由于特朗普在一天前离开韩国，习近平成为在庆州举行的亚太经济合作组织峰会上唯一的超级大国领导人。在会议开幕时，习近平微笑着与前来问候他的各国领导人以及经济和财政部长们握手。

Mr. Xi seized his time in the spotlight to pitch China, the world’s second-largest economy and a manufacturing powerhouse, to a room that included the leaders of Japan, Canada, Australia and the host, South Korea. (But not everyone in the room was an easy sell.)

利用自己处于聚光灯下的时刻，习近平向在场各国推介中国这一世界第二大经济体和制造业大国，在场的包括日本、加拿大、澳大利亚以及东道主韩国的领导人。（但并非在场的所有人都容易被说服。）

He met with Prime Minister Mark Carney, recently spurned by President Trump, and invited him to visit China. He even had what sounded like a candid meeting with Japan’s new leader, Sanae Takaichi, an outspoken critic of China, who appeared to show the limits of Mr. Xi’s outreach.

他与最近遭到特朗普冷遇的加拿大总理马克·卡尼会晤并向其发出访华邀请。他甚至与日本新任首相高市早苗进行了看似坦诚的会谈。后者是一位公开批评中国的政治人物，她的立场似乎显示了习近平外交努力的局限。

亚太经合组织成员经济体的领导人及其他代表齐聚庆州。

Earlier, in a speech at the opening of the summit, Mr. Xi called for the strengthening of industrial supply chains, making a veiled criticism of attempts by the West to shift factories away from a dependence on China. He said that China would “adhere to the principle of ‘joining hands’ rather than ‘letting go,’ and ‘extending chains’ rather than ‘breaking chains.’”

稍早在峰会开幕式上的讲话中，习近平呼吁加强产业供应链合作，这对西方试图推动工厂摆脱对中国依赖的做法做出了隐晦的批评。他表示，中国将“坚持‘拉手’而不是‘松手’，坚持‘延链’而不是‘断链’”。

In a separate speech to business leaders that was read out by a Chinese representative, Mr. Xi also took an indirect swipe at the United States, saying that APEC economies should “oppose protectionism, resist unilateral bullying, and prevent the world from returning to the law of the jungle.”

在另一场由中国代表代为宣读的面向商界领袖的讲话中，习近平也不点名地批评了美国，表示亚太经合组织成员应当“反对保护主义，抵制单边霸凌，防止世界重回丛林法则”。

That appeal for solidarity, however, was somewhat undercut by China’s recent actions. Earlier this month, China proposed sweeping new export controls on rare earth minerals that would have given Beijing extraordinary power over other nations. China dominates about 90 percent of the world’s supply of the minerals, which are vital for the production of virtually all modern technologies like semiconductors, batteries and jets.

然而，中国近期的举动在一定程度上削弱了这一呼吁团结的姿态。本月早些时候，中国提出了全面收紧稀土矿物出口管制的新规，这将使北京对其他国家拥有异乎寻常的影响力。中国掌握着全球约90%的稀土供应，而稀土对于几乎所有现代技术的生产都至关重要，包括半导体、电池和飞机等。

China had introduced those rare earth controls in response to U.S. trade measures, but the moves drew alarm in other countries.

虽然中国实施稀土管制是为了回应美国的贸易措施，但此举已引发多国警觉。

Mr. Xi was arriving at the regional summit on something of a diplomatic high, a day after talks with Mr. Trump that resulted in a truce, and, importantly, China had agreed to put on hold the new export controls on rare earths. Mr. Trump left the talks almost effusive with praise for Mr. Xi, effectively bolstering Mr. Xi’s argument that he is a steady hand seeking stability.

习近平是在可谓外交高点上抵达此次区域峰会的。就在前一天，他与特朗普进行会谈并达成了贸易休战协议，更重要的是，中国同意暂缓实施新的稀土出口管制。特朗普在会后几乎不吝赞美之辞，这在无形中强化了习近平希望塑造的追求稳定、稳健掌舵的领导人形象。

On Friday, though, Mr. Xi may have met a more openly critical interlocutor in Japan’s new prime minister. Ms. Takaichi told reporters that she raised Japan’s concerns about the export controls on rare earths; territorial disputes in the East China Sea; and the detention of Japanese nationals in China on espionage charges.

不过，习近平周五或许遇到了更为公开批评中国的谈话对象——日本新任首相。高市早苗向媒体表示，她在会谈中提出了日本对稀土出口管制的关切、东海领土争端，以及以间谍罪羁押日本公民问题。

She said she had expressed “serious concerns” about China’s militarization of the South China Sea and about human rights abuses in Hong Kong and the Xinjiang region.

她表示，她已对中国在南中国海的军事化行为，以及在香港和新疆地区的人权侵犯表达了“严重关切”。

“It is true that there are outstanding issues and differences of opinion,” Ms. Takaichi said, “but that is why it is important that we speak directly and frankly.”

“确实存在尚未解决的问题和意见分歧，”高市早苗说，“但也正因如此，我们才需要直接、坦率地沟通。”

Dylan Loh, an associate professor of public policy and global affairs at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore, said that China’s rare earth controls were “an exercise of geopolitical leverage in the context of the U.S.-China economic conflict which will have not gone unnoticed.”

新加坡南洋理工大学公共政策与全球事务副教授骆明辉表示，中国的稀土管控是“在中美经济冲突背景下进行的一种地缘政治筹码运用，此举必将引发各方关注”。

Song Guoyou, an expert on U.S.-China economic relations at Fudan University in Shanghai, defended China’s rare earths export regime as a necessary response to U.S. tariffs on China and restrictions on American technology.

复旦大学中美经济关系专家宋国友则为中国的稀土出口政策辩护，称其是对美国对华关税以及对美国技术限制的必要回应。

“These actions have destabilized the regional flow of trade and production,” Mr. Song said. “This is precisely why China is calling for joint efforts to maintain the stability and smooth operation of these chains.”

“这些举措已经扰乱了区域贸易和生产的流动，”宋国友说，“这正是中国呼吁各方共同努力以维护这些供应链稳定顺畅运行的原因。”

Mr. Xi’s remarks on supply chains, Mr. Song continued, were a way to urge governments not to follow in America’s footsteps in using tariffs, imposing export restrictions and making excessive appeals for national economic security.

宋国友还表示，习近平关于供应链的讲话是在提醒各国政府不要效仿美国滥用关税工具、实施出口限制及过度渲染国家经济安全风险的行为。

“Was the stability of the rare earth supply chain a concern for most regional members before?” Mr. Song said. “Clearly not. So when did it become an issue? It arose after the United States continuously imposed trade suppression and export controls on China.”

“在此之前，稀土供应链的稳定是大多数区域成员关注的问题吗？”宋国友说，“显然不是。那么，它什么时候成为问题的？是在美国持续对中国实施贸易打压和出口管控之后。”

中国国家主席习近平在周五的会议上呼吁加强产业供应链建设，同时含蓄批评了西方试图推动产业摆脱对华依赖的做法。

Mr. Xi’s meeting with Mr. Trump on Thursday in Busan, a city roughly 50 miles south of Gyeongju, resulted in a reduction in some U.S. tariffs on Chinese goods, a suspension of port fees on Chinese ships and the delay of U.S. export controls that would have prevented more Chinese companies from acquiring American technology.

习近平在庆州以南约80公里的釜山与特朗普举行会晤，促成美国下调部分对华商品关税、暂停对中国船舶征收港口费，并推迟了将阻碍更多中国企业获取美国技术的出口管制措施。

In return, China agreed to restart purchases of American soybeans and pause its new export controls on rare earths. The United States said China also agreed to do more to curb the flow of precursor chemicals used in making fentanyl.

作为交换，中国同意恢复采购美国大豆，并暂缓实施稀土出口新规。美国表示，中国还同意采取更多措施遏制芬太尼前体化学品流入。

Mr. Loh, the expert in Singapore, noted that Mr. Xi used the forum to promote “practical cooperation” in the region that would have included China.

新加坡的专家骆明辉指出，习近平利用这一论坛推动了包括中国在内的地区“务实合作”。

Mr. Xi pointed to the Belt and Road, a Chinese global infrastructure project, and two trade agreements, the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership. Such pacts would help China counter U.S. efforts to cut Chinese companies out of trade.

习近平特别提及“一带一路”这一中国全球基础设施项目，以及两个贸易协定——《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》和《全面与进步跨太平洋伙伴关系协定》。这些合作框架将有助于中国应对美国将中国企业排除在国际贸易体系之外的努力。

Many regional countries find themselves caught between the demands of Washington and Beijing. Their best bet is often to improve ties with both sides in the hopes of extracting more benefits, analysts said.

许多地区国家深陷华盛顿和北京的角力之中。分析人士表示，这些国家最好的选择往往是同时深化与双方的关系，以期获得更多利益。

In just the last week, Mr. Trump signed trade deals with Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and Malaysia, while China enhanced its trade pact with a Southeast Asian group of 11 countries.

就在上周，特朗普与泰国、柬埔寨、越南和马来西亚签署了贸易协议，而中国则升级了与东南亚11国集团的贸易协定。

“It’s a question of Southeast Asian countries doing what they always do: Make whatever accommodations are needed to ensure robust relations with both the United States and China,” said Stephen Olson, a former U.S. trade negotiator who is now a senior fellow at the ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute in Singapore.

“这是东南亚国家一贯的做法：采取一切必要的调整，确保与美国和中国保持稳健的关系。””美国前贸易谈判代表、现任新加坡东南亚研究所资深研究员斯蒂芬·奥尔森表示。

As poor as Canada’s relations with the United States have been under President Trump, they are even worse with the world’s other superpower, China.

在特朗普总统的领导下，加拿大与美国的关系已经很糟糕，而与世界上另一个超级大国中国的关系则更糟。

The bond between the two nations has been frayed by bitter acrimony and mistrust on both sides.

两国之间的关系因双方的尖锐对立和互不信任而日渐脆弱。

Canadian citizens have been used as pawns by China, its top leader publicly humiliated a former Canadian prime minister and the two countries are locked in a brutal tariff war. A recent poll showed that the only nation Canadians generally trust less than the United States is China.

加拿大公民被中国当作棋子，中国最高领导人公开羞辱加拿大前总理，两国陷入残酷的关税战。最近的一项民意调查显示，除美国外，加拿大民众总体上最不信任的国家就是中国。

Now there is cautious optimism around the first formal meeting since 2017 between the two nations’ leaders.

现在，人们对2017年以来两国领导人的首次正式会晤持谨慎乐观态度。

That a meeting between Prime Minister Mark Carney and Xi Jinping is even taking place is an example of how Mr. Trump’s global tariff campaign and unpredictable diplomacy have forced a once close U.S. ally to look to China.

马克·卡尼总理与习近平的会晤得以举行，印证了特朗普的全球关税攻势和不可预测的外交政策，如何迫使这个曾经亲密的美国盟友转向中国寻求支持。

“Trump is the invisible presence in every meeting between two leaders in the world today,” said Roland Paris, an international relations professor at the University of Ottawa. “For Canada, the primary overriding imperative is managing our relations with the United States, our closest trading partner.’’

“在当今世界任何双边会晤中，特朗普都是隐形的存在，”渥太华大学国际关系教授罗兰·帕里斯说。“对加拿大来说，最重要的任务是处理好与我们最亲密的贸易伙伴美国的关系。”

“But if it’s possible to achieve relief on the Chinese tariffs,” he added, “then that would be a great thing.”

“但如果有可能减轻中国的关税，”他还说，“那将是一件好事。”

Still, there is reason for tempering expectations for the meeting scheduled for Friday in Gyeongju, South Korea, where both leaders are attending the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum.

不过，人们有理由降低对定于星期五在韩国庆州举行的会晤的预期。两国领导人都在那里出席亚太经济合作组织论坛。

When Justin Trudeau, a Liberal, became prime minister in 2015, relations between the countries had been tense because of persistent criticism of China’s human rights record by the previous Conservative government.

2015年，自由党人贾斯汀·特鲁多就任总理时，两国关系因前保守党政府持续批评中国的人权记录而处于紧张状态。

Mr. Trudeau made improving the relationship a top priority, but a series of events made it even worse.

特鲁多将改善两国关系作为首要任务，但一系列事件使这种关系变得更糟。

In 2018, a top Chinese telecommunications executive was arrested in British Columbia under an extradition request from the United States, and then, days after, China imprisoned two Canadians. All three were released in what effectively amounted to a prisoner swap, but the episode remains a source of deep anger in Canada.

2018年，根据美国的引渡请求，一名中国电信高管在不列颠哥伦比亚省被捕，几天后，中国监禁了两名加拿大公民。这三人都得到释放，实际上相当于囚犯交换，但这件事至今仍让加拿大人深感愤慨。

迈克尔·斯帕弗（左）和康明凯(Michael Kovrig)，在加拿大官员逮捕了一名中国电信高管几天后，这两名加拿大男子在中国被捕。

In 2022, Mr. Xi scolded Mr. Trudeau in front of a news cameraman at a reception in Indonesia, accusing him of leaking details of a brief conversation they had at an earlier reception. The exchange resembled an encounter between a stern schoolmaster and a pupil.

2022年，习近平在印尼一场招待会上当着新闻摄像师的面训斥特鲁多，指责他泄露了两人在先前招待会上简短交谈的细节。这场交锋宛如严厉的校长训斥学生。

This year a Canadian inquiry found evidence of election meddling in Canada by China, though there was no evidence that it successfully influenced the outcomes of any votes.

今年，加拿大的一项调查发现了中国干预加拿大选举的证据，尽管没有证据表明此举成功地影响了任何投票的结果。

More recently, China applied tariffs of up to 100 percent on canola, an oil seed that accounted for about 5 billion Canadian dollars, or about $3.6 billion, in sales last year, making it Canada’s most valuable agricultural export to China.

最近，中国对油菜籽征收了高达100%的关税。油菜籽去年的销售额约为50亿加元（约合36亿美元），是加拿大对中国最有价值的农产品出口。

China went after canola after Canada’s imposed a 100 percent tariff on Chinese electric vehicles.

中国对油菜籽采取行动，是在加拿大对中国电动汽车征收100%的关税之后。

Despite the bad feelings, some experts believe there is room to move in a more productive direction.

尽管双方关系紧张，一些专家认为仍有向更有成效的方向发展的空间。

“The world has changed quite dramatically compared to, let’s say, six months ago,” said Lynette Ong, a political scientist and Asian specialist at the University of Toronto.

“与六个月前相比，世界已经发生了巨大的变化，”多伦多大学政治学家、亚洲问题专家林奈特·翁说。

Aside from Mr. Trump’s wave of tariffs, the most significant change, she said, is the stalling Chinese economy, which is forcing Mr. Xi to re-evaluate his country’s external relations.

她指出，除特朗普的关税大潮外，最显著的变化是中国经济增速放缓，这迫使习近平重新评估对外关系。

“When the economy was far stronger, he had sour relations with a bunch of countries — he did not care and he could afford to do so,” she said. “Now they need to drive exports for economic recovery.”

“当经济强劲得多的时候，他与一些国家的关系恶化——他不在乎，而且他有底气，”她说。“现在他们需要推动出口以促进经济复苏。”

周四，习近平主席的车队途经韩国釜山金海国际机场附近时，前来迎接的人们。

Wang Di, the Chinese ambassador to Canada, recently said in a social media post that ending the electric vehicle tariffs would “usher in the spring of improvement” in bilateral relations. Mr. Wang, in an interview with Canadian television, said such a move would prompt China to drop its levies on canola.

中国驻加拿大大使王镝最近在社交媒体上发帖称，取消电动汽车关税将为双边关系开启“改善发展的春天”。王镝在接受加拿大电视台采访时说，此举将促使中国取消对油菜籽征收的关税。

Mr. Carney is also facing pressure at home. Two premiers in provinces that produce canola have asked the government to drop the electric vehicle tariff.

卡尼在国内也面临压力。有两位油菜籽生产省份的省长要求政府降低电动汽车的关税。

Canada has effectively shut out electric vehicles made in China after heavy campaigning by automakers in Detroit and Unifor, the union that represents Canadian workers.

在底特律的汽车制造商和代表加拿大工人的联合工会发起激烈运动后，加拿大实际上已将中国制造的电动汽车拒之门外。

But the tariff is protecting companies that have been withering for years, said Greig Mordue, a professor at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, and former general manger of Toyota’s Canadian factories.

安大略省汉密尔顿市麦克马斯特大学教授、丰田加拿大工厂前总经理格雷格·莫杜说，关税保护的是那些多年来一直在萎缩的公司。

This month the automaker Stellantis moved production of a Jeep vehicle from a Canadian factory to the United States, leaving the suburban Toronto plant’s fate uncertain. And General Motors discontinued production of an electric van, leaving a second Ontario auto plant dark.

本月，汽车制造商斯特兰提斯将一款吉普车的生产从加拿大的一家工厂转移到了美国，使这家位于多伦多郊区的工厂的命运变得不确定。通用汽车停止生产一款电动厢式车，使安大略省的第二家汽车厂陷入停产状态。

“General Motors used to build 1.2 million vehicles or so a year in this country as recently as 20 years ago,” Mr. Mordue said. “And now they’re down to 100,000.”

“就在20年前，通用汽车每年还在这个国家生产120万辆左右的汽车，”莫杜说。“现在已经下降到10万。”

Today, about three-quarters of cars made in Canada come out of factories owned by Toyota and Honda, both Japanese automakers.

如今，在加拿大生产的汽车中，约有四分之三出自日本汽车制造商丰田和本田旗下的工厂。

Mr. Mordue said that Canada could better sustain its auto industry through copying its policy for Japanese carmakers: gradually eliminating tariffs on Chinese vehicles if Chinese companies build plants in Canada and start producing an increasing number of cars.

莫杜表示，加拿大可以通过复制其对日本汽车制造商的政策来更好地维持其汽车工业：如果中国公司在加拿大建厂并开始生产越来越多的汽车，则逐步取消对中国汽车的关税。

位于安大略省温莎市的一家电动汽车电池工厂，由LG和斯特兰提斯共同拥有。

Still, Canada will need to calibrate its approach to making the country more welcoming to Chinese imports. Pursuing that route would risk more backlash from Mr. Trump because of the intense global competition between the United States and China.

尽管如此，加拿大仍需要调整其方式，使其更能接纳中国进口产品。由于美国和中国之间激烈的全球竞争，此举可能会招致特朗普的更多反弹。

“The window is opening a bit and that’s up to the government of Canada to figure out if they’re prepared to try to pry that window open a little bit more and deal with the inevitable outcome,” Mr. Mordue said.

“这扇窗微微打开了一点，是否打算再打开一点，并应对随之而来的必然结果，取决于加拿大政府，”莫杜说。

Xu Yanzhou, a researcher at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, told Chinese media that a major pivot by Canada toward China was unlikely because of its longstanding security dependence on the United States as well as fears of retaliation from the Trump administration.

中国社科院研究员徐晏卓对中国媒体表示，加拿大不太可能将重心转向中国，因为加拿大在安全上长期依赖美国，而且担心特朗普政府的报复。

Ottawa’s “defensiveness toward China remains prominent,” she said, “and their stance on core sensitive areas has not fundamentally shifted.”

她说，渥太华“对华防备心理依然突出，在核心敏感领域的立场并未发生根本转变”。

Mr. Xi may well have other issues to raise at the meeting. Canada has used foreign investment laws to reject takeovers of Canadian companies, particularly in natural resources, as a national security concern.

习近平主席在会晤中可能还会提出其他议题。加拿大曾以国家安全为由，利用外国投资法拒绝对加拿大公司的收购，尤其是自然资源领域的公司。

Still, China’s human rights record and its effort to undermine democracies will limit what Mr. Carney could offer.

尽管如此，中国的人权记录及其破坏民主的行径将限制卡尼所能提供的帮助。

“It is a fraught challenge trying to find a basis on which to trade with a country with whom you disagree with in some fundamental ways,” said Stewart Prest, a political scientist at the University of British Columbia. “Yet the fact remains that both countries can benefit economically and politically as well from finding a common cause on which to work.”

“试图与在某些根本问题上存在分歧的国家建立贸易基础，是一项令人担忧的挑战，”不列颠哥伦比亚大学政治学家斯图尔特·普雷斯特说。“然而，事实仍然是，两国都可以从找到共同的事业中受益，也可以从经济和政治上受益。”

As he left Malaysia, the first stop on a weeklong tour of Asia, Mr. Carney noted that his talks with China were “starting from a very low base” and suggested that was a plus.

在离开为期一周的亚洲之行首站马来西亚时，卡尼指出，他与中国的谈判“起点极低”，并表示这是一个优势。

“There’s no preset offer,” Mr. Carney said. ‘This is the difference between relationship and transaction. We’re starting a relationship, building up the relationship.”

“没有预设的方案，”卡尼说。“这就是关系和交易的区别。我们正在开启并经营一段关系。”

Rather than advancing the U.S.-China relationship, the concessions that President Trump and President Xi Jinping of China agreed to in their meeting in South Korea on Wednesday appear to have largely rolled back the clock, returning to the terms of an earlier truce.

特朗普总统与中国领导人在周三韩国会晤中达成的让步并没有推动美中关系向前发展，而是在很大程度上让局势退回到此前的贸易休战状态。

Mr. Trump agreed to reverse some of his tariffs and paused new fees on Chinese ships. China said it would suspend the rollout of rare earths restrictions introduced in October, and return to buying U.S. soybeans, in addition to a newer promise to crack down on shipments of chemicals used to make fentanyl.

特朗普同意撤销部分加征的关税，并暂缓对中国船舶征收的新费用。中国则承诺暂缓实施10月颁布的稀土管制措施，恢复采购美国大豆，并新增了严管芬太尼前体化学品出口的承诺。

But one of the reversals from the United States was more notable in the precedent it set. The Trump administration agreed to pause for one year a rule that expanded the number of Chinese companies restricted from access to advanced technology. The rule, issued just four weeks ago, extended the reach of the “entity list,” a kind of trade blacklist for foreign companies that pose a national security threat.

但美方的一项政策逆转因开创先例尤为引人注目。特朗普政府已同意暂停实施一项扩大对华技术限制的规定，为期一年。这项仅出台四周的规定原本旨在扩大“实体清单”（针对威胁国家安全的外国企业的贸易黑名单）的覆盖范围。

Former officials and analysts said Thursday that the move appeared to be one of the first concessions the United States had made on national security-related technology controls as part of a trade negotiation. They called it a potential breakthrough for the Chinese side, which has long pushed to negotiate with the United States over these types of measures, known as export controls.

