When a Chinese state television microphone recently caught China’s top leader, Xi Jinping, and President Vladimir V. Putin of Russia musing about the possibility of living to 150 and perhaps even forever, many reacted with anxious consternation.

当中国国家电视台的麦克风最近捕捉到中国最高领导人习近平与俄罗斯总统弗拉基米尔·普京私下畅谈活到150岁甚至永生的可能性时，许多人忧心忡忡地表达了自己的惊愕。

But there has been no tut-tutting in the laboratory