前政府官员与分析人士在周四指出，此举似乎是美国首次在贸易谈判中对国家安全相关技术的管控作出让步。他们称，这对中方而言可能是一次重大突破，因为中国长期以来一直希望就这类被称为“出口管制”的措施与美国展开谈判。

Christopher Padilla, who served as an export control official in the George W. Bush administration, said it was a significant shift for U.S. policy. Chinese officials have consistently asked in talks with many presidential administrations for export control measures to be rolled back, he said.

曾在乔治·W·布什政府担任出口管制官员的克里斯托弗·帕迪利亚表示，这是美国政策的重大转变。他透露历届美国政府与中方谈判时，中国官员都不断要求放宽出口管制措施。

“We all had the talking points,” Mr. Padilla said. “The first one is: ‘That’s a national security issue, and we’re not going to discuss it in a trade negotiation.’”

“我们当时都有标准回应口径，第一条就是：‘这是国家安全问题，不会在贸易谈判中讨论’，”帕迪利亚补充道。

“Export controls have now become a tradable item in the relationship,” Mr. Padilla added. “You’ve discarded decades of precedent.”

他还说：“出口管制如今成了可被拿来交易的筹码。这是在抛弃几十年来的惯例。”

Brett Fetterly, a principal at the Asia Group consultancy and the former national security adviser to Ben Sasse, the Republican former senator, agreed that Beijing had succeeded in this summit in its long-term goal of tying national security-focused export controls to broader trade negotiations.

咨询公司亚洲集团负责人、前共和党参议员本·萨斯的国家安全顾问布雷特·费特利赞同此观点，认为北京在此次峰会中成功实现了其长期目标——将以国家安全为重点的出口管制与更广泛的贸易谈判做捆绑。

“Technology competition now defines the U.S.-China relationship, and on this point President Xi secured key U.S. concessions,” Mr. Fetterly said.

费特利说：“科技竞争如今已成为定义美中关系的核心，而在这一点上，习近平主席赢得了美国方面的重大让步。”

The administration appeared not to have made larger concessions on U.S. export controls that some critics had feared. As he flew to South Korea on Wednesday, Mr. Trump suggested that he would discuss the sale of Nvidia’s cutting-edge Blackwell with Mr. Xi, a proposal that drew swift rebukes from Republican and Democratic lawmakers.

不过特朗普政府似乎并未在出口管制问题上作出某些批评人士担忧的更大让步。周三前往韩国途中，特朗普曾暗示将与中国领导人讨论英伟达Blackwell尖端芯片的销售事宜，这一提议随即遭到两党议员的强烈反对。

Many business groups praised a return to greater stability in the U.S.-China relationship, which would help encourage trade and growth. But some analysts said the Trump administration may have had little choice but to roll back U.S. technology controls given China’s chokehold on critical minerals. Last December, Beijing introduced its first curbs on rare earth mineral exports, which it expanded in April and again in October in response to Mr. Trump’s trade war.

许多商业团体对美中关系恢复稳定表示欢迎，认为这将促进贸易和经济的增长。但一些分析人士指出，鉴于中国掌握着关键矿产的命脉，特朗普政府除了放宽技术管制外几无选择。去年12月，北京首次对稀土矿物出口实施限制；之后在今年4月和10月又进一步升级管控措施，以回应特朗普的贸易战。

China dominates the mining and processing of rare earth minerals, and the magnets made from them that are common in batteries and motors. The Chinese curbs threatened the supply chains of global makers of cars, planes, munitions and semiconductors, and some companies were forced to halt production lines. Scott Bessent, the Treasury secretary, had called the restrictions “a bazooka at the supply chains and the industrial base of the entire free world.”

中国在稀土矿产的开采加工及磁体制造领域占据主导地位，这些材料广泛应用于电池与电机之中。中国的管制措施严重冲击全球汽车、航空、军工及半导体产业的供应链，一些企业被迫暂停生产。财政部长斯科特·贝森特曾称这些限制措施是“对准整个自由世界供应链与产业基础的火箭筒”。

With the renewed tensions with China this fall, industry executives say supplies of minerals and magnets have once again been running short.

随着今秋美中关系再度紧张，业内高管表示，矿物和磁体的供应已再度出现短缺。

Some analysts say that China’s decision to limit exports of rare earths was a natural consequence of Washington’s technology controls, which used a similar global licensing system to limit China’s access to advanced chips. After so many years of being the target of restrictions, China sought to develop powerful controls of its own, they say.

有分析认为，中国限制稀土出口的决定，实属对美国技术管制的自然反应——美国使用类似的全球许可制度来限制中国获取先进芯片。这些分析人士指出，在作为被限制的对象多年之后，中国必然寻求建立自己的强力管控系统。

Emily Benson, the head of strategy at Minerva Technology Futures, a consultancy, said it was “sort of surprising” that the United States didn’t seem to anticipate that other countries would develop similar systems. She added, “It was just a matter of time.”

咨询公司Minerva Technology Futures战略主管艾米丽·本森表示，美国似乎没有料到其他国家会效仿其建立类似管制体系，这“着实令人诧异”。但“这不过是时间问题”，她说。

Other have pointed fingers at the Trump administration’s behavior toward China. They say it was Mr. Trump’s aggressive threats of tariffs this spring that gave the Chinese the opportunity to try out their new approach, and the administration’s lack of a coherent strategy that gave the Chinese an opening to press for long-desired changes.

也有人指责特朗普政府的对华行为失当。他们认为，正是今春特朗普激进的关税威胁为中国提供了试验新手段的契机，而美国政府缺乏连贯战略，更是让中国有机可乘，得以推进其长期谋求的改变。

After Mr. Trump introduced high tariffs in April and China put in place its rare earth curbs, the two countries reached a tentative truce in Geneva in May. But the day after that meeting, the U.S. Department of Commerce issued new guidance saying that the use of A.I. chips made by Chinese tech firm Huawei anywhere in the world was an export control violation. The announcement rankled China and led it to clamp down on rare earth exports again.

今年4月，特朗普推出高额关税后，中国实施了稀土出口限制；随后两国在5月于日内瓦达成一项贸易战临时停战协议。但就在会谈次日，美国商务部发布了新规，宣布在全球任何地方使用中国科技企业华为制造的人工智能芯片都将被视为违反出口管制规定。此举激怒了中国，促使其再次收紧稀土出口。

The countries held a series of meetings in other European capitals this summer to try to stabilize the relationship. But shortly after a phone call between Mr. Trump and Mr. Xi in September, the United States released its rule extending the impact of the entity list to majority-owned subsidiaries, and the Chinese once again responded angrily. In October, Beijing imposed expansive global controls on the trade in minerals and products made with them.

今夏，两国在欧洲的几个首都举行了一系列会谈，试图稳定关系。但9月特朗普与习近平通话后不久，美国出台新规，将“实体清单”的限制范围扩大至控股子公司，再次引发中方强烈反弹。10月，北京宣布对稀土矿产及其制成品实施广泛的全球贸易管制。

Chinese officials claimed that U.S. measures like the 50 percent entity list rule had violated a consensus struck in their bilateral meetings. Some U.S. officials privately grumbled about the Commerce Department’s timing and lack of coordination. But publicly, the United States insisted it had not made promises to withhold the imposition of export controls.

中国官员称，美国的措施（例如50%实体清单规则）违反了此前双边会谈达成的共识。一些美国官员对商务部在时机选择与统筹协调方面的失误表示不满。但在公开场合，美国仍坚持表示，从未承诺暂停实施出口管制措施。

In an interview on CNBC last week, Jamieson Greer, the U.S. trade representative, said that the Chinese were “trying out a lot of different narratives when the reality is, they just want to exert economic control on the world.”

在上周接受CNBC采访时，美国贸易代表贾米森·格里尔表示，中方“不断提出各种说法，其真正意图是对世界经济实施控制”。

“They’re using anything else that has happened as a pretext,” he said. He added that the United States had promised to reduce its tariffs in return for China allowing the free flow of rare earths. “We kept that promise, and they have not kept theirs.”

他说：“他们在利用其它的一切作为借口。”美国曾承诺通过降低关税换取中国保证稀土自由流通，他补充道，“我们履行了承诺，而中方却未信守诺言。”

With the president’s meeting with Mr. Xi, the U.S. side appears to have made more explicit concessions. A White House spokesman confirmed Thursday that the United States had agreed to pause the expansion of the entity list to cover majority-owned subsidiaries for one year.

在总统与习近平会晤之后，美国一方似乎作出了更为明确的让步。白宫发言人周四证实，美国已同意暂缓将实体清单适用范围扩大至控股子公司，有效期一年。

For some, the move is welcome. Some tech executives and lobbyists had criticized the 50 percent rule, saying the due diligence it requires is onerous or impossible.

此举受到部分人士欢迎。此前科技企业高管及游说团体曾批评“50%规则”，称其要求的尽职调查标准过于严苛甚至无法实现。

The 50 percent rule greatly expanded the reach of the entity list, freezing trade for some companies. According to Wirescreen, a data platform focused on China, the rule means that the entity list has grown from roughly 1,300 China-related parties to more than 20,000.

该规则极大拓展了实体清单的管辖范围，导致部分企业的贸易陷入停滞。根据专门分析中国数据的Wirescreen平台统计，此规则使实体清单涉及的中国相关实体从约1300家激增至逾2万家。

President Trump sat for a lunch in South Korea this week that paired local delicacies with some not-so-delicate plates: beef patties with ketchup and salad with Thousand Island dressing.

本周，特朗普总统在韩国出席了午餐会。餐桌上，韩国当地特色美食旁边摆放着几道看似不太精致的菜品：配番茄酱的牛肉饼和千岛酱沙拉。

That was just the last stop on his Asia tour. Lunch in Malaysia on Sunday centered on U.S. Angus beef sandwiches. Lunch in Japan with its new prime minister on Tuesday featured American rice, instead of the local variety that is the country’s pride.

这是他此次亚洲之行的最后一站。他周日在马来西亚的午餐以美国安格斯牛肉三明治为主；周二与日本新任首相共进午餐时，餐桌上选用了美国大米，而非日本引以为傲的本土大米。

The menus reflected the culinary acrobatics that Mr. Trump’s host countries performed this week. They showcased local cuisine while making sure that his peculiar tastes and America First agenda were met, paving the way for what they hoped were successful trade negotiations.

这些菜单体现了本周特朗普所到国家在饮食上的精心调配。东道国们既要展示本国美食，又要确保满足特朗普独特的口味与“美国优先”议程，为他们期望的成功贸易谈判铺路。

Mr. Trump’s culinary preferences are well documented. He is a lover of fast food, well-done steaks and dishes familiar to Americans like Caesar salads, spaghetti and fries. He also shuns coffee, tea and alcohol.

特朗普的饮食偏好有诸多记录可查。他喜欢快餐、全熟牛排，以及凯撒沙拉、意大利面、薯条等美国人熟悉的菜品。同时他不喝咖啡和茶，也不饮酒。

周二在美国驻东京大使官邸举行的晚宴菜单，该晚宴招待了特朗普总统及商界领袖。

The lunch he shared with President Lee Jae Myung of South Korea and business leaders on Wednesday was summed up by Mr. Lee’s office as “fusion Korean cuisine featuring regional specialties from across the nation and tailored to President Trump’s preferences.”

周三，他与韩国总统李在明及商界领袖共同享用的午餐被李在明办公室描述为“融合韩国各地特色、贴合特朗普总统口味的韩式融合料理”。

The White House picked up on the gesture, calling the Thousand Island dressing, tossed with South Korean shrimps, scallops and abalone, “a nod to Trump’s New York roots.” It appeared to be his preferred dressing. He also had the condiment, which hails from near the border between New York and Ontario, the night before in Tokyo at the U.S. Ambassador’s residence.

白宫也注意到了这一姿态，称那道搭配韩国虾、扇贝和鲍鱼的千岛酱沙拉是“对特朗普纽约渊源的致敬”。千岛酱显然是特朗普偏爱的调味酱。前一晚在东京的美国大使官邸，他的餐桌上也使用了这种源自纽约与安大略省边境一带的调味品。

After the salad came braised short ribs made with U.S. beef, accompanied by Korean ingredients like kimchi, local rice, a root vegetable called deodeok and various types of jang, or traditional fermented pastes.

沙拉之后是用美国牛肉制作的炖牛小排，搭配了泡菜、本地大米、名为沙参的根茎蔬菜，以及多种传统发酵酱料等韩国食材。

Then there were beef patties with ketchup, which Mr. Lee’s office noted was “a favorite food of President Trump.” It added that the dessert was citrus with brownies decorated “with the color of gold that President Trump favors.”

随后上桌的是搭配番茄酱的牛肉饼，李在明办公室称这是“特朗普总统最爱的食物之一”。办公室还称，餐后甜点是柑橘配布朗尼，装饰着“特朗普总统喜爱的金色”。

The meal featured Korean black chicken, halibut, caviar and pine mushrooms sourced from various parts of South Korea. Beef and rice from Gyeongju, the site of the APEC summit, plus lobster, a Trump favorite, were included.

这场特色宴席的食材包括韩国各地采购的乌鸡、比目鱼、鱼子酱和松茸。菜单中还包含了亚太经合组织峰会举办地庆州出产的牛肉与大米，以及特朗普钟爱的龙虾。

Dinner was accompanied by chardonnay and cabernet sauvignon from Eric Trump’s winery, the South Korean presidential office said.

韩国总统办公室表示，晚宴佐餐酒选用埃里克·特朗普酒庄出品的霞多丽与赤霞珠葡萄酒。

“This is a powerful man and an America First president,” said Vivian Han, a menu developer in Seoul who prepared the state dinner for him and President Moon Jae-in in 2017.  “It seems the world is concerned about how to accommodate him.”

“这位总统大权在握，秉持美国优先原则，”首尔菜单设计师、曾在2017年为特朗普与文在寅总统准备国宴的薇薇安·韩（音）说。“似乎全世界都在琢磨如何取悦他。”

Some food experts said they would have preferred to see more Korean ingredients at Wednesday’s lunch. “K-food is so hot globally right now, everyone’s dying to try it, and he came all the way here,” said Julia Ha, a food and beverage consultant in Seoul.

一些美食专家表示，他们原本希望在周三的午餐中看到更多韩国本土食材。首尔餐饮顾问朱莉娅·河（音）称：“如今韩式料理在全球都很受欢迎，大家都渴望尝试，而他远道而来。”

Park Hyo Nam, a chef and culinary professor in South Korea who had prepared a lunch for President Barack Obama and President Lee Myung-bak in 2010, echoed the sentiment. But he added that the chefs were probably working with tight constraints.

2010年曾为奥巴马总统与李明博总统准备午餐的韩国厨师、烹饪学教授朴孝南（音）也表达了类似观点。但他补充道，厨师们或许面临着诸多严格限制。

For diplomatic meals, menus are carefully orchestrated by protocol teams from both sides, he said. Sometimes, instructions could be so specific that the head chef has no decision-making power over the menu, he said.

他表示，在外交宴请中，菜单由双方礼宾团队精心策划。有时，指令会具体到主厨完全没有菜单决定权的程度。

Overall, Mr. Park said, using ingredients of the guest’s home country and catering to the leader’s palate were only to be expected.

朴孝南认为，总体而言，使用宾客本国的食材并迎合其口味，本就是意料之中的事。

“It helps create an atmosphere of being treated with care,” he said. “It makes you feel that a lot of thought went into it.”

“这有助于营造一种精心款待的氛围，”他说，“会让人感觉对方为此花了很多心思。”

China has agreed to stand down on enforcing some of its recent limits on exports of critical minerals, but apparently not all of them.

中国已同意暂缓执行近期出台的部分关键矿产出口限制措施，但显然并非全部。

Following a meeting on Thursday between President Trump and Xi Jinping, China’s top leader, the Ministry of Commerce in China said it would suspend for a year the export controls it issued on Oct. 9.

周四，特朗普总统与中国最高领导人习近平会晤后，中国商务部宣布将暂停执行10月9日颁布的出口管制措施，为期一年。

However, China made no public commitment to retreat from earlier limits, which it imposed in the spring and last winter, and which continue to snarl global supply chains.

然而，中国并未公开承诺取消今年春季及去年冬季出台的早期限制措施。这些措施目前仍在持续扰乱全球供应链。

The October orders were, in the words of U.S. Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent, “a bazooka at the supply chains and the industrial base of the entire free world.” They included a halt to any further export of technology or equipment that might help other countries develop their own rare earth mines, refineries and magnet factories, except with permission from China’s commerce ministry.

用美国财政部长贝森特的话来说，10月的出口管制令是“对准整个自由世界供应链与产业基础的火箭筒”。该管制令要求，除经中国商务部批准外，全面禁止出口可能帮助其他国家发展稀土矿、精炼厂及磁体工厂的技术或设备。

特朗普总统与习近平主席周四在韩国釜山会晤之后。

Mr. Trump said Thursday after his meeting with Mr. Xi, held in Busan, South Korea, that he expected the yearlong suspension would be extended before it expired.

特朗普周四在韩国釜山与习近平会晤后表示，他预计这一年期的暂缓措施在到期前将获得延长。

But China’s commerce ministry said it planned to “study and refine” its Oct. 9 regulations, which have drawn considerable criticism from Europe as well as the United States for being very broad and also ambiguous.

但中国商务部称，计划对10月9日的管制条例进行“研究细化”。该条例因覆盖范围过广且表述模糊，已遭到欧美广泛批评。

Perhaps even more important, the ministry did not offer public assurance that it would back away from the stringent export control rules that it imposed on critical minerals in April and last December.

或许更重要的是，中国商务部并未公开承诺取消今年4月及去年12月对关键矿产实施的严格出口管制。

The April rules halted exports from China of seven kinds of rare earth metals and rare earth magnets made from them, except with licenses issued by the ministry. The December rules imposed similar requirements on two metallic elements vital for making certain semiconductors and two other elements needed for military ammunition.

4月的规则要求，除经商务部核发许可证外，禁止出口七种稀土金属及由其制成的稀土磁体。12月的规则则对两种制造特定半导体所需的金属元素，以及两种军用弹药所需的元素，施加了类似的许可管制要求。

European and American business leaders and officials say that only half their requests for export licenses for rare earth magnets are being approved by the ministry. Many factories are barely receiving enough shipments from China to stay open, and some have had brief closures.

欧美商界领袖及官员表示，目前稀土磁体的出口许可申请仅约半数获得批准。许多工厂从中国收到的货量仅够勉强维持运转，部分工厂甚至出现短暂停产。

The export controls are “putting the stability of global supply chains at stake,” the European Union Chamber of Commerce in China said last month.

中国欧盟商会上月表示，这些出口管制措施正在“危及全球供应链的稳定”。

Factories that need the magnets to make products like brakes and car seats have been unable to replace their usual inventories. Companies had to run down their stocks when the ministry approved very few licenses for the first two months after issuing the April regulations, while the ministry was setting up licensing procedures.

需要稀土磁体生产刹车系统、汽车座椅等产品的工厂已无法补充常规库存。在4月管制规则出台后的前两个月，商务部尚在建立许可审批流程，期间仅批准了极少数许可证申请，企业被迫持续消耗库存维持生产。

Shortages have sent the cost of rare earths skyward. The price of dysprosium, used to make heat-resistant magnets for brake motors, steering motors and other automotive systems, has risen outside China at least sixfold, to $1,200 per kilogram, said Thomas Kruemmer, a rare earths consultant in Singapore.

短缺问题已导致稀土价格飙升。新加坡稀土顾问托马斯·克鲁默表示，用于制造刹车电机、转向电机及其他汽车系统耐热磁体的镝，在中国境外的价格已至少上涨六倍，达到每公斤1200美元。

In deciding to back off its October rules, China may have realized that it had earlier underestimated how much damage it would do to the industrial base in the West — and how that would hurt its reputation as a reliable suppler.

中国决定暂缓10月的管制措施，或许是意识到此前低估了该措施对西方产业基础的冲击力度，以及这对中国“可靠供应方”声誉的损害。

“My impression is that they had no idea just how many products would be affected by this licensing system,” Mr. Kruemmer said.

“我的印象是，他们当时完全没意识到这个许可制度会影响到这么多产品。”克鲁默表示。

It was not immediately clear what China’s agreement with the United States on Thursday would mean for Europe. European Union trade officials were scheduled to hold talks with a Chinese delegation in Brussels on Friday.

目前尚不清楚周四中美达成的协议对欧洲意味着什么。欧盟贸易官员定于周五在布鲁塞尔与中国代表团举行会谈。

China has been withholding rare earth magnets from Europe while demanding that Europe reduce its tariffs on Chinese electric cars.

中国在限制对欧出口稀土磁体的同时，同时要求欧洲降低对中国电动汽车的关税。

The West is beginning to invest heavily to limit its rare earths dependence on China. The United States has little or no capacity to quickly increase production of rare earth magnets.

西方正开始大举投资，以降低对中国稀土的依赖。但美国目前几乎没有能力快速提升稀土磁体的产能。

It could take a decade for the United States to develop a completely independent supply chain of rare earth magnets and other rare earth materials, said Sabrin Chowdhury, head of commodities at BMI, a country risk and industry analysis company that is part of the Fitch Group.

惠誉集团旗下国家风险与产业分析公司BMI的大宗商品部门负责人萨布林·乔杜里表示，美国要建立完全独立的稀土磁体及其他稀土材料供应链，可能需要10年时间。

A further worry is whether China will actually allow exports of rare earth processing equipment to help the West set up its own supply chains. Many Chinese manufacturers of the equipment stopped exports early this year after receiving administrative guidance from Beijing, even in the absence of new regulations at the time, rare earth industry executives said.

另一个担忧是，中国是否真的会允许出口稀土加工设备，以帮助西方建立自己的供应链。稀土行业高管表示，今年早些时候，即便当时尚未出台新法规，许多中国稀土加工设备制造商在收到北京的行政指导后，就已停止出口。

Whether these shipments will resume following the suspension of the October rules “remains to be seen,” Ms. Chowdhury said.

乔杜里表示，在10月管制措施暂缓后，这些设备出口能否恢复，“仍有待观察”。

When Xi Jinping walked out of his meeting with President Trump on Thursday, he projected the confidence of a leader of a country as powerful as the United States, one capable of shaping the terms of any deal.

当习近平在周四结束与特朗普总统的会晤走出会场时，他展现出一种自信的气度——那是一个领导着与美国同等强大国家的领袖才会拥有的自信，一种能够塑造任何协议条款的自信。

By flexing China’s near monopoly on rare earths and its purchasing power over U.S. soybeans, Mr. Xi won key concessions from Washington — a reduction in tariffs, a suspension of port fees on Chinese ships and the delay of U.S. export controls that would have barred more Chinese firms from accessing American technology. Both sides also agreed to extend a truce struck earlier this year to limit tariffs.

通过利用中国在稀土方面近乎垄断的地位以及其对美国大豆的采购能力，习近平从华盛顿赢得了关键让步——降低关税，暂停对中国船只的港口费用，以及推迟美国的出口管制，这些管制原本会阻止更多中国企业获取美国技术。双方都同意延长今年早些时候达成的限制关税的停战协议。

“What’s clear is they have become increasingly bold in exerting leverage and they are happy to pocket any and all U.S. concessions,” said Julian Gewirtz, who was a senior China policy official at the White House and the State Department in President Joseph R. Biden Jr.’s administration.

“很明显，他们在运用筹码方面变得越来越大胆，并且乐于收下美国的任何让步，”朱利安·格维尔茨说，他在拜登总统任期内曾担任白宫和国务院的中国政策高级官员。

Sounding almost like he was delivering a lecture, Mr. Xi said to Mr. Trump that the “recent twists and turns” of the trade war should be instructive to them both, according to a Chinese government summary of Mr. Xi’s remarks at the meeting in Busan, South Korea.

根据中国政府对习近平在韩国釜山会晤中的讲话内容通报，习近平对特朗普说话时语气几乎像是在上课，他表示，贸易战“近期经历曲折”，应该对双方都有所启示。

“Both sides should consider the bigger picture and focus on the long-term benefits of cooperation, rather than falling into a vicious cycle of mutual retaliation,” Mr. Xi said.

习近平表示：“双方应该算大账，多看合作带来的长远利益，而不应陷入相互报复的恶性循环。”

By twists and turns Mr. Xi was likely referring to the last several months, or nearly a year, of tit-for-tat retaliatory measures in the form of tariffs, sanctions and export controls. Earlier this month, China escalated dramatically, strengthening its hand by announcing sweeping new limits on the sales of on rare earths, critical minerals that are needed for almost all modern technology. Cutting off their supply could cripple U.S. industries.

习近平所说的“曲折”很可能指的是过去几个月，或者将近一年来，双方在关税、制裁和出口管制方面针锋相对的报复性措施。本月早些时候，中国大幅升级措施，通过宣布对稀土——几乎所有现代技术都需要的重要矿物——的销售实施新的全面限制，强化自己的筹码。切断这些供应可能会重创美国工业。

Mr. Xi’s message seemed to be: Beijing had proven its capacity to hit back and Washington would do well to remember it.

习近平传达的信息似乎是：北京已经证明了自己有能力进行反击，华盛顿最好记住这一点。

“After Trump launched his trade and tariff war, China was the only country that matched the United States blow for blow,” said Zhu Feng, a professor of international relations at Nanjing University, noting that the biggest win for China could be that the United States might think twice before imposing new measures on China.

南京大学国际关系教授朱锋表示：“在特朗普发动贸易和关税战之后，中国是唯一一个与美国针锋相对的国家。”他指出，中国最大的胜利可能在于，美国今后在对中国实施新措施前会三思而行。

“If Trump had forced China to implement its complete export controls on rare earths, it would have been a lose-lose situation for both sides,” he said.

他说：“如果特朗普迫使中国全面实施对稀土的出口管制，那将会是两败俱伤的局面。”

At the same time, Mr. Xi also seemed to grasp what Mr. Trump needed, a deal that he could sell as a victory at home. The outcome allowed Mr. Trump to claim a win for American farmers and companies, even though China had largely restored the status quo by agreeing to buy soybeans and to hold off on further restricting the export of rare earths.

与此同时，习近平似乎也理解特朗普需要什么——一项他可以在国内作为胜利宣传的协议。这一结果使特朗普能够宣称自己为美国农民和企业争取了胜利，尽管中国实际上通过同意购买大豆并暂缓进一步限制稀土出口，基本恢复了之前的状态。

Mr. Trump pumped a fist in the air as he boarded Air Force One, then said on the plane that Mr. Xi had agreed to take more action to stop the flow of chemicals used to make fentanyl from reaching the United States. He also said that China promised to purchase more U.S. soybeans. “Our Farmers will be very happy!” he posted on Truth Social afterward. “I would like to thank President Xi for this!”

特朗普在登上“空军一号”时挥拳致意，随后在飞机上表示，习近平已经同意采取更多行动，阻止芬太尼前体化学品流入美国。他同时宣布中国承诺将购买更多美国大豆。“我们的农民会非常高兴！”随后他在Truth Social上发文表示。“我想为此感谢习主席！”

After the two leaders met, China’s Ministry of Commerce said in a statement that it would suspend for one year the restrictions on rare earths that were announced in October. (The ministry made no mention of earlier controls announced in April.)

在两位领导人会面之后，中国商务部在一份声明中表示，将暂停实施今年10月宣布的稀土限制措施，为期一年。（声明未提及4月宣布的较早限制措施。）

Separately, Mr. Trump said he would cut in half the 20 percent tariffs he had imposed on Chinese goods to pressure China to do more to stop fentanyl trafficking. The reduction announced on Thursday brings overall tariffs on Chinese goods to around 47 percent from 57 percent, he said. The Chinese commerce ministry also said the two sides had agreed to a one-year extension of a truce to limit additional tariffs that was originally set to expire on Nov. 10.

此外，特朗普表示，他将把自己为迫使中国在阻止芬太尼贩运方面采取更多行动而对中国商品征收的20%关税削减一半。他说，周四宣布的减税措施将把对中国商品的整体关税从57%左右降至约47%。中国商务部也表示，双方同意将原定于11月10日到期的限制加征关税的停火协议延长一年。

Some experts said China inevitably had the upper hand in the trade fight because the Trump administration never had a clear objective.

一些专家表示，中国在这场贸易战中不可避免地占据上风，因为特朗普政府从未有过明确的目标。

“I think its an approach that can safely be described as tactics without a strategy,” said Jonathan Czin, a fellow at the Brookings Institution who previously analyzed Chinese politics at the C.I.A.

“我认为这种做法堪称只讲战术不论战略，”布鲁金斯学会研究员、曾在中情局从事中国政治分析工作的乔纳森·茨津说。

“Ostensibly, the goal was to address some of the meaty trade issues that had long bedeviled the relationship. Instead, the P.R.C. side has successfully orchestrated a game of ‘whack-a-mole’ for the Trump Administration,” Mr. Czin said, using the abbreviation for the People’s Republic of China.

“表面上，目标是解决长期困扰双边关系的一些实质性贸易问题。但实际上，中方成功地引导特朗普政府玩起了‘打地鼠’游戏，”茨津说。

Still, in a potential concession by Beijing, China’s official summary of the meeting did not mention Taiwan, the island democracy that Beijing claims. It is a topic that Chinese leaders usually bring up when meeting their U.S. counterparts to pressure Washington to dial back U.S. support for the island.

不过，北京可能做出了一个让步，中国对会谈的官方通报中并未提及台湾这个北京声称拥有主权的岛屿民主政体。这通常是中美领导人会晤时中方必谈议题，旨在要求美方减少对台湾的支持。

The agreements struck on Thursday could mean at least a temporary calm in the fractious U.S.-China relationship. Mr. Trump said the two leaders also discussed “working together” to end the war in Ukraine. He said he would travel to China in April and Mr. Xi would visit the United States after that.

周四达成的协议可能意味着，紧张的美中关系至少暂时迎来一段平静期。特朗普表示，两位领导人还讨论了“共同努力”结束乌克兰战争。他表示，他将在明年4月访问中国，随后习近平将访问美国。

Mr. Xi also played to Mr. Trump’s preference for personal rapport by appealing to Mr. Trump’s domestic agenda, saying that he believed China’s development “goes hand in hand” with the president’s “vision to ‘make America great again.’” Mr. Trump, for his part, flattered Mr. Xi, calling him “a great leader of a great country” and a “great friend.”

习近平也通过呼应特朗普的国内议程来迎合其注重私人关系的执政风格，他表示，他相信中国的发展“同特朗普总统要实现的‘让美国再次伟大’是并行不悖的”。而特朗普则恭维习近平，称他是“一个伟大国家的伟大领导人”以及“一位伟大的朋友”。

“It’s a personalized style of diplomacy that plays well to both leaders’ instincts,” said Lizzi C. Lee, a fellow focusing on the Chinese economy at the Asia Society Policy Institute. “For now, these gestures of good will seem to set the tone for a period of managed stability.”

“这是一种个人化的外交风格，很契合两位领导人的天性，”亚洲协会政策研究所专注中国经济问题的研究员莉茨·C·李说。“目前，这些善意举动似乎为一个受控的稳定期定下了基调。”

Still, any progress made on Thursday could easily be erased by moves on either side that are interpreted as violating the agreement. A deal struck last month was almost undone when the U.S. expanded the range of companies banned from accessing U.S. technology, which would have affected many Chinese companies. China then announced its export controls on rare earths. That prompted Mr. Trump to threaten to call off Thursday’s meeting and to impose yet more tariffs on Chinese goods.

不过，周四取得的任何进展都可能因任何一方被解读为违反协议的举动而轻易瓦解。上个月达成的一项协议就险些夭折，当时美国扩大了禁止获得美国技术的公司范围，这将影响许多中国企业。随后中国宣布了对稀土的出口管制。这促使特朗普威胁取消周四的会晤，并扬言启动新一轮对华加征关税。

In the absence of a finalized agreement, it is unclear how long the current détente will last.

由于缺乏最终协议，目前的缓和状态将持续多长时间仍是未知数。

“Maybe I’m jaded because I’ve seen this movie too many times, but these are issues that are relatively easy to roll back and also to accuse the other side of bad faith,” said Ja Ian Chong, a professor of political science at the National University of Singapore, about the state of the truce.

“或许是我看过太多次类似局面已变得麻木，但这些议题既比较容易出现反复，也很容易被用来指责对方没有诚意，”新加坡国立大学政治学教授庄嘉颖这样评价此次贸易休战态势。

特朗普周四离开釜山前，习近平呼应了前者“让美国再次伟大”的愿景。

Thursday’s progress threatened to be overshadowed by an announcement that Mr. Trump made just before the meeting. He said that the United States would resume nuclear weapons testing for the first time in more than three decades. But Mr. Trump seemed to suggest on Air Force One that the move was not directed at China, and analysts said it was not clear that Mr. Xi would see it as a provocation.

周四取得的进展有可能会被特朗普在会晤即将举行之前宣布的一项声明压过风头。他表示，美国将重启时隔三十多年的核试验。但特朗普在“空军一号”上的表态似乎暗示，这一举动并非针对中国，而分析人士表示，尚不清楚习近平是否会将其视为挑衅。

More important, experts in China said, is that the American president is focused on working with China.

中国的专家表示，更重要的是，美国总统正专注于与中国合作。

“If Trump truly wants to implement something, if he wants to go east, his staff wouldn’t dare go west,” said Xin Qiang, a U.S.-China expert at Fudan University in Shanghai.

复旦大学的中美问题专家信强表示：“一旦特朗普真的想达成什么事，如果他想往东，他的下属就不敢往西，”

NEW YORK — With its striking white concrete facade amid a sea of glass skyscrapers, the supertall tower at 432 Park Ave. was designed to be the jewel of New York City’s Billionaires’ Row, the stretch of luxury condos in Manhattan that has attracted the world’s wealthiest homebuyers.

纽约——在一片玻璃摩天大楼的海洋中，坐落在纽约公园大道432号的超高层住宅塔楼以其醒目的白色混凝土外立面脱颖而出。它的设计初衷是成为纽约亿万富翁街的皇冠明珠——这条位于曼哈顿的豪华公寓带吸引了全球最富有的买家。

But only a few years after the 102-floor apartment tower near 57th Street was completed, water began seeping through some ceilings, the elevators broke down repeatedly, and owners complained that their living rooms creaked and swayed in the whipping midtown wind.

然而在这栋临近57街的102层住宅楼落成仅数年后，部分天花板开始渗水，电梯故障频频，业主们抱怨起居室在中城的强风中嘎吱作响，甚至出现摇晃。

Now, what initially seemed to be nuisances for a small group of ultrarich people appear to have masked much deeper problems.

如今，这些最初看似只困扰少数超级富豪的琐碎问题似乎掩盖着更深层次的问题。

The exterior of the building, which opened in 2015, is pockmarked and gouged, riddled with hundreds of cracks that suggest the slender structure is being overtaxed by wind and rain, according to independent engineering experts, construction reports and court filings. If the problems are not addressed, probably with a nine-figure renovation, the building could eventually become uninhabitable or endanger pedestrians below, the engineers said.

根据独立工程专家的评估、施工报告及法庭文件，这栋于2015年启用的建筑外墙已出现坑坑洼洼，数百道裂缝暗示着这座纤细的建筑正承受超出预期的风雨侵蚀。工程师警告，如果这些问题得不到解决（翻修可能需要耗资九位数），这栋大楼最终可能变得无法居住，甚至危及楼下行人安全。

Inspectors have said the building is safe for residents inside and for passersby. Yet recent reports filed with the city have shown chunks of missing concrete on some of its highest floors, and new cracks are appearing in its load-bearing facade.

尽管检查人员表示大楼对居民和行人目前仍是安全的，但近期提交给市政府的报告显示，高层部分的混凝土块已脱落，承重外墙上出现了新的裂缝。

Amid a tangle of litigation involving the developers, engineers, residents and a small army of contractors, a likely explanation for some of the building’s issues is emerging: its lauded, all-white concrete facade, insisted on by its superstar team of architects and developers.

在涉及开发商、工程师、住户及众多承包商的复杂法律纠纷中，一个可能解释部分建筑问题的关键因素逐渐浮出水面：这正是当初由明星建筑师与开发团队坚持采用、备受赞誉的纯白混凝土外立面。

The New York Times reviewed thousands of pages of court documents, public records and private correspondence between the buildings’ residents and planners. They reveal that for years, several key members of the team of developers, engineers and architects behind 432 Park had expressed concerns about its white exterior, even before the concrete was poured.

《纽约时报》查阅了数千页的法庭文件、公共记录以及大楼住户与设计规划团队之间的私人往来信件。这些资料显示，早在混凝土浇筑之前，公园大道432号的开发商、工程与建筑团队中的多位核心成员数年来一直对其白色外立面表示担忧。

Concrete typically gets its gray tint from iron oxides in cement; altering the components can affect its strength, color and performance. Builders of 432 Park were presented with a major challenge: how to come up with a concrete mixture that met their exacting aesthetic. Companies involved with the job called it one of the most difficult concrete projects ever executed.

通常，混凝土之所以呈灰色是因为水泥中含有氧化铁；一旦改变其成分，就可能影响混凝土的强度、颜色与性能。而公园大道432号的建设者面临着一个巨大的挑战：如何调配出既能符合结构要求、又能实现理想外观的混凝土配方。参与该项目的多家公司形容这座楼是“有史以来难度最大的混凝土工程之一”。

Seeking what he once called an “absolutely pure” building, Harry Macklowe, a well-known New York developer, tore down the luxury Drake Hotel and commissioned Rafael Viñoly, the Uruguayan modernist, to design a perfectly rectilinear body for a tower on the site. They assembled engineers, construction firms and concrete specialists to carry out the vision.

为追求所谓“绝对纯粹”的建筑理念，纽约知名开发商哈里·麦克洛拆除了德雷克豪华酒店，委托乌拉圭现代主义建筑大师拉斐尔·维诺里为地块设计了完全由直线构成的塔楼。他们集结工程师、施工企业和混凝土专家共同实现这一构想。

The tower at 432 Park Ave. was set to become the tallest residential building in the world and one of the slimmest. Its “slenderness” ratio is 15 to 1; by comparison, the Empire State Building has a ratio of 3 to 1 because it has a much wider base.

建成后的公园大道432号原计划成为全球最高的住宅建筑之一，同时也是最纤细的塔楼之一。其“纤细比”为15:1；相比之下，帝国大厦的比例仅为3:1，因为后者的底座宽得多。

“It looks very simple,” Justin Peters, a project executive for Lendlease, the construction manager at 432 Park, told the trade publication Engineering News-Record. “It isn’t.”

“外观看似简约，”项目承建商兰德利斯的项目总监贾斯汀·彼得斯在接受行业刊物《工程新闻纪录》采访时说，“实则不然。”

The design was a marketing hit, with the building’s 125 units selling for more than $2.5 billion. Early buyers included Jennifer Lopez, Alex Rodriguez and Saudi retail magnate Fawaz Alhokair.

该设计在市场上取得巨大成功，大楼的125个住宅单元总销售额超过25亿美元。早期买家包括詹妮弗·洛佩兹、亚历克斯·罗德里格斯，以及沙特零售巨头法瓦兹·阿尔霍克因。

But its success has been marred by infighting among its wealthy residents, who cannot agree on how to solve the building’s growing list of problems without hurting property values.

但这座大楼的成功却因富豪业主之间的内斗而蒙上阴影——他们既想解决大楼日益增多的问题，又唯恐房产贬值，始终难以达成共识。

The condo board at 432 Park has filed two separate suits accusing the building’s team of developers of selling them defective units and of fraudulently covering up the issues.

公园大道432号的管委会已分别提起两项诉讼，指控开发商团队不仅出售存在缺陷的房产，还蓄意隐瞒建筑质量问题。

A representative for Macklowe declined to comment. Viñoly died in 2023; a spokesperson for the firm did not return repeated requests for comment. WSP, the firm that led the structural engineering of the tower, declined comment.

麦克洛公司的代表拒绝置评。建筑师维诺里已于2023年逝世，其事务所发言人未回应多次置评请求。负责大楼结构工程的WSP公司亦拒绝置评。

Jami Schlicher, a spokesperson for the project’s other developer, CIM Group, said that the tower was designed and built by world-class professionals and was considered safe by inspectors. She called claims of the facade’s deterioration “baseless” and said accusations that the developer ignored risks were “categorically untrue, defamatory, and yet another misstep by the board that will drive down property values.”

项目另一开发商CIM集团发言人贾米·施利赫则表示，这座摩天楼由世界级专业人士设计与建造，并通过了检查机构的安全认证。她称外立面老化的说法“毫无依据”，并强调开发商忽视风险的指控“纯属捏造、构成诽谤，更是业委会再次损害房产价值的错误行为”。

All concrete is vulnerable to some cracking, according to engineering experts interviewed by The New York Times, who emphasized the tower was built to code and designed to withstand high winds. None suggested there is any risk of a cataclysmic event, such as a collapse.

据《纽约时报》采访的工程专家称，所有混凝土都存在一定开裂风险。他们强调，这栋大楼符合建筑规范，设计上能承受强风。所有专家均认为不存在灾难性坍塌风险。

But there have been warning signs that the building may not be performing as intended. The heavy suspended weight system designed to reduce sway and keep residents from feeling seasick has undergone extensive repairs, according to private communications between the condo board and residents.

但种种警示迹象表明，建筑性能或未达预期。据管委会与住户间的私人通信显示，为减少楼体晃动、避免住户感到“晕船”而设计的重型悬摆阻尼系统已进行了大规模检修。

In all, the problems at 432 Park could cost more than $100 million to remedy, according to engineering reports that the condo board commissioned and the independent engineers who reviewed the tower’s condition. And further cracking could present a danger to pedestrians below, the experts said.

根据管委会委托编制的工程报告及独立工程师的评估，公园大道432号的修复成本可能超过1亿美元。专家还表示，如果裂缝继续扩大，可能对楼下行人构成安全隐患。

独特的设计令公园大道432号大厦在曼哈顿众多超高层公寓楼中脱颖而出。

“The building is being stressed beyond what was intended,” said Steve Bongiorno, a structural engineer in New York who was consulted on an early bid for the design of the building and has continued to closely track its issues.

曾参与该建筑早期设计竞标并一直密切关注其问题的纽约结构工程师史蒂夫·邦吉诺指出：“这栋建筑正承受着超出设计预期的压力。”

Consultants Raise Concerns

顾问提出的担忧

On a misty December afternoon in 2012, more than a dozen luminaries from the world of architecture, engineering and development walked through a concrete yard in Gowanus, Brooklyn. It was four years before 432 Park would be completed, and its team was gathering to review the concrete mix that would soon form the tower’s signature facade.

2012年12月一个雾蒙蒙的午后，来自建筑、工程与地产界的十多位业内权威人士走进了布鲁克林戈瓦纳斯的一处混凝土试验场。当时距离公园大道432号大厦竣工还有四年时间，项目团队聚集在此，准备评估即将用于该塔标志性外立面的混凝土配方。

Passing between roughly 20-foot-tall models of concrete columns were executives from two powerful Manhattan luxury developers, Macklowe Properties and CIM Group; members of top-flight engineering and construction teams; and senior staff from Rafael Viñoly Architects, the star design firm that envisioned the building’s boxy, white envelope.

穿梭在约六米高的混凝土柱样模型之间的，是来自曼哈顿两大豪华开发商——麦克洛物业与CIM集团的高管、顶尖工程建造团队的代表，以及明星建筑设计公司拉斐尔·维诺里建筑事务所的核心成员。正是这家事务所为大楼构思了方正的纯白色外观。

Already, there were concerns. “Cracks are apparent immediately,” an architect with the Viñoly firm said about the columns.

当时，人们的担忧已经浮现。“裂缝立马可见，”一位来自维诺里建筑事务所的建筑师在查看立柱后说道。

Concrete is notoriously finicky. Its performance and look depend on outside temperatures and humidity as it is mixed, poured and dried. Some additives can bolster its durability but may darken the color.

众所周知，混凝土是一种非常挑剔的材料。它的性能与外观在很大程度上取决于搅拌、浇筑及固化过程中的环境温度与湿度。某些添加剂可以增强其耐久性，但可能会使颜色变暗。

But 432 Park was supposed to be white. The group assembled in Gowanus was responsible for developing a concrete mix that was strong enough to support the weight of a nearly 1,400-foot tower and white enough to satisfy the aesthetic the design team desired.

然而，公园大道432号必须保持纯白。聚集在戈瓦纳斯的这群人肩负着一项艰巨的任务：调制出一种既足以支撑约426米摩天楼的重量、又能呈现设计团队理想中洁白外观的混凝土。

Even before the team arrived at the Brooklyn yard, there were internal disagreements. Five months before, a lead architect had expressed worries about changes to concrete specifications that were put into place by the developers and construction contractors.

甚至在团队抵达布鲁克林试验场之前，内部就已出现分歧。五个月前，首席建筑师就曾对开发商与施工承包商修改混凝土规格的决定表示担忧。

Engineers sent around photos of the defects to others tied to the project in hopes of finding solutions, according to emails from the suit.

根据诉讼文件中的电子邮件记录，工程师们曾将混凝土缺陷的照片发送给项目相关方，以期寻求解决方案。

One recipient was Silvian Marcus, a structural engineer at WSP who had worked on the rippling facade of Frank Gehry’s 8 Spruce St. in lower Manhattan, and was enlisted as part of the team for 432 Park.

收件人中包括WSP的结构工程师西尔维安·马库斯。这位曾参与打造曼哈顿下城弗兰克·盖里作品“云杉街8号”波浪形外立面的专家，此时正作为项目团队成员为公园大道432号大厦提供咨询。

Marcus recommended adding flyash to the mix, a byproduct of coal combustion often used to make concrete more durable.

马库斯建议在混凝土中添加粉煤灰——这种燃煤副产品常用于提升混凝土的耐久性。

“They will not accept flyash (color is too dark),” replied Hezi Mena, an engineer who was then a senior associate at WSP, in a December 2012 email.

“他们不会接受粉煤灰（颜色会过深），”时任WSP高级工程师的赫齐·梅纳在2012年12月的邮件中回复道。

There were two options, Marcus replied: “Color or cracks.”

马库斯回信说，只有两个选择：“是要颜色，还是要裂缝。”

Construction at the midtown site was set to start, and time was running out. The team, Marcus wrote, should not still have been experimenting.

位于中城的工地即将动工，时间已经所剩无几。马库斯在邮件中强调，团队此时不该还在试验配比。

为追求所谓“绝对纯粹”的建筑理念，纽约知名开发商哈里·麦克洛拆除了原址上的豪华酒店——德雷克酒店，委托乌拉圭现代主义建筑大师拉斐尔·维诺里为地块设计了完全由直线构成的塔楼。

“Hold the pour until they have a valid mix,” Marcus wrote to Mena and developers. “Otherwise we will have future problems very painful to be solved and substantial project delays.”

“在确定有效配比前暂停浇筑，”马库斯在给梅纳和开发商的邮件里说。“否则未来将面临难以解决的严重问题和重大工期延误。”

The developers brought on a series of consultants who reached similar conclusions: The cracking was bound to get worse, and a lasting fix would be costly.

开发商后续聘请的多位顾问得出类似结论：混凝土的裂缝问题只会加剧，而持久的修复将代价高昂。

They called for painting the building with an elastomeric coating — a thick, rubbery membrane that would seal the cracks and protect the exterior from air and water seeping in. But the coating would give the building a glossy sheen that clashed with the developers’ vision.

顾问们建议采用弹性涂层，这是一种厚实、富有弹性的橡胶状膜层，可以封住裂缝，防止空气和水渗入外墙。但这种涂层会使建筑表面产生光泽，与开发商追求的视觉效果不符。

Instead, the developers went forward with a plan to use a clear, penetrating sealant across the building and patch the worst cracks, rejecting the consultants’ idea of the rubbery coating.

开发商最终没有采纳顾问们关于使用橡胶状涂层的建议，而是采用了另一种方案——给整栋建筑喷涂透明的渗透型密封剂，并对最严重的裂缝进行局部修补。

Despite the efforts, two years later in October 2015, as construction was in the final stretch, the concrete facade was still a problem.

尽管采取了这些措施，两年后的2015年10月，当工程进入最后冲刺阶段时，混凝土外立面的问题依然存在。

Charles L’Heureux, then a senior project manager with Lendlease, the project’s construction manager, expressed concerns in an October 2015 email about “voids” found in the concrete exterior that were so worrying that repairs had to “proceed immediately.”

在2015年10月的一封邮件中，时任项目承建商兰德利斯高级项目经理的查尔斯·莱尔克斯对外墙发现的“孔隙”表示严重关切，要求必须“立即开展”修复工作。

Less than four months later inspectors from New York City’s Department of Buildings scheduled an inspection and inquired about the cracks.

不到四个月后，纽约市建筑局的检查员安排了现场检查，并专门询问了有关裂缝的情况。

“There are no structural concerns, these are all hairline cracks which were expected to occur,” L’Heureux wrote in a January 2016 email to a buildings supervisor. “So no surprises.”

“不存在结构安全问题，这些都是预期会出现的发丝裂缝，”莱尔克斯在2016年1月致一名建筑监理的邮件中写道。“完全在预料之中。”

A Stressed Building

饱受压力的摩天楼

The doors of 432 Park opened and welcomed celebrities, international executives and real estate movers and shakers, most of whom used secretive shell companies for their sales. Complaints started almost immediately.

公园大道432号大厦落成后，迅速成为了各路名流、国际商界领袖以及地产大亨的聚集地——这些买家大多通过隐秘的空壳公司完成购房交易。然而入住伊始，投诉便接踵而至。

Creaking noises kept some residents awake at night, and burst pipes caused millions of dollars in damage, according to private emails and court documents. The building’s problematic elevators in one case trapped the son of a condo board member for nearly 90 minutes.

据私人邮件和法庭文件显示，夜晚的吱呀声让一些住户难以入睡，爆裂的水管造成了数百万美元的损失。故障频发的电梯曾将一位管委会成员的儿子困在电梯里近90分钟。

An electrical mishap the week before Thanksgiving in 2019 knocked out power. The swaying in one apartment was so bad that an engineering firm was hired to steady the unit.

2019年感恩节前一周，一起电气事故导致整栋楼停电。有一户公寓的晃动严重到不得不聘请工程公司前来处理的程度。

Representatives for the developers have said the complaints were overblown, fueled by an engineering and legal industry that thrives on litigation between condo boards and developers. Many construction issues have been addressed, they said, and the condo board has failed to fulfill some of its upkeep and maintenance obligations on the facade.

开发商的代表表示，这些投诉被夸大了，指责背后有依靠管委会与开发商诉讼牟利的工程法律行业推波助澜。他们称，许多施工问题已经得到解决，并反指管委会未能履行部分外立面的维护和保养责任。

2014年施工期间，从公园大道432号大厦76层俯瞰的景色。

But some engineering experts see many of the inconveniences as symptoms of problems with the building’s design.

但一些工程专家认为，诸多不便实为建筑设计问题的征兆。

Cracks in the facade increase the risk of water seeping into the structure, which could cause the steel rebar to rust and expand, producing even more cracks.

外立面裂缝会增加水分渗透至建筑结构的风险，这可能导致内部钢筋生锈并膨胀，进而引发更多裂缝。

This cycle of degradation affects what experts call the building’s stiffness, or its ability to respond to wind. More cracking could exacerbate existing problems with mechanical systems, they said, and make the building increasingly vulnerable.

这种恶性循环会影响专家所称的建筑刚度，即抵抗风荷载的结构性能。专家指出，持续开裂可能加剧机械系统已有的问题，使建筑变得越来越脆弱。

If this cycle of stress continues, the consequences could be huge, according to engineering experts.

工程专家指出，如果这种应力循环持续下去，将引发严重后果。

“Chunks of concrete will fall off, and windows will start loosening up,” said Bongiorno, the structural engineer, who echoed concerns of other independent engineers contacted by the Times. “You can’t take the elevators, mechanical systems start to fail, pipe joints start to break and you get water leaks all over the place.

“混凝土块会脱落，窗户会开始松动，”结构工程师邦吉诺说道，这与《纽约时报》咨询的其他独立工程师的观点一致。“你无法乘坐电梯，机械系统开始失灵，管道接头会断裂，到处都会出现漏水。”

“The building just becomes uninhabitable,” he said, noting that the tower has yet to experience sustained, hurricane-force winds.

“整栋建筑最终将变得无法居住，”他说，并指出这座塔楼至今尚未经历过持续性的飓风级风力考验。

The tower has been on the radar of the Department of Buildings for years.

这栋摩天楼几年前就已经引起纽约市建筑局的注意。

New York requires the facades of about 17,000 buildings taller than six stories to be inspected every five years.

纽约市要求所有六层以上的约1.7万栋建筑的外立面每五年必须接受一次检查。

Andrew Rudansky, a spokespersonman for the buildings department, said the buildings department has not observed any evidence of unsafe conditions. The last time an inspector from the agency’s facade unit was on site at the tower was February 2023, he said.

纽约市建筑局发言人安德鲁·鲁丹斯基表示，该部门尚未发现任何安全隐患的证据。他说，建筑局外立面检查部门的检查员上次到这座大楼现场是在2023年2月。

“None of the parties associated with the building have approached DOB with new information indicating structural stability or life safety concerns with the building,” Rudansky said.

“目前没有任何相关方向建筑局提交能证明该建筑存在结构稳定性或生命安全隐患的新证据，”鲁丹斯基称。

Still, worsening cracks could lead to greater risk for pedestrians, said Bongiorno, who is not involved in the tower lawsuits. “There’s no sidewalk shed that’s going to protect you from chunks of concrete popping off a 1,400-foot building,” he said.

未参与相关诉讼的结构工程师邦吉诺指出，不断恶化的裂缝可能会增加行人面临的风险：“没有哪种人行道雨棚能抵挡从426米的高空坠落的混凝土块。”

The residents at 432 Park are divided on the remedy for the building’s problems, according to court documents and emails obtained by the Times.

根据《纽约时报》获得的法院文件和电子邮件，公园大道432号的住户们对于修复方案存在分歧。

Recent estimates for repairs would involve filling cracks, reinforcing columns, adding a new cladding system to prevent water damage and the application of an elastomeric coating — the same fix the developers initially resisted.

最新修复方案包括填补裂缝、加固承重柱、加装防潮覆层系统，并在外墙涂覆弹性体涂层——也就是开发商最初拒绝采用的修复方案。

The facade project would cost more than $160 million over three years, according to a report from consultants hired by the condo board.

据管委会聘请的顾问撰写的报告，外立面修复工程将持续三年，耗资逾1.6亿美元。

The building’s manager declined to comment. In a Sept. 12 letter to residents, CIM said that the estimate “lacks any basis in reality.”

大楼的物业管理方拒绝发表评论。在9月12日发给住户的一封信中，CIM公司表示，这份估算“完全脱离现实”。

The developer has accused the board of failing to reapply a protective sealant to the exterior of the building. But that fix would not solve the building’s problems, said Terrence Oved, a lawyer representing the building’s condo board in two suits involving the tower.

开发商指责管委会未能在大楼外立面重新涂覆保护性密封剂。但代表管委会参与两起诉讼的律师特伦斯·奥维德指出，这种修补根本无济于事。

He said residents are committed to ensuring their home is a “world-class residential property.”

他说，住户们致力于确保他们的家是一处“世界级的住宅物业”。

The ultraluxury market has significantly cooled since the peak of the condo boom in the last decade, and the stigma of defects could further harm residents’ resale potential.

自上一个十年共管公寓热潮的高峰以来，超豪华房地产市场已经明显降温，而建筑问题的污名可能进一步损害住户的转售潜力。

Some residents think the construction issues are overblown and are costing them far too much in legal fees. Others believe the building is being mismanaged. One particular sore spot is a $5.3 million renovation of the private restaurant that condo owners have been asked to pay for.

部分业主认为施工问题被夸大了，他们在法律费用上花得太多。还有一些业主质疑大楼管理水平。引发普遍不满的焦点之一是，业主专属餐厅的530万美元翻修工程被要求由业主共同承担。

Residents have been engaged in a wide-ranging blame game about the cause of various woes in the building, including surging common charges, accusations of sabotage to infrastructure by building staff and just what caused the water damage to a $135,000 rug belonging to Jacqueline Finkelstein-LeBow, a real estate investor and member of the condo board. Was it a defect in the building or the radiant-heat flooring she had installed in her 64th-floor apartment?

住户们就各类问题的根源相互指责：包括公摊费用的激增、员工破坏设施设备的指控，以及房地产投资人兼管委会成员杰奎琳·芬克尔斯坦-勒博那块13.5万美元地毯遭水渍损坏的原因——究竟该归咎于建筑问题，还是她安装在64楼公寓的地暖系统？

The building’s manager declined to comment.

大楼管理方拒绝置评。

Ching Wong, an investor in Hong Kong real estate and a former media executive, said he was so mesmerized by the elegant design of 432 Park Avenue that in 2019 he bought a three-bedroom for $15 million.

香港房地产投资人、前媒体高管黄青（音）表示，2019年他被公园大道432号的优雅设计深深吸引，以1500万美元购入了一套三居室公寓。

But now, he said, his bathroom door doesn’t close properly, the air conditioning in his guest bedroom is broken and the pool is frequently closed.

但现在浴室门无法正常闭合，客卧空调失灵，泳池则经常关闭。

Mr. Wong questions the condo board’s spending on a lawsuit that is focused on the building’s white concrete exterior, when his more pressing concern is what he believes to be mismanagement, including the tripling of his monthly common charges.

黄先生质疑管委会将资金用于针对白色混凝土外墙的诉讼，而他更关切的是管理失当问题，包括每月物业费暴涨两倍。

He is not convinced that the worst of the problems are over.

他认为最严重的问题远未结束。

“The taller the building,” he said, “the longer the shadow.”

“楼越高，”他叹息道，“投下的阴影便越长。”

When President Trump called for nuclear testing, shortly before talks with the Chinese leader Xi Jinping, he may have inadvertently added a new complication to one of the most difficult issues between their countries: their nuclear weapons rivalry.

在与中国领导人习近平会谈前夕，特朗普总统呼吁恢复核试验，这一举动或许无意间为两国间最棘手的问题之一——核武竞争——增加了新的复杂因素。

Mr. Trump declared on Thursday that “because of other countries testing programs, I have instructed the Department of War to start testing our Nuclear Weapons on an equal basis.” His order may have been prompted by a claim by President Vladimir V. Putin, a few days earlier, that Russia had successfully test-flown a nuclear-powered and nuclear-capable cruise missile, even though the test did not involve a detonation.

特朗普于周四宣布：“鉴于其他国家的核试验计划，我已指示战争部开始进行同等的核武器试验。”他的命令可能是受到几天前俄罗斯总统普京的说法所刺激——普京宣称俄罗斯成功试射了一枚核动力、具备核打击能力的巡航导弹，尽管试验并未涉及引爆。

Moves toward renewed explosive tests of nuclear warheads would further endanger the treaty that for decades has constrained all but a handful of countries from carrying them out. If the United States follows through with resuming nuclear testing, “it would effectively give, I think, China and Russia a carte blanche to resume full-yield nuclear testing, which is something that neither country has done in a number of years,” said Ankit Panda, the author of “The New Nuclear Age.”

重启核弹头爆炸性试验的举动将进一步危及一项数十年来一直限制除少数几个国家以外所有国家进行核试验的条约。《新核时代》(The New Nuclear Age)一书的作者安吉特·潘达(Ankit Panda)表示，如果美国真的朝恢复核试验的方向迈进，“那实际上等于给了中国和俄罗斯一张许可，让它们得以重新开展全当量核试验——而这两个国家已经多年未这么做了。”

“The nuclear nonproliferation regime is under tremendous stress at the moment. Russia, China, the United States can’t even agree on the basic principles of what really makes the nonproliferation regime tick,” said Mr. Panda, a senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

“目前，核不扩散机制正面临巨大压力。俄罗斯、中国和美国甚至无法就支撑不扩散机制运转的基本原则达成共识，”作为卡内基国际和平基金会高级研究员的潘达说。

Mr. Trump and his administration may clarify his comments in the coming hours or days. Mr. Panda and other experts said Mr. Trump may have meant that he wants to test-launch nuclear-capable missiles, not detonate nuclear devices underground.

特朗普及其政府可能会在未来数小时或数天内进一步澄清其说法。潘达及其他专家表示，特朗普所谓的“核试验”也许指的是试射具备核打击能力的导弹，而非在地下引爆核装置。

When asked later about his remarks on nuclear weapons testing, Mr. Trump suggested that they were not related to China. “It had to do with others,” he said, without naming any countries. “They seem to all be nuclear testing.”

当被问及他关于核试验的言论时，特朗普表示，这与中国无关。“那是关于其他国家的，”他说，但并未点名任何国家。“看起来它们都在进行核试验。”

But Mr. Trump’s combative words alone could reinforce wariness in Beijing about U.S. nuclear intentions. Nuclear weapons are one area where distrust between China and the United States has deepened, with little prospect for quick agreement.

但仅仅是特朗普的强硬言论本身就可能加剧中国政府对美国核意图的警惕。核武器领域是中美互不信任持续加深的领域之一，双方短期内达成共识的可能性极小。

Under Mr. Xi, China has been rapidly building up its nuclear arsenal after decades of maintaining a comparatively modest force. China has about 600 nuclear warheads, most of them designed for land-based missiles, according to a survey published earlier this year by experts at the Federation of American Scientists. That is still far fewer than the thousands of nuclear warheads that the United States and Russia have.

在习近平的领导下，数十年来一直维持着规模相对有限的核力量的中国正迅速扩充其核武库。根据美国科学家联合会专家今年早些时候发布的调查报告，中国目前拥有约600枚核弹头，其中大部分被设计用于陆基导弹，这一数量仍远少于美国和俄罗斯所持有的数千枚核弹头规模。

中国核导弹在9月北京的阅兵式上亮相。

But the speed of China’s buildup, as well as Moscow’s growing threat, has prompted calls in Washington for faster modernization of U.S. nuclear forces to deter two big adversaries.

但中国核力量的扩充速度和俄罗斯日益增长的威胁已经促使华盛顿出现呼声，要求加快美国核力量的现代化进程，威慑这两个主要对手。

“Russia has nearly completed their modernization of all of their nuclear forces, and China is modernizing, and they are growing their arsenal at a breathtaking speed,” Elbridge A. Colby, the undersecretary of defense in the Trump administration, told senators during his confirmation hearing earlier this year.

“俄罗斯几乎已完成其所有核力量的现代化，中国也在推进核力量现代化，其核武库扩充速度惊人，”特朗普政府的国防部次长埃尔布里奇·科尔比在今年早些时候的参议院提名听证会上表示。

China’s next development plan, released in summary this week, calls “strengthened strategic deterrence capabilities” — a term that includes nuclear forces — a military priority for the next five years. And last month, China displayed its growing collection of nuclear-capable missiles, including ones that can be launched from submarines and bomber planes, at a military parade in Beijing.

本周发布的中国下一个发展规划摘要将“壮大战略威慑力量”这一涵盖核力量的表述列为未来五年的军事优先事项。上个月，中国在北京举行的阅兵式上展示了日益壮大的可携带核弹头的导弹，包括可由潜艇和轰炸机发射的型号。

Mr. Xi used the parade to emphasize China’s maturing “nuclear triad,” that is, the ability to threaten enemies with nuclear attack from land, sea and air, said Lin Po-chou, a researcher at the Institute for National Defense and Security Research, a government-funded group in Taipei, Taiwan.

由政府资助的台北机构国防安全研究院研究员林柏州表示，习近平借此次阅兵强调了中国日趋成熟的“核三位一体”能力，即从陆、海、空三个维度对敌方实施核打击的能力。

The pace of China’s nuclear expansion “will continue and won’t change just because of Trump’s announcement on increasing nuclear weapons testing,” Mr. Lin said.

林柏州指出，中国的核武扩张步伐“将持续推进，不会因特朗普宣布增加核武器试验而改变”。

Satellite evidence suggests that China may be making facilities ready to conduct nuclear tests underground, possibly to signal that it could respond in kind if other countries resume testing.

卫星图像显示，中国可能正在筹建地下核试验设施。此举或许是在释放信号：若其他国家恢复核试验，中国也可采取对等回应。

China conducted its first nuclear test in 1964 and its last in 1996, just before the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, a global moratorium on testing, was adopted by most countries. (China, like the United States, signed but has not ratified the treaty.)

中国于1964年进行首次核试验，最后一次核试验则在1996年——就在多数国家通过《全面禁止核试验条约》这一全球核试验禁令之前不久。（中国与美国一样，虽已签署该条约，但尚未批准。）

China carried out about 45 tests in total, fewer than the many hundreds conducted by the United States or Russia. As a result, China’s nuclear weapons scientists probably have had to work with less data than other superpowers to design their warheads. Since 1996, China and other atomic powers have checked and tested warheads by using “sub-critical tests” that stop short of atomic blasts.

中国共进行过约45次核试验，远少于美国或俄罗斯进行的数百次。这意味着，中国核武器科学家在设计核弹头时，可参考的数据可能少于其他核超级大国。自1996年以来，中国与其他核大国一直通过“亚临界核试验”对核弹头进行检测和测试，这类试验不会引发核爆炸。

But satellite imagery has revealed renewed construction at Lop Nur, China’s nuclear test site in Xinjiang, a far western region of the country. The activity includes new tunnels that could be used for underground nuclear tests, which may help in the design of new nuclear weapons, two experts, Renny Babiarz and Jason Wang, in a recent study of the area.

然而，卫星图像显示，中国位于西部新疆地区的罗布泊核试验场正在重启建设工程。专家伦尼·巴比尔斯与杰森·王（音）在近期针对该地区的研究中指出，此次建设包括可用于地下核试验的新隧道，这或许有助于中国研发新型核武器。

If Mr. Trump actually orders new nuclear tests, it would take the United States about 18 months to prepare the likely test site in Nevada, said Mr. Panda, the expert at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. China and Russia, he said, could probably move a bit faster.

卡内基国际和平基金会专家潘达表示，若特朗普真的下令进行新的核试验，美国需约18个月时间准备内华达州可能用于试验的场地。他指出，中国和俄罗斯的准备速度可能会稍快一些。

President Trump said on Thursday that China had agreed to postpone for a year strict new controls on its supply of critical rare earth metals, potentially relieving a major pressure point that has caused alarm in global supply chains.

特朗普总统周四表示，中国已同意将针对关键稀土金属供应的严格管控新规推迟一年实施。此举或能缓解全球供应链中的一大压力点，该管控此前已引发广泛担忧。

Separately, Mr. Trump said he would cut in half the 20 percent tariffs he had imposed on Chinese goods to pressure China to do more to control fentanyl trafficking. The reduction announced on Thursday brings overall tariffs on Chinese goods to around 47 percent from 57 percent, he said.

此外，特朗普还表示，他将把此前为迫使中国加强管控芬太尼走私而对中国商品征收的20%关税减半。他称，周四宣布的这一降税措施将使中国商品所面临的整体关税水平从57%降至约47%。

Mr. Trump made the announcement as he flew back to Washington after a summit meeting with China’s top leader, Xi Jinping, that had been expected to focus on trade issues but was overshadowed by Mr. Trump’s announcement that the United States would resume nuclear weapons testing after more than three decades.

特朗普是在与中国最高领导人习近平举行峰会后返回华盛顿途中宣布上述消息的。此次峰会原本预计聚焦贸易议题，但特朗普宣布美国将在30多年后恢复核武器试验，这一消息盖过了贸易议题的风头。

While Mr. Trump greeted Mr. Xi warmly ahead of their roughly 90-minute meeting at a military base in South Korea, the mood was tenser than it had been when he met the leaders of Japan, South Korea and Malaysia earlier on his trip. Neither man mentioned nuclear weapons or testing.

在韩国一处军事基地，特朗普与习近平进行了约90分钟的会谈。会谈前，特朗普对习近平表达了热情问候，但现场氛围比他此次行程中早些时候会见日本、韩国和马来西亚领导人时更为紧张。双方均未提及核武器或核试验相关话题。

The Chinese government’s readout of their meeting did not mention any new trade agreements. The readout said that Mr. Xi had told Mr. Trump that both leaders should avoid the “vicious cycle of mutual retaliation.” It also said Mr. Trump would travel to China next year and that he had invited Mr. Xi to the United States.

中国政府发布的会谈通稿未提及任何新的贸易协议。通告称习近平告诉特朗普，两国领导人应避免“相互报复的恶性循环”。通告还提到，特朗普将于明年访华，且他已邀请习近平访问美国。

China’s Commerce Ministry later said that the two sides had agreed on a one-year extension to a truce they had put in place earlier this year after a flurry of tit-for-tat escalations drove up tariffs on each other’s imports to more than 100 percent.

中国商务部随后表示，双方同意将今年早些时候达成的休战协议延长一年。这份协议之前，双方一系列针锋相对的升级行动导致对彼此进口商品加征的关税超过100%。

Here’s what else to know:

以下是其他需了解的信息：

• Trump’s threat: Mr. Trump’s announcement on weapons testing did not provide details or clarify if he meant detonating nuclear warheads. He later suggested that his nuclear announcement was not related to China, which is overseeing a major buildup of nuclear weapons but has not tested one since 1996. 

 • 特朗普的核威胁：特朗普关于核武器试验的声明未提供细节，也未明确是否涉及引爆核弹头。他随后表示，这一核相关声明与中国无关。中国正大规模扩充核武器库，但自1996年以来未进行过核试验。

• Tariffs background: The U.S. imposed 30 percent tariffs on almost all American imports from China, partly to protest China’s shipments of chemicals used to make fentanyl. 

• 关税背景：美国对几乎所有自中国进口的商品加征了30%的关税，部分是出于抗议中国出口用于制造芬太尼的化学品。

As President Trump flew to South Korea on Wednesday to prepare for a summit with the Chinese leader, Xi Jinping, he made some remarks that set off alarm bells among Washington officials concerned about America’s rivalry with China.

周三，特朗普总统飞往韩国，为与中国国家主席习近平的会晤做准备。途中他发表的一番言论引发了关切美中竞争的华盛顿官员的警觉。

“We’ll be speaking about Blackwell,” Mr. Trump said of his meeting with Mr. Xi, referring to the most advanced artificial intelligence chip from the U.S. chipmaker Nvidia. Mr. Trump called the technology a “super duper chip”; complimented Nvidia’s chief executive, Jensen Huang; and declared, “We’re about 10 years ahead of anybody else in chips.”

“我们会讨论‘Blackwell’的问题。”特朗普在谈及与习近平主席的会晤时表示。他口中的“Blackwell”是美国芯片制造商英伟达推出的最先进人工智能芯片。特朗普称这款技术为“超级棒的芯片”，还称赞了英伟达首席执行官黄仁勋，并宣称“我们在芯片领域比其他任何国家都领先大概10年”。

Mr. Trump’s comments signaled a major potential change for U.S. policy that many Washington officials warn poses a national security risk. Selling such advanced A.I. chips to China is currently banned, and U.S. officials have worked for years to restrain Beijing’s access to the cutting-edge technology.

特朗普的这番表态暗示美国政策可能出现重大转变。许多美国政府官员警告，此举将带来国家安全风险。目前，美国禁止向中国出售这类先进人工智能芯片，美国官员多年来一直努力限制中国获取此类尖端技术的途径。

The president’s reversal, if it comes to pass, would have widespread implications. Nvidia, which has emphasized the importance of maintaining access to the Chinese market, would reap new sales. But critics have argued that A.I. technology is important enough to potentially shift the balance of power in a strategic competition between the United States and China.

如果特朗普政府真的改变这一政策，将产生广泛影响。一直强调维持中国市场准入重要性的英伟达将从中获得可观的新销售收入。但批评者认为，人工智能技术的重要性足以改变美中战略竞争中的力量平衡。

On Wednesday, speculation that the Trump administration may imminently approve the sale of those chips to China mobilized opposition from critics inside and outside the White House and in Congress.

周三，有关特朗普政府可能很快批准向中国出售这类芯片的猜测引发了白宫内外及国会批评者的反对浪潮。

Senator Chris Coons, Democrat of Delaware, said on CNN that the reports “alarmed” him.

特拉华州民主党参议员克里斯·库恩斯在CNN节目中表示，相关报道让他“深感忧虑”。

“The defining fight of the 21st century will be who controls artificial intelligence,” he said. “It would be a tragic mistake for President Trump, in order to get some soybean orders out of China, to sell them these critical cutting-edge A.I. chips.”

“21世纪的决胜之争将是人工智能主导权之争，”他说，“特朗普总统若为了让中国多订购些大豆，就向其出售这些关键的尖端人工智能芯片，那将是个悲剧性错误。”

In an interview, R. Nicholas Burns, the U.S. ambassador to China from 2021 to 2025 and now a Harvard professor, said he hoped the Trump administration would “hold the line” on U.S. tech sales to China, calling them “a massive mistake.”

2021年至2025年担任美国驻华大使、现任哈佛大学教授的尼古拉斯·伯恩斯在接受采访时表示，他希望特朗普政府在对华技术出口问题上“坚守底线”，并称批准销售将是“巨大错误”。

The People’s Liberation Army of China wants to dislodge the United States, and sees technology as key to doing that, Mr. Burns said. Chinese laws also require companies to share technology and information with the government if asked.

伯恩斯指出，中国人民解放军始终以取代美国为战略目标，并将技术突破视为实现该目标的关键。此外，中国法律规定，企业若接到政府要求，必须向政府分享技术和信息。

If the Chinese military became stronger by better adapting technology over the next decade, the consequences for the United States and allies like Japan, South Korea and India could be dire. Any gains for American companies from selling into China would most likely be “very short-lived,” Mr. Burns said, since the Chinese government wants to become self-sufficient in chip technology, as it has in other industries.

他表示，若未来10年中国军方通过更好地应用技术实现军力提升，将给美国及日本、韩国、印度等盟友带来严重后果。他说，美国企业对华销售所获得的收益，很可能“非常短暂”——因为中国政府正致力于在芯片技术领域实现自给自足，就像在其他产业所做的那样。

“The loss would be incalculable,” Mr. Burns said. “We’ve got to prioritize national security over the interests of any one company.”

“损失将是无法估量的，”伯恩斯说。“我们必须将国家安全置于任何一家公司的利益之上。”

Nvidia and the White House did not immediately return requests for comment.

英伟达和白宫未立即回应置评请求。

The outcome of Mr. Trump’s meeting with Mr. Xi, scheduled for Thursday in South Korea, remains to be seen. But the administration has sought an arrangement with China that could restore stability to the relationship and restart some commerce, including soybean purchases that China halted after Mr. Trump imposed tariffs this year.

特朗普与习近平主席的会晤定于周四在韩国举行，会晤结果尚待观察。但特朗普政府一直寻求与中国达成协议，以恢复两国关系的稳定，并重启部分贸易活动，包括中国在今年特朗普加征关税后暂停的大豆采购。

Mr. Trump and other officials have hailed a potential deal in which China could resume those agricultural purchases, curb exports of chemicals used to make illicit fentanyl and pause the introduction of its new licensing system on rare earth minerals, while the United States pauses or removes some of its tariffs.

特朗普及其他官员大力称赞一项潜在协议。根据该协议，中国可能恢复农产品采购、限制用于制造非法芬太尼的化学品出口、暂缓推出新的稀土矿产许可制度；而美国则暂停或取消部分关税。

Beijing has also pushed the United States to halt or roll back its tech controls and other punitive measures against China, like new fees for Chinese ships docking in U.S. ports.

中国方面也推动美国停止或取消对华技术限制及其他惩罚性措施，例如针对中国船舶在美国港口停靠的新收费政策。

Mr. Trump said Wednesday that he expected to lower U.S. tariffs on China, adding that he and Mr. Xi “would work out something.” He said that the U.S.-Chinese relationship was very good and that he believed the meeting would have “a very good outcome for our country and for the world.”

特朗普周三表示，预计将降低对华关税，并强调他和习近平主席“会找到解决办法”。他称中美关系非常好，相信此次会晤“将为我们的国家和世界带来非常好的结果”。

特朗普总统于周三抵达韩国。周四他将与中国国家主席习近平举行会晤。

Nvidia and Mr. Huang, who increasingly has Mr. Trump’s ear and confidence, have pushed for Blackwell sales to China. The Silicon Valley company has argued that such sales would accelerate America’s leading position in A.I.

英伟达公司及其创始人黄仁勋——这位科技领袖日益获得特朗普的信任与重视——正积极推动向中国销售Blackwell芯片。这家硅谷企业主张，对华销售将巩固美国在人工智能领域的领先地位。

On Tuesday at Nvidia’s first conference in Washington, Mr. Huang said he did not know whether Mr. Trump and Mr. Xi would discuss chips, but argued that allowing the sale of Nvidia chips to China would benefit both countries.

周二，在英伟达于华盛顿举办的首次峰会上，黄仁勋表示，他不清楚特朗普与习近平主席是否会讨论芯片问题，但他认为允许英伟达芯片对华销售将使两国受益。

“We want as many countries around the world to be building on American tech standards,” he said. Mr. Huang added that half of the world’s A.I. researchers were in China, and that if they were cut off from Nvidia’s technology, that would hurt U.S. tech development.

“我们希望全球尽可能多的国家都采用美国的技术标准。”他说。黄仁勋还提到，全球一半的人工智能研究人员在中国；若切断他们与英伟达技术的联系，将反噬美国科技发展。

In a keynote speech earlier on Tuesday, Mr. Huang also cast Nvidia as a successor of American innovators like AT&T, IBM and Apple. He mentioned America more than two dozen times and highlighted how Nvidia was beginning to make A.I. chips in Arizona, which he said Mr. Trump had asked his company to do. He closed the speech by thanking the audience for “all for your service and making America great again.”

周二早些时候，黄仁勋在主题演讲中还将英伟达定位为AT&T、IBM、苹果等美国创新企业的继承者。他在演讲中提及“美国”超过20多次，并强调英伟达已开始在亚利桑那州生产人工智能芯片——他称这是特朗普要求其公司做的。演讲结尾时，他感谢听众“所做的一切，让美国再次伟大”。

Mr. Huang was expected to travel to South Korea to participate in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit, where Mr. Trump and Mr. Xi will meet on the sidelines. Mr. Huang declined on Tuesday to share his travel plans, and a Nvidia spokesman declined to comment on whether Mr. Huang would be present with the two leaders.

预计黄仁勋将前往韩国参加亚太经合组织峰会——特朗普与习近平主席将在峰会期间举行会晤。周二，黄仁勋拒绝透露自己的行程安排，英伟达发言人也拒绝评论黄仁勋是否会与两位领导人会面。

Days before meeting President Trump in South Korea, the Chinese leader Xi Jinping laid out the next stage in a strategy of long-term competition with the United States and the West that centers on securing a global lead in advanced manufacturing and technology.

在赴韩国与特朗普总统会面的几天前，中国领导人习近平阐述了中国下一阶段的战略方向：在与美国及西方的长期竞争中，要把重点放在确保中国在先进制造和科技领域取得全球领先地位。

The plan makes clear that Beijing wants to double down on industrial and technological strength even as its trading partners worry that China’s expanding exports are undercutting their own industries.

这一规划清楚地表明，北京意在进一步加强工业和技术实力，即便中国的贸易伙伴正担忧，中国不断扩张的出口正在削弱他们自身的产业竞争力。

China must “seize the window of opportunity to consolidate and expand our strengths, break past bottlenecks and surmount weaknesses, to gain the strategic initiative in intense international competition,” Mr. Xi told the party’s Central Committee — its council of several hundred senior officials — last week, according to a statement that was released Tuesday.

根据周二发布的公告，习近平上周在向由数百名高层官员组成的决策机构——中央政治局——发表讲话时表示，中国必须“抓住这个时间窗口，巩固拓展优势、破除瓶颈制约、补强短板弱项，在激烈国际竞争中赢得战略主动”。

Mr. Trump is trying to use punishing tariffs to press manufacturers of vehicles, electronics and other goods to shift from China to the United States. Other industrial economies, including Japan and South Korea, worry that China’s growing exports are squeezing their companies.

特朗普则试图通过施加严厉关税，迫使汽车、电子产品等制造商从中国转移到美国。包括日本和韩国在内的其他工业化经济体也担心中国不断增长的出口正在挤压本国企业的生存空间。

Many economists have also urged China to devote much more spending to building a social safety net so its citizens have the confidence to spend more. But an outline of China’s next five-year plan, covering 2026 to 2030, shows that Mr. Xi’s vision of national strength in the face of tough global competition remains focused on manufacturing and innovation, which he believes will bring more prosperity to the country’s people.

许多经济学家也敦促中国加大社会安全网建设投入，以增强民众消费信心。但涵盖2026至2030年的下一个五年规划的纲要显示，面对严峻的国际竞争，习近平构建国家实力的愿景仍然聚焦于制造业和创新，他相信这将为中国人民带来更大繁荣。

“The balance of global power is undergoing profound readjustment, and breakthroughs in a new phase of technological revolution and industrial transformation are accelerating,” says the summary of the plan, which was approved by officials at the meeting.

该规划的摘要中写道：“世界百年变局加速演进，国际力量对比深刻调整，新一轮科技革命和产业变革加速突破。”这份规划已在此次会议上获得官员们的一致通过。

“Unilateralism and protectionism are raising their heads, and the threats from hegemony and power politics are escalating,” the document stated, using terms that in Chinese political speak allude to Western dominance.

“单边主义、保护主义抬头，霸权主义和强权政治威胁上升，”摘要里写道，这些措辞在中国政治语境中通常指向西方的主导地位。

Such five-year plans are an important tool for Chinese leaders to set out priorities and steer funds to them.

此类五年规划是中国领导人的重要治理工具，可用于设定政策优先方向，并将资金引导至相关领域。

The plan says China will adopt “extraordinary measures” to pursue breakthroughs in key technologies such as semiconductors, high-end equipment and advanced materials. The document left unclear what “extraordinary measures” meant, but the words conveyed the urgency behind the Chinese leaders’ plans, said Gerard DiPippo, an associate director of the RAND China Research Center who studies the country’s economy.

规划表示，中国将采取“超常规措施”，在半导体、高端装备和先进材料等关键技术领域实现突破。文件并未说明“超常规措施”具体指什么，但兰德中国研究中心副主任、研究中国经济的杰拉尔德·迪皮波表示，这些措辞传达出中国领导人战略布局背后的紧迫感。

“In policy terms, ‘extraordinary measures’ means stepping outside normal bureaucratic and market routines to force breakthroughs in choke-point technologies,” Mr. DiPippo wrote by email. “It reflects Beijing’s mobilization mind-set given the urgency of geopolitical tensions.”

“在政策层面，‘超常规措施’意味着要跳出常规的行政程序和市场运作，强行在‘卡脖子’技术上取得突破。”迪皮波在电子邮件中写道。“这反映了在当前激烈的地缘政治紧张局势下，北京所采取的一种动员式思维模式。”

Mr. Xi is scheduled to meet Mr. Trump on Thursday for talks focused on defusing their trade tensions, including over U.S. tariffs and China’s sweeping export controls on rare earths, which are used in many advanced technologies, commercial and military.

习近平定于周四与特朗普举行会谈，重点讨论如何缓和双方的贸易紧张关系，包括美国的关税以及中国对稀土的全面出口管制。稀土广泛用于众多先进技术、商业和军事领域。

Mr. Xi and Mr. Trump may agree to a truce that includes pulling back U.S. tariffs and pausing China’s latest export controls. But the plan suggests that Beijing will continue working on using export controls to defend its economic and security interests.

习近平和特朗普可能会就贸易争端达成休战协议，其中包括美国回撤关税，以及中国暂缓执行最新的出口管制。但这份规划表明，北京将继续推进利用出口管制来维护其经济与安全利益。

The Chinese government “will improve export control and security review mechanisms,” it says. A section on national security goals also noted that China would “enhance the exploration, development and creation of reserves of strategic mineral resources.”

文件明确指出，中国政府将“完善出口管制和安全审查机制”。在国家安全目标的章节中还提到，中国将“加强战略性矿产资源勘探开发和储备”。

The plan says that China will do more to expand domestic consumption, and calls for “a marked increase” in household spending and a “sustained strengthening of domestic demand as a primary driver of economic growth.”

这份规划表示，中国将进一步扩大内需，要求实现家庭支出“明显提高”，以及“内需拉动经济增长主动力作用持续增强”。

But China’s strategy for expanding consumer spending differed from the approach that some Western economists support, which puts a priority on greater spending for health care and other welfare outlays, so that people have more money and confidence to purchase goods and services, Mr. DiPippo said.

但迪皮波指出，中国扩大消费的战略与一些西方经济学家所主张的方法不同。后者主张优先增加医疗保健等社会福利支出，从而提升居民的消费能力与信心。

To Chinese leaders, the country is unable to spur domestic consumption not from a lack of money for spending but because “the services aren’t of sufficient quality to meet their demands,” he said.

他表示，在中国领导人看来，国内消费之所以难以提振，并不是因为人们手里没有钱可花，而是因为“服务供给的质量不足以满足他们的需求”。

“This approach maps onto their top goal of building a modern industrial system,” Mr. DiPippo said. “For Beijing, strong consumption is an outcome to be achieved through improving the productive side of the economy.”

“这种思路与他们建设现代化产业体系这一最高目标相一致，”迪皮波说。“对于北京来说，强劲的消费是通过提升经济生产端来实现的结果。”

With the Chinese leader Xi Jinping and President Trump set to meet on Thursday, officials in Beijing are flattering Mr. Trump and appealing to his ego while still elevating Mr. Xi.

中国领导人习近平和特朗普总统定于周四会面，北京的官员们一方面讨好特朗普，迎合他的自尊心，同时也在抬高习近平的地位。

Chinese officials have hailed the two men as “world class leaders,” as helmsmen of a giant ship sailing through stormy waters and as conductors of two great orchestras trying to play together.

中国官员称两人为“世界级领袖”，比喻他们是掌舵一艘巨轮驶过风暴的舵手，也是两支试图合奏的伟大交响乐团的指挥。

Mr. Xi and Mr. Trump will meet on Thursday in Busan, South Korea, where they are expected to discuss how to pull back from a trade war that threatens the global economy. Their first in-person meeting of Mr. Trump’s second term, it is seen as critical for shoring up a fragile trade truce between the two countries that was struck last month after four rounds of negotiations.

习近平和特朗普将于周四在韩国釜山会面，预计他们将讨论如何缓和威胁全球经济的贸易战。这是两人在特朗普第二任期内的首次面对面会晤，被视为巩固两国上月在四轮谈判后达成的脆弱贸易休战的关键。

Recent moves on both sides, including new Chinese restrictions on the export of critical minerals and U.S. measures that would bar more Chinese companies from accessing American technology, have put that truce at risk. U.S. and Chinese negotiators said on Sunday that the two sides had agreed to a framework of a deal, to be finalized on Thursday. The terms could include tariff relief and deferring the Chinese controls on rare earths, critical minerals needed in almost all modern technology.

双方近期的一系列举动，包括中国对关键矿产出口实施的新限制，以及美国采取措施禁止更多中国企业获取美国技术，都使得这一休战面临破裂风险。美中谈判代表周日表示，双方已同意一项框架性协议，预计将在周四最终敲定。协议条款可能包括关税减免以及推迟中国对稀土等关键矿产的出口管控，这些矿产几乎用于所有的现代科技产品。

For months, Chinese officials have taken a tough stance on Mr. Trump’s tariffs and other U.S. economic measures against their country, pledging readiness to fight “a tariff war, a trade war or any other type of war” that Washington wants.

数月来，中国官员在面对特朗普的关税及其他经济措施时，采取了强硬立场，并放话已经做好了应对“关税战、贸易战或者别的什么战”的准备。

But they have also been trying, in their own way, to flatter the president and encourage him to strike his own path as the leader of a powerful nation — and not to be distracted by more hawkish advisers in his administration.

但他们也一直在用自己的方式奉承这位总统，并鼓励他作为一个强国的领导人走出自己的道路——不要被政府中更为鹰派的顾问所干扰。

“This reflects China’s characteristic top-down approach, in which the leader sets a grand objective and subordinates are expected to find ways to realize it,” said Henry Gao, a trade expert and professor of law at Singapore Management University.

“这反映了中国特有的自上而下的方式，即领导人设定一个宏伟目标，下属则要设法实现它，”新加坡管理大学贸易专家、法学教授高树超表示。

In a speech in August, China’s ambassador to the United States, Xie Feng compared relations between the two countries to two orchestras attempting to perform together. Both need strong conductors that command obedience. “The conductor needs to set the tempo and shape the dynamics, and all the musicians need to work closely to ensure cohesion,” he said.

在8月的一次讲话中，中国驻美国大使谢锋将两国关系比作两个试图同台演出的乐团。双方都需要一位能够赢得服从的强有力指挥。“需要指挥家把控正确的节奏力度，也需要所有的演奏者相互配合、协调一致，”他说。

When the two leaders spoke by phone in June, Mr. Xi — while comparing U.S.-China relations to a giant ship that requires the two presidents to steady the helm — advised Mr. Trump to “steer clear of various disturbances and disruptions.”

6月两国领导人通电话时，习近平将中美关系比作巨轮，需要两位总统来掌稳船舵，并且建议特朗普“排除各种干扰甚至破坏”。

This week, Chinese diplomats have continued to laud Mr. Trump, but they have also made sure to include Mr. Xi in the adulation, drawing attention to China’s leverage and elevated global standing.

本周，中国外交官继续赞扬特朗普，但他们也确保在赞美中提及习近平，以凸显中国的影响力和提升的国际地位。

Foreign Minister Wang Yi of China on Monday called Mr. Trump and Mr. Xi “world class leaders” who have “interacted over a long period and respect each other.” A spokesman from the ministry said on Thursday that the two leaders were “irreplaceable” when it came to shaping the China-U.S. relationship.

中国外交部长王毅周一称特朗普和习近平是“世界级领袖”，他们“长期交往、彼此尊重”。外交部发言人周四表示，在塑造中美关系方面，两位领导人是“不可替代的”。

For Mr. Gao, such language is “about China’s own self-affirmation that it has reached parity with the U.S. — a signal that Xi sees himself as standing on equal footing with Trump.”

在高树超看来，这种措辞“是中国对自己已与美国平起平坐的一种自我肯定——这表明习近平认为自己与特朗普是平起平坐的”。

It’s also a sign that Mr. Xi will be going into Thursday’s meeting confident in his demands. Beijing has been pushing Washington to reduce tariffs on Chinese goods, loosen export controls on computer chips and other technology, and drop its latest threats of further tariffs and other punitive measures.

这也意味着习近平将在周四的会晤中以更自信的姿态提出自己的诉求。北京一直在推动华盛顿减少对中国商品的关税、放宽对电脑芯片和其他技术的出口管制，并撤回最新一轮进一步加征关税及其他惩罚性措施的威胁。

Mr. Trump for his part wants Beijing to restart purchases of U.S. soybeans and to stop the flow of chemicals used to make illegal fentanyl that reaches the United States. U.S. officials have also called on Beijing to pull back on its new controls over rare earths.

特朗普则希望北京恢复购买美国大豆，并阻止制造非法芬太尼所需化学原料流入美国。美国官员还呼吁北京撤销对稀土出口的新管控措施。

“Both leaders see themselves and their countries as in a very strong position. They believe they have significant leverage over the other,” said Bonnie Glaser, the managing director of German Marshall Fund’s Indo-Pacific program. “Neither wants to look weak to their domestic audiences.”

“两位领导人都认为自己和自己的国家处于非常强势的地位。他们相信自己对对方拥有重要的影响力，”德国马歇尔基金印太项目常务董事葛来仪(Bonnie Glaser)说。“任何一方都不想在国内受众面前显得软弱。”

Climbing the ranks of the Communist Party while working in a coastal province, Xi Jinping — the man now leading China’s push to overtake the United States — kept a poem on his desk that helps explain why he has fought back fiercely against President Trump in their trade war.

曾经在沿海省份任职、尚处于党内升迁阶段的习近平——如今他正领导中国奋力赶超美国——在自己的办公桌上一直放着一首诗。对于他为何在与特朗普总统的贸易战中表现得如此强硬，这首诗或许能提供一些解释。

The poem, a patriotic ode to the sanctity of national interest, was written by Lin Zexu, an imperial commissioner from Fujian, the same coastal province, who oversaw China’s foreign commerce in the early 19th century. He is celebrated today in Chinese textbooks and speeches by Mr. Xi as a national hero for standing up to Britain, the superpower of the day, in a confrontation over trade.

这首歌颂国家利益神圣不可侵犯的爱国诗篇出自林则徐之手。林则徐是福建人（福建也就是习近平仕途早期任职的省份），19世纪初曾任钦差大臣，主管中国的对外贸易。如今在中国的教科书和习近平的讲话中，林则徐被尊为民族英雄，因为在当年的中英贸易冲突中，他挺身抗击了当时的超级大国英国。

That confrontation, triggered by Lin’s efforts to halt opium smuggling, ended in disaster for China — a crushing military defeat that gave Britain control of Hong Kong and, in China’s telling, started a “century of humiliation,” a shameful stain whose removal President Xi has set as one of his most important goals since becoming China’s leader in 2012.

那场冲突起于林则徐查禁鸦片走私，最终却以中国的惨痛失利告终——军事上的惨败导致香港被出让给英国，那场失败也在中国叙事中被视为“百年国耻”的开端。自2012年成为国家领导人以来，习近平将洗刷这段屈辱作为最重要的历史使命之一。

排队等候进入福州林则徐纪念馆的游客。林则徐基金会办公室墙上挂的照片，该办公室位于林则徐故居内。

Past shame looms large as Mr. Xi prepares for a meeting on Thursday in South Korea with President Trump, highlighting a gulf between the two leaders that stretches wider than their turbulent tiffs over tariffs, rare earth minerals and soybeans.

当习近平准备周四与特朗普总统在韩国会晤之际，这段挥之不去的历史羞辱再度赫然耸现，凸显出两位领导人之间的巨大认知差异——这种差异比双方在关税、稀土矿产和大豆方面的纷争更为深远。

President Trump “sees China as the winner of the international modern order, but Xi Jinping sees China as its victim,” said Julia Lovell, the author of The Opium War: Drugs, Dreams and the Making of Modern China, adding that these contrasting views can lead to “profound instability” in these talks.

特朗普“将中国视为现代国际秩序的受益者，而中国领导人则视中国为受害者”，《鸦片战争：毒品、梦想与现代中国的缔造》(The Opium War: Drugs, Dreams and the Making of Modern China)一书作者朱莉娅·洛威尔说。她还指出，这种认知差异可能导致会谈出现“深刻的不稳定”。

“I don’t know how much of a student of history Trump is, but it is very important that he understand the emotional importance of this history in China,” said Ms. Lovell, a China scholar at the University of London’s Birbeck College. “This history is shaping China’s actions and strategies in the here and now.”

这位伦敦大学伯贝克学院的中国研究学者强调：“虽不确定特朗普对历史了解多少，但他必须理解这段历史在中国情感层面的重要性。这段历史正在塑造中国当下的行动与战略。”

For Mr. Xi, Lin’s legacy carries a dual message: China must never bow to foreign pressure, but it also must never again negotiate from a position of weakness. Lin’s defiant stand failed because Qing China lagged far behind the West in military and economic power. Mr. Xi’s strategy of pushing back against Mr. Trump suggests he believes China has finally accumulated the strength to succeed where Lin could not.

对于习近平来说，林则徐的精神遗产传递着两层讯息：中国绝不能向外来压力低头，但也绝不能再以积贫积弱之姿参与国际博弈。林则徐的抗争之所以失败，是因为晚清在军事与经济实力上远远落后于西方。习近平如今对特朗普采取的强硬反击策略表明，他相信中国已积蓄起林则徐当年所欠缺的实力，可以将他的未竞事业向前推进。

陈列在林则徐纪念馆内的鸦片烟具。在林则徐纪念馆拍照留念的游客。

Celebrating China’s resurgent power last month with a massive military parade in Beijing, he said from the rostrum of Tiananmen Gate that his country had “put an end to China’s national humiliation of suffering successive defeats at the hands of foreign aggressors in modern times.”

上个月，为庆祝中国的复兴，习近平在北京举行了盛大的阅兵式。他在天安门城楼上向世界宣告，中国“洗刷了近代以来中国抗击外来侵略屡战屡败的民族耻辱”。

Beijing has also bristled at what it sees as efforts by American leaders, including Mr. Trump, to cast China in the role of 19th-century Western opium traders with accusations that it is aggravating America’s drug problem by exporting chemicals used in the manufacture of fentanyl. Mr. Trump said last week that this would be his “first question” for Mr. Xi when they meet. China accuses Washington of using the drug problem to “blackmail” China.

北京方面也对特朗普等美国领导人将中国比作19世纪西方鸦片贩子的说法感到愤怒。美国指责中国出口用于制造芬太尼的化学原料，加剧了美国的毒品问题。特朗普上周表示，这将是他与习近平会面时要提出的“首要议题”。而中国则反驳称，华盛顿是在借毒品问题“讹诈”中国。

The 19th-century showdown between China and the West began, much as today’s did, with mounting Western anger over a huge Chinese trade surplus. The country exported large quantities of tea, rhubarb, porcelain, silk and other goods but imported little in return.

19世纪中西方冲突的最终对决与今日的情形颇为相似——都始于西方国家对巨额对华贸易逆差的不满。当时，中国大量出口茶叶、大黄、瓷器、丝绸等商品，而从西方的进口寥寥无几。

Britain turned to opium to narrow the gap, with Western merchants selling growing quantities of the drug to China despite an official ban on the narcotic declared in 1729.

为扭转贸易失衡，英国转向鸦片贸易——尽管清廷早在1729年就已明令禁烟，西方商人仍不断向中国大量贩运鸦片。

Commissioner Lin arrived in the southern port of Guangzhou, then known as Canton, in 1839, with orders from the emperor in Beijing to stop the opium trade and restore Qing dynasty finances, which had been upended by the outflow of silver to pay for drugs.

1839年，钦差大臣林则徐奉北京朝廷之命前往南方港口广州查禁鸦片贸易，挽救因白银外流被掏空的清朝财政。

Lin’s determination to resist British power made him a heroic figure of resistance to Western bullying for generations of modern Chinese leaders since the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911.

自1911年清朝灭亡以来，几代中国领导人都因其抗击英国的决心将林则徐视为反抗西方霸权的英雄象征。

He is best known in China for confiscating and then destroying foreign opium worth hundreds of millions of dollars at current prices in trenches dug on the bank of the Pearl River at Humen near Guangzhou. Foreigners who witnessed the destruction, Lin informed the emperor, “feel heartily ashamed.”

他在中国最为人熟知的事迹是在广州附近虎门的珠江岸边挖掘壕沟、收缴并销毁了当时外国商人输入的鸦片——按现今价值计算，这些鸦片价值数亿美元。林则徐在奏报皇帝时写道，那些亲眼目睹销毁鸦片的外国人“咸知震詟”。

China’s public security minister, Wang Xiaohong, who has been at the center of arguments with Washington over fentanyl, this week visited Humen and a museum there celebrating Lin’s anti-drug actions in the 19th century. The minister, vowing to carry out “a victorious people’s war on drugs in the new era,” said all Chinese need to “uphold and carry forward the spirit of Lin Zexu.”

近期因芬太尼争议与美方激烈交锋的中国公安部部长王小洪本周专程走访虎门及林则徐禁烟纪念馆。他誓言要打好“禁毒人民战争”，强调全体国人需“要传承弘扬林则徐精神”。

林则徐纪念馆内的蜡像。林则徐纪念馆内的景观模型再现了当年在珠江销毁鸦片的场景。

Mr. Xi has embraced the Qing official’s example with particular vigor, presiding during his 17 years in Fujian over the renovation of sites connected to Lin, including the house where he was born and his family’s memorial hall.

习近平尤为推崇这位清朝官员，在福建主政17年间，他亲自推动修复了多处与林则徐有关的遗迹，包括其故居及家族祠堂。

The hall is now a sprawling exhibition complex highlighting Western perfidy, Lin’s righteous defiance and what a carved stone in a leafy courtyard describes as “China’s incessant struggle against foreign aggression.” In keeping with Mr. Xi’s view that China needs to be open to the West but on its own terms, the exhibits also praise Lin for promoting Western science and technology as a way to strengthen China.

如今，这座祠堂已被扩建为一个大型展览馆，着力展现西方的背信弃义、林则徐的正义抗争，以及绿树成荫的庭院里一块石碑描述的“中华民族反抗外来侵略的不息斗争”。与习近平所主张的中国需要自主开放理念相呼应，展陈也着重褒扬林则徐提倡学习西方科学技术以强国的远见。

Lin’s birthplace in Fuzhou, the capital of Fujian, has become the Bethlehem of modern Chinese nationalism, the small room in which he is said to have been born the centerpiece of a state-sponsored heritage trail feting his unyielding patriotic spirit.

林则徐的出生地——福建省会福州——如今已成为现代中国民族主义的“圣地”。据称他出生的小房间如今是国家主导的爱国主义纪念线路的核心景点，用以歌颂他不屈的爱国精神。

“I am so proud of my ancestor,” said Lin Yanyi, a seventh-generation descendant who works for the Lin Zexu Foundation, which manages the birthplace. She said he had never spurned “good things from the West” but always put China’s interests first.

“我为我的祖先感到无比自豪。”林燕颐说道——她是林则徐的第七代后人，现就职于负责管理林则徐故居的林则徐基金会。她表示，林则徐从未排斥“西方的好事物”，但始终将中国利益置于首位。

林则徐的后人——林燕怡（音，站立者）与林则徐基金会名誉会长林祝光站在一座林则徐伏案读书的雕像旁。这个经过重建的房间据称是林则徐出生的地方，它毗邻其父任教的书院。

Mao Linli, a Fuzhou historian and adviser to the foundation, said that the lesson from Lin’s showdown with Britain is clear: Never bend to foreign pressure or concede the moral high ground.

福州的历史学家、该基金会顾问茅林立说，林则徐抗英给后人留下的启示十分明确：绝不向外国压力低头，也绝不放弃道义高地。

He said that were he alive today, Lin, who served in Guangzhou from 1839 to 1841, would never accept American demands. “He always stood on the side of right,” Mr. Mao said. “America started this fight, not China. America should stop it.”

他补充道，如果林则徐——这位1839年至1841年在广州任职的官员——今天还活着，绝不会接受美国的要求。“他永远站在正义的一边，”茅林立说。“挑起这场争端的是美国，不是中国。美国应该停止这种行为。”

Presaging China’s current efforts to get Mr. Trump to relent on tariffs by tightly restricting exports of rare earth minerals crucial to modern manufacturing, Lin sought to exert pressure on Britain and other nations involved in the illegal opium trade by threatening to halt Chinese exports he thought were indispensable to the West.

正如当前中国通过严格限制现代制造业命脉——稀土矿产的出口、迫使特朗普在关税问题上让步的策略，林则徐也曾试图以类似方式施压。他威胁要停止出口他认为对西方国家至关重要的中国商品，以打击参与非法鸦片贸易的英国及其他国家。

The thinking in China, according to “The Opium War Through Chinese Eyes,” a classic book on the conflict based on Lin’s diaries and letters, was “that Britons would die of constipation without rhubarb and tea from China” and would quickly fold.

据依托书信写就的经典著作《中国人眼中的鸦片战争》(The Opium War Through Chinese Eyes)记载，当时清廷的研判是“若无中国大黄和茶叶，英国人必将便秘而亡”，料定对方很快就会屈服。

In a letter he drafted to Queen Victoria in 1839, Lin urged the British monarch to halt the opium trade, noting that the drug was also illegal in Britain. He warned that China could cut off exports of “things which your foreign countries could not exist a single day without.”

1839年，林则徐在致维多利亚女王的信稿中敦促英国君主停止鸦片贸易，指出该毒品在英国亦属违禁。他警告称，中国大可切断“贵国若不得此，则无以为命”的物产出口。

Smugglers handed over more than 1,000 tons of opium but demanded compensation and balked at what they viewed as intrusive Chinese restrictions on legitimate commerce. They lobbied London to send gunboats.

走私商贩虽上交了逾千吨鸦片，却索求赔偿，并抗拒中方对合法贸易所设之规，视其为过度干涉。他们遂游说伦敦派遣炮舰。

Lin destroyed the confiscated drugs by mixing them with salt and lime near Guangzhou at Humen. He refused to pay compensation for the destroyed drugs.

在广州附近的虎门，林则徐以盐卤石灰拌和之法销毁所缴鸦片，坚决拒绝支付毁烟赔偿。

Far less dependent on Chinese rhubarb and far stronger militarily than Lin believed, Britain sent gunboats to the coast of China to attack Guangzhou and other Chinese port cities.

然而，英国远没有像林则徐想象的那样依赖中国的大黄，军事实力也远超其认知。于是英国派出炮舰前往中国沿海，攻袭广州等中国沿海港埠。

Yet China’s official recounting of this chapter of the Opium War focuses on praising Lin for his integrity and not on whether he overplayed China’s weak hand in negotiations with Britain, as some historians have suggested.

尽管如此，中国官方对这一段鸦片战争历史的叙述重点仍放在赞颂林则徐的正直品格上，而不是像一些历史学家所指出的那样，他是否在与英国谈判时高估了中国的实力。

At a Lin Zexu-themed restaurant in the center of Fuzhou, Wang Yike, the 9-year-old son of the owner, serenaded lunchtime diners last week with patriotic verses celebrating the destruction of British opium in 1839 as an act that “lifted the righteousness of our nation.”

不久前，在福州一家以林则徐为主题的餐厅内，店主9岁的儿子王义柯（音）为午市食客吟诵爱国诗篇，赞颂1839年销毁英国鸦片乃“扬我民族正气”之举。

The boy, wearing the red scarf of China’s Young Pioneers, a communist youth group, chanted one of the commissioner’s best-known lines — from the poem Mr. Xi kept on his desk: “If it benefits the nation, I will live and die for it.”

系着少先队红领巾的男孩朗声诵读这位钦差大臣最广为人知的诗句之一，也就是曾置于习近平案头的那句：“苟利国家生死以，岂因祸福避趋之。”

一家以林则徐为主题的餐厅老板之子王义柯（音）向食客吟诵林则徐的爱国诗篇。

American officials believed nearly two years ago that Vietnam was about to buy C-130 military transport planes from the United States. In interviews, they said the sale would be a powerful blow to Russia, Hanoi’s main military partner, and a clear sign that geopolitical swing states like Vietnam were tilting toward Washington, not Moscow or Beijing.

约两年前，美国官员认为越南即将从美国采购C-130军用运输机。他们在采访中表示，这笔交易将对越南主要军事伙伴俄罗斯造成沉重打击，也将清晰表明越南这类地缘政治摇摆国正倾向美国，而非俄罗斯或中国。

At Vietnam’s defense expo last December, the country’s prime minister even climbed aboard a visiting C-130, inspecting the cockpit as U.S. commanders watched. A YouTube video seemed to capture a Vietnamese deputy defense minister telling colleagues that three (or maybe 13) planes had been ordered. But then nothing happened.

去年12月的越南国防博览会上，该国总理甚至登上一架参展的C-130运输机，在美军指挥官注视下视察驾驶舱。一段YouTube视频似乎捕捉到越南副防长在告知同事，已订购三架（也可能是13架）该型飞机。但此后便没了下文。

Instead, Vietnam has stepped up purchases of Russian military equipment, routing around U.S. sanctions meant to cut off business with Russia for its invasion of Ukraine. Leaked documents and interviews with Vietnamese and Western officials all point to a reinvigorated relationship — a return to distrusting America and relying on Russia, with a surge of high-level meetings and previously undisclosed purchases and partnerships.

相反，越南绕过美国因俄乌冲突实施的对俄制裁，加大了俄罗斯军事装备的采购力度。泄露文件及对越南与西方官员的采访均显示，俄越关系正重新升温——双方高层会晤频次增加，达成了此前未公开的采购与合作协议，越南重拾对美国的不信任，再次依赖俄罗斯。

The evidence reviewed by The New York Times includes records of Vietnam ordering dozens of complex air-defense systems, and high-tech upgrades for submarines, while seeking fleets of new aircraft. Russia and Vietnam have also continued to expand military-technical cooperation through joint ventures. At least one company in Hanoi, Vietnam’s capital, was added to U.S. and European sanctions and export-control lists in 2024 and 2025, suggesting the business was contributing to Russia’s fight against Ukraine.

《纽约时报》查阅的证据显示，在寻求采购新机队的同时，越南还订购了数十套复杂的防空系统，并对潜艇进行了高科技升级。俄越还通过合资企业持续扩大军事技术合作。2024至2025年间，越南首都河内至少有一家企业被列入美欧制裁与出口管制名单，这表明其业务可能为俄罗斯对乌作战提供了支持。

Most of the transactions and collaborations with Russia have avoided sanctions enforcement, partly with payment systems hidden in other companies, and because the United States let a lot go, believing it was Vietnam’s partner of choice. But Moscow is getting bolder. While many of the secret purchases began during the Biden administration, they appear to be accelerating with President Trump in power — as are public displays of close relations.

越南与俄罗斯的多数交易及合作均避开了制裁执行，部分原因是它们通过其他企业隐藏支付系统，另外也因为美国此前认为，越南会选择自己作为合作伙伴，因而对诸多行为采取放任态度。但俄罗斯的动作正愈发大胆：尽管许多秘密采购在拜登政府时期就已启动，在特朗普总统执政后，这类交易明显加速，双方公开展示亲密关系的频次也有所增加。

Russia’s state news agency announced last month that a newly ratified protocol with Vietnam would let debts for military equipment be paid in Russian rubles.

俄罗斯国家通讯社上月宣布，与越南新批准的一项议定书允许用俄罗斯的卢布支付军用装备采购债务。

“The law was signed by Russian President Vladimir Putin,” a Russian statement said.

“该法案已由俄罗斯总统弗拉基米尔·普京签署，”俄罗斯声明称。

Vietnamese officials say that their country is simply being pragmatic. Russia has been supplying most of their weapons for decades; Vietnam’s diversification process takes time. But after a pause prompted by Russia invading Ukraine in 2022 — and a drive toward other partners, which the Biden administration had encouraged — Vietnam is back in business with Moscow in ways that could reshape security calculations across Asia.

越南官员表示这只是务实之举。数十年来，俄罗斯一直是越南武器的主要供应方，越南的军事装备多元化进程需要时间。2022年俄罗斯入侵乌克兰后，越南曾暂停与俄合作，并在美国拜登政府鼓励下寻求与其他伙伴合作，但如今越南与俄罗斯重新开展军事合作，这种转变可能会重塑整个亚洲的安全格局。

Much of the region now worries that President Trump, who will be in South Korea this week for the APEC summit meetings, is pushing Hanoi further away, making Asia more dangerous by alienating not just allies but also newer partners.

目前，该地区多数国家担忧，即将于本周赴韩国出席APEC峰会的特朗普总统正将越南推得更远。他不仅疏远盟友，还与新的合作伙伴产生隔阂，这可能使亚洲局势更危险。

去年12月在河内举行的越南国际防务展上，一架美国空军C-130运输机亮相。越南特朗普酒店及高尔夫球场开发项目于5月举行奠基仪式。该项目征地行为激怒了当地居民。

Exasperation with the United States has been building in Vietnam. Blow by blow, it has risen with the elimination of American aid for clean energy and H.I.V. prevention, up-and-down tariffs, indifference to requests for a leader-to-leader meeting, a Trump family golf development near Hanoi that has enraged local residents, and surprises like the new tax on U.S. imports of furniture — one of Vietnam’s priority industries for growth.

越南对美国的不满正不断累积。美国取消对越南清洁能源与艾滋病防治项目的援助、关税政策反复无常、对越南提出的领导人会晤请求置之不理、特朗普家族在河内附近开发高尔夫项目，以及美国突然对进口家具（越南重点发展产业）加征新关税都加剧了当地民众不满。

It has been 50 years since the war with America ended, but Vietnam is still dominated by factions that either distrust or welcome the West. What Mr. Trump is now doing, according to analysts and officials, is empowering America skeptics and angering America fans.

越南与美国的战争已结束50年，但该国国内仍存在不信任西方与欢迎西方这两大派系。分析师与官员表示，特朗普当前的举措正让对美怀疑派势力壮大，同时惹恼了亲美派。

Near the end of the Biden administration, Vietnam worried about being seen as too close to the United States. Now, in private meetings, Vietnam’s leaders have expressed shock at what they described as a confusing and unfair reversal under the Trump administration that disregards Vietnam’s embrace of a comprehensive strategic partnership.

拜登政府执政末期，越南还担心被视为与美国走得太近。如今，越南领导人在私下会晤中表示，对特朗普政府推行的政策感到震惊——他们认为这些政策混乱且不公，完全无视越南此前对全面战略伙伴关系的积极回应。

“The unpredictability of Trump’s policies has made Vietnam very skeptical about dealing with the United States,” said Nguyen The Phuong, a security analyst at the University of New South Wales in Australia. “It’s not only trade but the difficulty of reading his mind and actions.”

“特朗普政策的不可预测性让越南在与美国打交道时充满疑虑，”澳大利亚新南威尔士大学安全分析师阮知方（音）表示，“这不仅涉及贸易问题，更在于难以判断他的想法与行动。”

New Alignments

新的力量格局

Vietnam insists that relations with the United States remain strong. Anna Kelly, a White House spokeswoman, said the American people were benefiting.

越南坚称与美国的关系依然稳固。白宫发言人安娜·凯利则表示，美国民众正从中受益。

“Under President Trump’s leadership, the United States has a great relationship with Vietnam,” she said in response to emailed questions, “which is how the President was able to open Vietnamese markets to American goods.”

“在特朗普总统领导下，美国与越南保持着良好关系，这正是总统能够为美国商品打开越南市场的关键，”她在回应邮件提问时称。

But in Japan, South Korea and Australia — and in the American institutions that deal with long-term foreign policy — concern about losing Vietnam keeps growing.

但在日本、韩国、澳大利亚以及美国负责长期外交政策的机构中，对于失去越南的担忧正不断加剧。

Russia is not the only worry. Vietnam’s leader, To Lam, recently visited North Korea and agreed to cooperate on defense. A few days after Mr. Trump’s “liberation day” tariffs slapped a 46 percent tariff on Vietnamese exports (which was later reduced), China’s leader, Xi Jinping, received a red-carpet welcome in Hanoi. Vietnam then accelerated plans for three cross-border railway projects that Beijing had been seeking for years.

美国的担忧不止于俄罗斯。越南领导人苏林近期访问朝鲜，并达成国防合作协议。特朗普政府推出“解放日”关税、对越南出口商品加征46%关税（后有所下调）几天后，中国国家主席习近平在河内受到隆重欢迎。随后，越南加速推进中国多年来一直寻求的三个跨境铁路项目。

中国总理李强（中）、朝鲜领导人金正恩和越南领导人苏林（右）本月在平壤出席朝鲜劳动党成立80周年纪念活动时合影。该照片由俄罗斯国家通讯社发布。4月，苏林与中国最高领导人习近平在总统府会晤。在美国关税政策频现意外之际，观察人士注意到越南正日益向俄罗斯和中国靠拢。

Vietnam has a long history of independence and post-Cold War neutrality. But officials from the region’s democracies now fear that Hanoi is encouraging more “red nationalism” across society and slipping out of its traditional balance between powers.

越南有着长期独立的历史，冷战后也始终奉行中立政策。但该地区民主国家的官员担忧，河内正推动社会层面兴起更多“红色民族主义”，且逐渐偏离传统的大国平衡策略。

An alignment or leverage that would make Hanoi more likely to side with China, Russia or North Korea in disputes could lead to a pullback from other partners. South Korea and Japan are Vietnam’s largest sources of foreign investment. Tokyo is building coast guard patrol boats for Vietnam in the hope that they will help monitor and counter Chinese aggression in Asian sea lanes.

若越南在争端中更可能倒向中国、俄罗斯或朝鲜，可能会疏远其他合作伙伴。韩国与日本是越南最大的外资来源国，日本正为越南建造海岸警卫队巡逻艇，希望帮助越南监控并对抗中国在亚洲航道的扩张行为。

In some corners of Washington, too, Vietnam’s choices are facing increased scrutiny. A congressional official said that Congress was briefed this year on a classified assessment of Vietnam’s military acquisitions and upgrades of naval and air defenses.

华盛顿一些部门也对越南的政策选择产生了越来越多的质疑。一名国会官员透露，今年国会已听取关于越南军事采购及海空防御升级的机密评估简报。

It was an early warning of growing alarm about the risks of American disengagement in Asia.

这是对美国在亚洲参与度下降风险的早期预警信号。

Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth is scheduled to make his first official visit to Vietnam in early November. Some Vietnamese and American officials, who requested anonymity to avoid repercussions for addressing sensitive topics, said they hoped that the discussions would revive the two countries’ relationship, or at least prevent further decline.

美国国防部长海格塞斯计划于11月初首次正式访问越南。部分要求匿名以避免讨论敏感话题引发后果的越美官员表示，希望此次会谈能修复两国关系，或至少阻止关系进一步恶化。

Along with addressing war legacy issues, like unexploded ordnance, potential purchases are expected to be discussed. Three Vietnamese officials said the C-130s are back in play. Vietnam has also expressed an interest in co-producing unmanned drones — a key component for the outposts it has been fortifying in the South China Sea to fend off Beijing’s competing claims over waterways and the Paracel and Spratly Islands.

除讨论处理未爆弹药等战争遗留问题外，双方预计还将商谈潜在军购事宜。三名越南官员透露，C-130运输机采购案已重新提上议程。越南还表达了联合生产无人机的兴趣——无人机是越南加固南海前哨基地的关键装备，旨在抵御中国在航道及西沙、南沙群岛主权问题上的主张。

Vietnam’s Air Defense and Air Force commander, Maj. Gen. Vu Hong Son, confirmed last month in an essay that major purchases were on the way, including “trainer aircraft, fighter jets, missile systems, antiaircraft guns and new-generation radar systems.”

越南防空空军司令武宏山少将上月在一篇文章中证实，越南即将进行多项重大采购，包括“教练机、战斗机、导弹系统、防空炮及新一代雷达系统”。

He did not say where the hardware would come from.

但他未说明这些装备的采购来源。

Some diversification has already happened. Vietnam has started building its own weapons and made modest defense deals with Israel and India, along with a few others.

越南在军事装备多元化方面已采取部分行动：开始自主研发武器，与以色列、印度等国达成小规模国防协议。

越南的大部分武器来自俄罗斯，但该国正开始通过自主设计实现武器多样化。9月，越南制造的TLDK-35地对空导弹在河内举行的展览会上亮相。越南自主研发的无人机也出现在国庆阅兵式上。

But Vietnam has mostly rebounded to Russia. When Mr. Putin visited in June 2024 — his first trip to Asia since 2018 — he was joined by the head of the Russian state arms exporting company, Rosoboronexport. By that point, Vietnam was already making clandestine plans to buy Russian weapons with secret payments routed through an oil and gas joint venture, according to a 2023 document from Vietnam’s Ministry of Finance.

但总体而言，越南仍有重新向俄罗斯靠拢的趋势。2024年6月，普京在2018年以来的首次亚洲之行中访问越南，随行人员包括俄罗斯国家武器出口公司俄罗斯国防出口(Rosoboronexport)的负责人。越南财政部2023年的一份文件显示，截至当时，越南已在秘密计划通过一家油气合资企业的秘密付款渠道，从俄罗斯采购武器。

Vietnam was hedging. The United States figured the C-130s were next. But that deal froze, and Russia’s kept going.

越南一直在进行对冲操作。美国曾认为，C-130运输机采购案将是下一步合作。但这笔交易陷入停滞，俄罗斯与越南的合作则持续推进。

Documents from another Russian defense exporter leaked last month by a pro-Ukrainian hacker group, black8mirror, show that Vietnam was set to receive nine electronic warfare systems in 2024 for Russia’s Su-35, an agile Sukhoi fighter jet. Another 26 components for mobile ground-based systems that can jam radar-guided missiles were to be delivered in 2025 at a listed cost of $189,739,535.

上月，亲乌克兰黑客组织black8mirror泄露了另一家俄罗斯国防出口企业的文件，显示越南将于2024年接收九套用于俄制苏-35战机（苏霍伊设计局研制的高机动性战斗机）的电子战系统；2025年还将接收26套用于机动地面系统的组件——该系统可干扰雷达制导导弹，文件显示这批组件标价为1.89739535亿美元。

Records from the company, Rostec, also include references to Vietnam seeking new “anti-submarine helicopters” and advanced periscopes for submarines.

这家企业——俄罗斯国家技术集团Rostec——的记录还显示，越南寻求采购新型“反潜直升机”及先进潜艇潜望镜。

Previously unreported, the air-defense orders suggested to analysts — who confirmed that the documents offered a credible glimpse of Vietnam’s plans — that a deal for Su-35s and other aircraft was probably already done. One of several Vietnamese officials who confirmed large orders from Russia said the country purchased 40 new Su-35 and Su-30 fighter jets, as part of a deal worth $8 billion, with deliveries delayed as Moscow searches for ways to supply its own war effort and foreign customers.

分析师确认这些文件可信度高，能反映越南真实计划。他们指出，这些此前未被报道的防空系统采购订单表明，越南可能已敲定苏-35及其他战机的采购协议。多名越南官员证实从俄罗斯有大额采购，其中一人表示，越南已采购40架新型苏-35与苏-30战机，作为价值80亿美元的交易的一部分，但由于俄罗斯需优先满足本国作战需求和外国客户，交付进度已延迟。

“The Russians have been very adept at finding workarounds, including defense exports through third countries,” said Ian Storey, the author of “Putin’s Russia and Southeast Asia: The Kremlin’s Pivot to Asia and the Impact of the Russia-Ukraine War.”

“俄罗斯在寻找规避制裁的方法方面十分熟练，包括通过第三国进行国防出口，”《普京的俄罗斯与东南亚——克里姆林宫的亚洲转向及俄乌战争的影响》(Putin’s Russia and Southeast Asia: The Kremlin’s Pivot to Asia and the Impact of the Russia-Ukraine War)一书作者伊恩·斯托里表示。

俄罗斯总统普京正不断拉近越南与莫斯科的关系，包括于2024年对河内进行正式访问。2024年越南军事博览会上，俄罗斯国防出口公司的展台。

For the United States, closer military ties and the sale of F-16 fighter jets, though much discussed, have not materialized.

对美国而言，尽管双方多次讨论深化军事合作及F-16战机出口事宜，但这些计划均未落地。

“Trump is the key point,” said Mr. Phuong, the security analyst in Australia, whose Ph.D. dissertation is about Vietnam’s military. “One official told me that if there is a naval conflict between Vietnam and China, and if Vietnam buys F-16s from the United States, and if Trump thinks that he could make some concession with China, then the United States will ban Vietnam from using the F-16s.”

“特朗普是关键因素，”澳大利亚安全分析师阮知方表示，他的博士论文以越南军事为题。“一名越南官员曾告诉我，若越南与中国发生海上冲突，且越南从美国采购了F-16战机，而特朗普认为可通过向中国让步获取利益，美国就可能禁止越南使用F-16。”

Disruption Ahead

变局在即

Vietnam’s concerns have not kept it from rushing to win over Mr. Trump. One avenue has been to fast-track the Trump Organization golf complex (earning the president $5 million, financial records show). Hanoi has also promised to buy more from the United States and to keep China from illegally routing exports through Vietnam to avoid U.S. tariffs.

尽管对美国心存顾虑，越南仍在努力争取特朗普的支持。其中一个途径是加快特朗普集团高尔夫综合体项目的审批（财务记录显示，该项目为特朗普带来500万美元收入）。河内还承诺增加对美采购，并阻止中国通过越南非法转运出口商品以规避美国关税。

This young country of 100 million sends nearly a third of what it makes to America — and there is nothing Hanoi wants more than certainty for trade.

这个有1亿人口的年轻国家，近三分之一的出口商品流向美国——对河内而言，没有什么比“贸易确定性”更重要。

Even before Mr. Trump won re-election last fall, Mr. Lam was requesting a meeting, to no avail. Hanoi’s trade negotiators are also desperate for details on new “country of origin” rules and future industry-specific tariffs, which have not been part of the trade announcements coinciding with Mr. Trump’s arrival in Asia this weekend.

甚至在去年特朗普赢得连任前，苏林就曾请求与他会面，但未获回应。河内的贸易谈判代表也迫切希望了解美国新的“原产国”规则及未来行业特定关税的细节，但这些内容并未包含在特朗普本周末赴亚洲期间公布的贸易声明中。

“Trump regards this as an ongoing reality show — more ‘deals’ or further tariff increases are almost certain to follow,” said Stephen Olsen, a former U.S. trade negotiator who is now a senior fellow at the ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute in Singapore.

“特朗普将这视为一场持续的真人秀——几乎可以肯定，更多‘交易’或进一步加征关税的举措还在后面，”前美国贸易谈判代表、现新加坡东南亚研究所高级研究员史蒂芬·奥尔森表示。

Russia has been quick to exploit the growing distance.

俄罗斯迅速利用了美越之间日益扩大的分歧。

Mr. Putin invited and hosted Mr. Lam and his wife in Moscow in May. On Sept. 2, Russian troops marched through Hanoi with Vietnamese regiments for National Day, reaffirming “the pivotal role of defense cooperation,” according to Vietnamese state media. Two weeks later, one of Mr. Putin’s closest aides, Nikolai Patrusev, was in Hanoi discussing maritime security.

今年5月，普京邀请苏林及其夫人访问莫斯科并予以接待；9月2日，俄罗斯军队与越南军队在河内共同参加国庆阅兵，越南官方媒体称此举旨在重申“国防合作的核心作用”；两周后，普京核心助手尼古拉·帕特鲁舍夫到访河内，讨论海上安全问题。

俄罗斯士兵参加了9月的越南国庆阅兵，标志着两国防务合作重启。

All of the back and forth suggests that for Mr. Putin, Asia has become a place to disrupt American and Chinese plans, and to counter the argument that their rivalry is all that matters.

这些往来表明，对普京而言，亚洲已成为扰乱美中计划的舞台，同时也可反驳美中竞争是全球唯一重要议题的观点。

“Russia under Putin wants to be an independent great power,” said Michael A. McFaul, a former U.S. ambassador to Russia, “not just the junior partner in the autocratic world.”

“普京领导下的俄罗斯希望成为具有独立地位的大国，而非专制国家阵营中的次要伙伴，”前美国驻俄罗斯大使迈克尔·麦克福尔表示。

Beijing seems unconcerned, saying little publicly but still making theatrical displays of its influence.

中国方面似乎对此不以为意，虽未公开表态，但仍在戏剧性地展示其影响力。

Chinese troops joined Vietnamese military parades in Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi this year — in a country that fought Chinese domination for 1,000 years. Vietnam, Russia and North Korea all sent high-level delegations to Beijing for China’s own extravagant military parade.

今年，中国军队在胡志明市与河内参加了越南的军事阅兵——而越南为反抗中国统治进行了持续千年的斗争。此外，越南、俄罗斯与朝鲜均派遣高级代表团出席了中国盛大的军事阅兵活动。

Mr. McFaul said that when he meets with China’s Russia experts, their nationalist self-regard dilutes anxiety about Mr. Putin.

麦克福尔表示，在与中国研究俄罗斯问题的专家交流时发现，这些专家的民族主义自豪感淡化了他们对普京的担忧。

“They don’t respect Russia as a great country,” he said. “They see them as a bunch of peasants. The Chinese have a sense of themselves, like, ‘We’ve been a great power for thousands of years, we’re there again, while these guys, the Russians, they’re on the periphery of the global system.’”

“他们并不认可俄罗斯是大国，反而将其视为一群农民，”他说，“中国人对自身有种认知，他们认为‘我们几千年来一直是大国，如今再度崛起，而俄罗斯人只是全球体系的边缘角色’。”

As it has for a long time, though, Vietnam aims to take the long view. For its leaders, swings in influence now do not dictate future events.

但长期以来，越南始终秉持长远视角。对其领导人而言，当前各方影响力的波动，并不能决定未来局势走向。

As Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam’s famous nationalist, said in 1966: “Everything depends on the Americans. If they want to make war for 20 years, then we shall make war for 20 years. If they want to make peace, we shall make peace and invite them to tea afterward.”

正如越南著名民族主义者胡志明1966年所言：“一切取决于美国人。若他们想打20年仗，我们就打20年；若他们想和平，我们就讲和，然后请他们喝茶。”

9月越南国庆纪念活动上的胡志明像。

Inside a gold-drenched palace in Tokyo on Tuesday morning, President Trump heaped praise on Sanae Takaichi, Japan’s new prime minister, telling her that their countries were “allies at the strongest level” and vowing to come to Japan’s aid on “any favors you need.”

周二上午，在东京一座金碧辉煌的宫殿内，特朗普总统盛赞日本新首相高市早苗，称两国是“最强盟友”，并承诺“无论有任何需要帮忙的事”都会支持日本。

Hours later, delivering a speech to hundreds of American troops aboard an aircraft carrier stationed near Tokyo, Mr. Trump stood side by side with Ms. Takaichi, saying that the two had become “very close friends” and adding, “This woman is a winner.”

几个小时后，特朗普在东京附近停泊的一艘航空母舰上向数百名美军士兵发表演讲。他与高市早苗并肩而立，称两人已成为“非常亲密的朋友”，并评价道：“这位女士是个赢家。”

The joint appearance, which bore all of the markings of one of Mr. Trump’s political rallies, was the capstone of a day in which Mr. Trump and Ms. Takaichi found an easy rapport — watching snippets of the World Series on television, eating lunch at Akasaka Palace in central Tokyo and sharing stories about their mutual friend, Shinzo Abe, the former premier who was assassinated in 2022.

这场带有特朗普式政治集会鲜明特征的共同亮相成为两人当天融洽互动的高潮——他们一起观看世界职业棒球大赛片段、在东京市中心的赤坂御苑共进午餐，还分享了关于共同友人、2022年遇刺的前首相安倍晋三的往事。

But the series of meetings between Mr. Trump and Ms. Takaichi, a hard-line conservative who last week became the first woman to serve as Japan’s prime minister, delivered little in the way of solutions to some of the contentious trade issues between Washington and Japan.

然而，特朗普与高市早苗——这位上周成为日本首位女性首相的强硬保守派——举行的一系列会晤，对于华盛顿与日本之间有争议的贸易问题几乎没有带来任何解决方案。

The leaders signed two vaguely worded agreements — one declaring a “new golden age of the US-Japan alliance,” and another to cooperate on expanding the supply chain for rare earth metals. With both countries essentially agreeing to keep negotiating, Ms. Takaichi bought more time to strategize over how to spend the $550 billion her debt-strapped government has promised to invest as part of an earlier trade deal with the United States.

两国领导人签署了两份措辞模糊的协议：一份宣告“美日同盟开启新黄金时代”，另一份则旨在合作扩大稀土金属供应链。在双方基本同意继续磋商的前提下，高市早苗为筹划如何运用困于债务的日本政府早前在美日贸易协议中承诺的5500亿美元投资争取到了更多战略布局时间。

In front of the troops, Mr. Trump, who has been pressing Japan to spend more on defense, said he had approved an order of missiles to supply Japanese F-35 jets.

在美军士兵面前，一直敦促日本增加国防开支的特朗普表示，他已批准向日本F-35战机供应一批导弹。

“I’ve just approved the first batch of missiles,” Mr. Trump said to the crowd of service members on Tuesday afternoon. “I just want to tell Madam Prime Minister, they’ve been waiting for those missiles, and we got them here right away.”

“我刚刚批准了第一批导弹，”特朗普周二下午对在场军人说，“我只想让首相女士知道这一点，这些导弹他们已经等了很久，我们马上就送来了。”

特朗普在航空母舰上发表演讲。

During his speech at the Yokosuka Naval Base, the president said that the carmaker Toyota would be investing “over $10 billion” in American plants, but otherwise the day was short on details. There was no public talk about the major point of contention between the two countries: the details of how Japan intends to spend its promised $550 billion investment into the United States. That pledge was made as part of the trade deal, and in return Japan received a 15 percent tariff on its exports — a lower rate than Mr. Trump had initially threatened.

在横须贺海军基地的演讲中，特朗普称汽车制造商丰田将向美国工厂“投资超100亿美元”，但除此之外当日并未透露更多细节。美日之间最关键的争议点——日本计划如何使用承诺的5500亿美元对美投资——并未被公开提及。这一承诺是美日贸易协议的一部分，作为交换，日本出口商品仅被征收15%的关税，低于特朗普最初威胁的税率。

Instead, both leaders focused more on what they had in common: A warm relationship with Mr. Abe. Ms. Takaichi is a protégé of his, and on Tuesday she seemed to have some success in using Mr. Abe’s playbook to handle a mercurial American president. She even used the same interpreter that Mr. Abe had deployed: a Foreign Ministry official that Mr. Trump had seemed fond of.

事实上，两位领导人更侧重于强调彼此的共同点：与安倍晋三的友好关系。高市早苗是安倍的门生，周二她似乎成功借鉴了安倍的策略来应对这位反复无常的美国总统。她甚至沿用了安倍当年使用的翻译——一位特朗普似乎颇为欣赏的日本外务省官员。

“They had no issues with chemistry,” said Tetsuo Kotani, a professor at Meikai University in Japan.

“两人相处融洽，”日本明海大学教授小谷哲男表示。

During Mr. Trump’s visit to Tokyo in 2019, Mr. Abe treated the president to a round of golf, barbecue and a sumo match. Within minutes of meeting Mr. Trump, the new leader showed that she had closely studied Mr. Abe’s overtures. During the visit, she gave Mr. Trump a golf bag signed by Hideki Matsuyama, a Japanese professional golfer, and a putter that had belonged to Mr. Abe, along with a map of places within the United States that the Japanese plan to invest money, according to the White House.

2019年特朗普访问东京时，安倍晋三曾陪他打高尔夫、吃烧烤、看相扑比赛。而这位新首相与特朗普见面仅数分钟就展现出对安倍示好行为的深入研究。据白宫透露，访问期间，她向特朗普赠送了日本职业高尔夫球手松山英树签名的高尔夫球袋、安倍晋三生前使用过的球杆，以及一份标注了日本计划在美国投资地点的分布图。

2019年，特朗普与安倍晋三在日本千叶县的高尔夫球场。安倍通过高尔夫运动与特朗普建立了密切关系。

Karoline Leavitt, the White House press secretary, said that Ms. Takaichi had also nominated Mr. Trump for a Nobel Peace Prize. The president, who talks frequently about his work to end global conflicts, is fixated on winning the award. The Japanese government said it had no comment on whether it had nominated Trump, based on the Nobel committee’s principle of not making disclosures about the process.

白宫新闻秘书卡罗琳·莱维特表示，高市早苗还提名特朗普角逐诺贝尔和平奖。特朗普经常提及自己在解决全球冲突方面的贡献，对获得该奖项极为执着。日本政府则称，根据诺贝尔委员会不披露提名流程的原则，不便就提名特朗普一事置评。

Mr. Abe had reportedly done the same during Mr. Trump’s first term.

据报道，安倍在特朗普第一任期内也曾这样题名后者。

For his part, Mr. Trump struck a magnanimous tone with Ms. Takaichi, praising her for becoming the first woman to be elected prime minister of Japan, saying it was a “big deal.”

特朗普则对高市早苗态度慷慨，称赞她成为日本首位女首相的成就，称这是一件“了不起的事”。

Mr. Trump promised that the United States would offer its help if she ever needed it — a sentiment at odds with his administration’s drastic reduction in aid and assistance to other countries.

特朗普承诺，若高市早苗有需要，美国将提供帮助——这一表态与其政府大幅削减对其他国家援助的做法形成鲜明对比。

“I want to just let you know, anytime you have any question, any doubt, anything you want, any favors you need, anything I can do to help Japan, we will be there,” Mr. Trump told Ms. Takaichi. “We are an ally at the strongest level.”

“我想让你知道，无论何时你有任何疑问、任何困惑，任何需求、任何需要帮忙的事，只要能帮到日本，我们都会在。”特朗普对高市早苗说，“我们是最强盟友。”

Later in the day, Washington and Tokyo said they would work together on shipbuilding. But there were no announcements on how Japan would invest in the United States, a key part of the trade deal the two countries reached in July.

当天晚些时候，美日双方表示将在造船领域开展合作。但关于日本如何落实对美投资——这是两国7月达成的贸易协议核心内容——并未有任何公告发布。

特朗普与高市早苗在谈及两国友谊时，互相赞誉。

The agreement covering critical minerals and rare earths, a sector dominated by China, came after Beijing tightened export controls on rare earth minerals, essential components of everything from semiconductor chips to fighter jets.

该协议涉及关键矿产与稀土领域，这个领域由中国主导，此前北京已收紧对稀土矿物的出口管制。这些矿物是半导体芯片至战斗机等各类产品的核心组件。

As part of his six-day swing through Asia, Mr. Trump is scheduled to meet with Xi Jinping, the Chinese leader, in South Korea on Thursday.

此次亚洲六日之行中，特朗普计划于周四在韩国会晤中国国家领导人习近平。

At the Yokosuka Naval Base, Mr. Trump reiterated the history of Ms. Takaichi’s election. Ms. Takaichi jumped up and down and pumped her fist.

在横须贺海军基地，特朗普再次提及高市早苗当选首相的历史意义。高市早苗当场雀跃振臂。

Taking the podium, Ms. Takaichi said that Japan would commit to building up its end of a joint military alliance designed to counter Chinese aggression in the Indo Pacific, particularly in the South China Sea.

登台发言时，高市早苗表示，日本将致力于强化美日军事同盟中由日方承担的部分，该同盟旨在应对中国在印太地区，尤其是南中国海的“扩张行为”。

She recalled an appearance at Yokosuka, six years earlier, by Mr. Trump and Mr. Abe, who promised at the time to work together to jointly bolster their respective military presences in the region.

她回忆起六年前特朗普与安倍在横须贺的会面，当时两人承诺将共同加强各自在该地区的军事存在。

“I have renewed my determination to carry forward that resolve,” she said, “and to make the Indo-Pacific free and open, so that it will serve as the foundation of peace and prosperity for the entire region.”

“我再次坚定了传承这一决心的信念，”她说，“将印度太平洋打造为自由开放的区域，使其成为整个地区和平繁荣的基石。”

Starting over a year ago, China has created an elaborate set of rules to cast a net over its exports of minerals the rest of the world can’t live without. These minerals with obscure names, mostly so-called rare earth metals, are vital for making a vast array of military and civilian goods, from fighter jets to semiconductors to cars.

一年多前开始，中国制定了一套复杂的管制体系，对全球不可或缺的关键矿产出口形成全面监管。这些名称拗口的矿物大多是所谓的稀土金属，是战斗机、半导体、汽车等各种军用与民用产品制造的核心材料。

The export controls have given Beijing enormous leverage because China is the dominant supplier. China is the sole producer, for example, of samarium, a rare earth metal used in many military applications. China is also the only country to master the difficult art of refining ultrapure dysprosium: The entire world’s supply, needed for superfast chips, comes from a single factory near Shanghai.

作为占据绝对优势的供应方，中国的这套出口管制体系赋予北京显著的战略杠杆。例如，中国是钐这一稀土金属的唯一生产国，它被广泛用于多种军事用途。中国也是全球唯一掌握超高纯度镝精炼技术的国家——这种稀土是制造超高速芯片所必需的材料，而全球的供应全部来自上海附近的一家工厂。

Perhaps most important, China makes 90 percent of the world’s rare earth magnets, used in electronics and electric motors. It is the only producer of some kinds of small magnets used in cars.

更具战略意义的是，中国垄断了全球90%的稀土磁铁产能，这些磁铁是电子设备和电动机的核心材料。某些用于汽车的特种小型磁铁也只有中国能够制造。

Beijing first invoked the new rules late last year. Officials suspended shipments to the United States of four metallic elements, but not yet rare earths, in retaliation after Washington placed tight limits on the export to China of the highest-performance semiconductors. China has since used export controls to put an increasingly tight grip on access to its rare earths.

北京于去年末首次启动该管制体系。当时，为了报复华盛顿对向中国出口高端芯片施加的严厉限制，中国暂停对美出口四种金属元素，但尚未涉及稀土。此后，中国通过出口管制措施，进一步收紧了全球对中国稀土资源的获取渠道。

China’s export controls have become a key point of contention with the U.S. government. They are expected to be discussed on Thursday when President Trump is set to meet with Xi Jinping, China’s top leader. Senior American policymakers expressed hope after trade talks on Sunday that China might defer enforcement of its new rules. China risks long-term damage to its own economy from the rules, by hurting the country’s image as a reliable supplier.

这些出口管制如今已成为中美政府间的一个关键争议点。预计特朗普总统周四与中国最高领导人习近平会晤时将就此进行磋商。美国高级政策官员在周日双方贸易谈判后表示，希望中国能暂缓这些新规的执行。值得注意的是，此类管制若长期实施可能冲击中国“可靠供应商”的国际形象，进而对其经济造成持续性损害。

Here is how China built its regulatory embargo around critical minerals.

以下是中国如何一步步建立起针对关键矿产的出口管制体系的。

Oct. 1, 2024

2024年10月1日

The opening shot: Detailed documentation requirements.

开场：细化的出口申报要求。

China starts requiring exporters of rare earth metals to obtain detailed information from all overseas customers on exactly how the metals will be used in their supply chains.

中国开始要求稀土金属出口商必须全面获取海外客户关于稀土在供应链中具体用途的详细信息。

• Takeaway: The rule gives the commerce ministry a comprehensive road map of the kinds and quantities of rare earths that companies around the world need.

• 关键影响：这一规定使中国商务部得以精准掌握全球企业所需稀土种类与数量的全景图谱。

Dec. 3, 2024

2024年12月3日

Restrictions on four non-rare earth minerals.

对四种非稀土金属实施出口管制。

China halts exports to the United States of four metallic elements that are not rare earths but still much needed. The commerce ministry restricts any further shipment of gallium or germanium, which are needed for manufacturing some kinds of semiconductors, and shipments of antimony or tungsten, used in ammunition and other military applications.

中国停止向美国出口四种金属元素，虽然它们不属于稀土，但仍然十分重要。中国商务部限制了镓和锗的进一步出口——这些是制造某些半导体所必需的材料；同时还限制了锑和钨的出口，这两种金属被用于弹药和其他军事用途。

• Takeaway: For the first time, China does not just limit exports directly to the United States but also bans companies in other countries from transferring materials to American firms.

• 关键影响：这是中国首次不仅直接限制对美出口，还禁止其他国家的企业将这些材料转销给美国公司。

中国江西的一座稀土矿。

April 4

4月4日

Export controls on some rare earth metals and magnets.

对部分稀土金属及磁铁实施出口管制。

China imposes export controls on seven of the 17 rare earth elements, as well as on magnets made with them, halting shipments to all countries, not just the United States. In the next two months, the commerce ministry approves very few export licenses. Automakers and their suppliers in the United States, Europe and Japan exhaust their inventories and in some cases delay production. The pace of license issuance picks up over the summer, but many overseas factories still face severe shortages.

中国对17种稀土元素中的七种及其制成品磁铁实施出口管制，管制范围不仅限于美国，而是覆盖所有国家。随后两个月，中国商务部几乎没有批准新的出口许可证，导致美欧日汽车制造商及其供应商库存告罄，部分企业被迫延迟生产。虽夏季起许可证发放节奏有所加快，但多数海外工厂仍面临严重供给短缺。

• Takeaway: More than six months later, exports remain halted for one rare earth, samarium, that is vital for military magnets. For the other six rare earths and for magnets, China grants six-month licenses. Many of these licenses will come up for renewal soon.

• 关键影响：六个多月后，军用磁铁关键材料钐的出口仍处于冻结状态。其余六种稀土及磁材产品虽获为期六个月的出口许可，但大量许可证即将面临续期的问题。

Oct. 9

10月9日

Stopping transfer of rare earth technical secrets.

稀土技术出口禁令。

In one of a barrage of actions that day, China’s commerce ministry orders an immediate halt, except with its approval, of any transfer out of the country of technology or information needed for almost the entire rare earth process — from mining to recycling. To curtail efforts by other countries to develop their own rare earth sectors, the order prohibits a wide range of activities, from the licensing of Chinese intellectual property to the hiring of personnel from China.

中国商务部当日连发多项禁令，除经批准外，立即禁止任何涉及稀土全流程的技术或信息外流——涵盖从采矿到回收的几乎所有环节。为遏制他国发展稀土产业，该禁令广泛限制包括知识产权授权、中方技术人员聘用在内的多种行为。

• Takeaway: China deploys export controls broadly to try to safeguard its almost complete chokehold on the industry.

• 关键影响：中国正运用出口管制体系全面巩固其对该领域近乎垄断的掌控。

Oct. 9

10月9日

Halting exports of rare earth processing equipment.

稀土加工设备出口禁令。

The commerce ministry also issues a long list of furnaces, chemicals, and other equipment and materials that are essential for processing rare earths, saying that none are allowed to leave China without approval starting Nov. 8.

中国商务部同时发布了一份长长的清单，列出了冶炼设备、化学品及其他用于稀土加工的关键设备和材料，并宣布自11月8日起，未经批准不得出口任何相关物品。

• Takeaway: China is the main producer of equipment for rare earth refineries and magnet factories, so this could delay efforts by other countries to set up their own production.

• 关键影响：作为稀土冶炼与磁材制造设备的主要供应国，此举将直接延缓各国建立产业链的进程。

中国包头的一家稀土冶炼厂。

Oct. 9

10月9日

Blocking exports of five more rare earths.

新增五种稀土出口管制。

The ministry adds five more rare earths to the list of seven that was issued on April 4 for which export licenses are required, as well as magnets and other materials made from them. The rule takes effect on Nov. 8.

在4月4日已列管的七种稀土基础上，商务部再将五种稀土及其衍生磁材纳入出口许可管制范围，新规同样于11月8日生效。

• Takeaway: By expanding the number of rare earths requiring licenses, China’s government would assert broader authority over global supply chains.

• 关键影响：通过扩大许可证管理范围，中国政府将进一步强化对全球稀土供应链的主导权。

Oct. 9

10月9日

Restricting battery manufacturing equipment.

限制电池制造设备出口。

The ministry issues a long list of battery-making materials that will not be allowed to leave China without special permission starting Nov. 8.

中国商务部发布了一份长长的电池制造材料清单，自11月8日起，未经特别许可不得出口。

• Takeaway: These changes would give China more clout over the world’s electric vehicle makers, which are major consumers of batteries, as well as electricity companies that need Chinese technology to build large grid-storage batteries for solar or wind energy.

• 关键影响：此举将增强中国对全球电动汽车制造商——它们是电池的重要买家——及电力企业——需依赖中国技术建设为太阳能或风能供电网络配套的大型储能装置——的议价能力。

Oct. 9

10月9日

Prohibiting exports of diamond saws and similar gear.

禁止出口金刚石线锯及类似设备。

The ministry stops the export of super-hard materials like diamond saws, which are used in manufacturing semiconductor and solar wafers, starting Nov. 8.

中国商务部宣布，自11月8日起，停止出口超硬材料，包括金刚石线锯等用于制造半导体晶圆和太阳能晶圆的设备。

• Takeaway: This could help China achieve leadership in semiconductor manufacturing and protect its 98 percent global market share in making solar wafers, the most important component of solar panels.

• 关键影响：此举有望巩固中国在半导体制造领域的主导地位，并维护其在太阳能晶圆（光伏组件核心）领域占据全球98%市场份额的优势。

Oct. 9

10月9日

Controlling the trade of rare earth magnets made outside China.

管控境外生产的稀土磁铁贸易。

The ministry prohibits any movement without its permission across any national border of magnets made outside China if rare earths from China represent at least 0.1 percent of the magnet’s value, starting Dec. 1. The ministry’s permission is also required for movements of magnets made overseas with rare earths technologies originally developed by China.

中国商务部宣布，自12月1日起，任何跨境磁铁运输——若其中所含的中国稀土价值占比达到或超过0.1%，均须事先获其批准。此外，凡是使用源自中国的稀土技术在境外生产的磁铁，跨国转运时也必须获得许可。

The ministry wrote the rule ambiguously so that it could apply to not only magnets but also practically anything manufactured outside China that includes traces of rare earths, from electric motors to car seats. Applications for ministry permission must provide extensive details on the products and how they will be used. Applications for military production will “in principle” be denied.

这项规定的措辞极为模糊，以便能够适用于更广泛的产品范围——不仅包括磁铁，还可能涵盖几乎所有含有微量稀土成分的境外制品，从电动机到汽车座椅皆在其列。申请许可须提交包含产品细节及用途的完整资料，涉及军事用途的申请“原则上”不予批准。

• Takeaway: China, which has tilted toward Russia in the Ukraine war, could use this rule to prevent other countries from supplying Ukraine with weapons or from building their own militaries.

• 关键影响：中国在俄乌战争中立场偏向俄罗斯，此项规定可能被用来阻止他国向乌克兰提供武器，或限制其他国家发展自身军工业。

Oct. 14

10月14日

Halting exports to Europe of Nexperia computer chips.

暂停向欧洲出口安世半导体计算机芯片。

Nexperia, a company in the Netherlands that was acquired in 2018 by a Chinese consortium, announces that it was ordered to halt exports from China of semiconductors. European automakers like Volkswagen soon begin running out of computer chips.

总部位于荷兰、于2018年被中资财团收购的安世半导体宣布该公司已接到指令，停止从中国对外出口半导体。随后，大众等欧洲汽车制造商出现芯片短缺。

• Takeaway: China, which acted after the Dutch government took control of Nexperia, shows again how it can use export controls to affect global supply chains.

• 关键影响：此举发生在荷兰政府接管安世半导体之后，再次显示中国能够通过出口管制手段影响全球供应链。

When China’s leader, Xi Jinping, sits down with President Trump to address their worsening trade tensions, he will also be pursuing another, longer goal: persuading the American president to soften U.S. support for Taiwan.

当中国领导人习近平与特朗普总统坐下来商讨不断恶化的贸易紧张局势时，他还将追求一个更长远的目标：说服美国总统软化美国对台湾的支持。

Mr. Trump has said that he wants to focus on trade when he meets Mr. Xi in South Korea, even if the Chinese leader presses him on Taiwan, the democratically governed island roughly 100 miles off China’s coast that Beijing claims as its own.

特朗普曾表示，即使习近平在韩国会晤时就台湾问题施压，他也仍将重点放在贸易议题上。台湾这个民主治理的岛屿距中国海岸约160公里，北京宣称对其拥有主权。

But the diplomatic maneuvering raises a crucial question: how negotiable is American support for Taiwan, especially given Mr. Trump’s sometimes dismissive comments about the island? Chinese officials, analysts said, may seek at this and other meetings to draw Mr. Trump out on the issue, to have him clarify his position on Taiwan.

但这一外交博弈引出了一个关键问题：美国对台湾的支持有多大的谈判空间，尤其是考虑到特朗普有时对台湾发表轻蔑的言论？分析人士称，中方官员可能借此会晤及其他场合引导特朗普就台湾问题表态，迫使其阐明立场。

Mr. Xi probably wants Mr. Trump to state that the United States does not support independence for Taiwan, experts said. Saying that would echo what previous U.S. administrations have said, but a clear statement of it by the U.S. president would be welcomed by Beijing, which has for years accused Washington of, in effect, encouraging Taiwan toward independence. Earlier this year, the State Department altered a web page about Taiwan, removing the phrase “we do not support Taiwan independence,” drawing loud complaints from China.

专家指出，习近平很可能希望特朗普明确表态美国不支持台湾独立。这样的表态虽与历届美国政府立场一致，但若由美国总统明确宣示，将受到北京的欢迎——多年来中国一直指责华盛顿实质上在鼓励台湾走向独立。今年早些时候，国务院修改了关于台湾的网页内容，删除了“我们不支持台湾独立”的表述，引发中国强烈抗议。

Taiwan relies on American political and military support, so any language from an American president that is seen as diluting Washington’s support for the island could be used by Beijing to try to set the terms for future discussions. If Mr. Trump said that the United States “opposes” Taiwan independence, that would be a bigger win for Beijing.

台湾依赖美国的政治和军事支持，因此美国总统任何被视为削弱华盛顿对该岛支持的言论，都可能被北京用来试图设定未来讨论的条件。如果特朗普表示美国“反对”台湾独立，对北京来说是一个更大的胜利。

“Once something is said that helps China’s case, it treats that as the new base line,” said David Sacks, a fellow for Asia studies at the Council on Foreign Relations in New York, who co-wrote an assessment of how Taiwan may figure in talks between Mr. Trump and Mr. Xi. “They would try to lock in all successors to that precedent.”

“一旦出现有利于中国的表态，中方便将其视为新的基准线，”纽约外交关系委员会亚洲研究专家戴维·萨克斯指出，他曾参与撰写了一份评估报告，分析特朗普和中国领导人的会谈中可能会如何提及台湾。“中方将试图让所有继任者遵循这一先例。”

本月，台湾士兵驻守在金门岛——这座距中国海岸仅数公里的小岛由台湾控制。

For China, the meeting in South Korea on Thursday appears to lay the groundwork for a full summit between the leaders. Mr. Trump has said that he intends to travel to China early next year and that he also wants to host Mr. Xi in the United States.

对中国而言，周四在韩国举行的会晤似乎为两国领导人之间的全面峰会奠定了基础。特朗普曾表示计划明年初访华，并希望邀请习近平访美。

“The Chinese probably do see a sequencing: that they want some kind of cease-fire in the trade war and a de-escalation to start, and then they want to open up the larger geostrategic issues,” Mr. Sacks said. “I think Taiwan is the center of that.”

“中国人可能确实看到了一个行动顺序：他们希望在贸易战中实现某种停火，开始缓和局势，然后他们希望开始讨论更大的地缘战略问题，”萨克斯说。“我认为台湾问题是其核心。”

Since Mr. Trump took office this year, his administration has scaled back some dealings with Taiwan, the kinds of exchanges to which China vehemently objects. Washington refused to let Taiwan’s president, Lai Ching-te, make a stopover visit in New York. It downgraded talks between Taiwanese and U.S. defense officials and moved the meeting from Washington to Alaska, the Financial Times reported.

自特朗普今年上任以来，其政府已经减少了与台湾的一些往来，此类往来正是中国强烈反对的。据《金融时报》报道，华盛顿拒绝让台湾总统赖清德在纽约进行过境访问，同时降低了台美防务官员会谈的级别，并将会议地点从华盛顿改至阿拉斯加。

China thinks U.S. policy on Taiwan will evolve in its favor, said Amanda Hsiao, a director for China at the Eurasia Group. “What they see is the potential for U.S. commitments to Taiwan to weaken over time because of the shift in balance of power that they believe increasingly advantages China.”

中国认为美国的对台政策将朝着有利于自己的方向发展，欧亚集团中国事务主管萧嫣然说。“他们看到的是，随着时间的推移，美国对台湾的承诺可能会减弱，因为他们认为力量平衡的转变越来越有利于中国。”

Mr. Trump has complained that Taiwan spends too little on its military and unfairly dominates semiconductor production. (Taiwan has already promised to spend more than 3 percent of its economic output on defense by next year; Mr. Trump and his officials have said that number should reach 5 or even 10 percent.)

特朗普抱怨台湾在军事开支过低，在半导体生产方面占据不公平的优势。（台湾已经承诺到明年将其经济产出的3%以上用于国防；特朗普及其官员表示，这个数字应该达到5%甚至10%。）

Mr. Trump has swung between questioning Taiwan’s ability to withstand threats from China and boasting about U.S. power to deter Beijing. Asked last week about a possible Chinese invasion of Taiwan, Mr. Trump again emphasized American military dominance.

特朗普时而质疑台湾抵御中国威胁的能力，时而又夸耀美国遏制北京的实力。上周被问及中国可能入侵台湾时，特朗普再次强调了美国的军事优势。

特朗普总统周日在马来西亚吉隆坡。

“The United States is the strongest military power in the world by far, it’s not even close,” Mr. Trump said during a news conference. “Nobody’s going to mess with that.”

“到目前为止，美国是世界上最强大的军事强国，而且是遥遥领先。没有人敢挑战这一点，”特朗普在新闻发布会上说。

Still, Mr. Trump may calculate that adopting some language similar to President Clinton’s during a visit to China in 1998 — that the United States does not support independence for Taiwan — could make Beijing more amenable in trade negotiations, such as over its new controls on rare earth exports.

不过，特朗普或许盘算着，如果效仿克林顿总统1998年访华时的表态——即美国不支持台湾独立，或许能让北京在贸易谈判中更为配合，比如针对其新出台的稀土出口管制措施。

“For Xi, it’s critically important that Donald Trump at least communicates that he understands the Chinese position” on Taiwan, said Rorry Daniels, the managing director of Asia Society Policy Institute. “He needs to understand that Donald Trump is not going to surprise him on Taiwan.”

亚洲协会政策研究所董事总经理但若云(Rorry Daniels)指出：“对习近平而言，关键在于特朗普至少要表明理解中方（在台湾问题）的立场。他需要确信特朗普不会在台湾问题上制造意外。”

Taiwan’s foreign minister, Lin Chia-lung, however, downplayed concerns about what Mr. Trump might say about Taiwan when meeting Mr. Xi. “We are in close communication with the U.S. side, and their interactions with China won’t harm Taiwan,” Mr. Lin told Taiwanese legislators last week.

不过，台湾外交部长林佳龙淡化了外界对特朗普会晤习近平时涉台言论的担忧。林佳龙上周向台湾立法委员表示：“我们跟美方都保持密切的沟通，他们跟中国之间的互动，不会去伤害到台湾。”

Secretary of State Marco Rubio dismissed the idea that Mr. Trump would make concessions on Taiwan in exchange for “favorable treatment” from China on trade issues. “No one is contemplating that,” Mr. Rubio told reporters on Saturday while in the Middle East.

国务卿马可·鲁比奥驳斥了特朗普会就台湾问题作出让步以换取中国在贸易问题上给予“优惠待遇”的说法。鲁比奥上周六在中东向记者表示：“没有人考虑过这种可能性。”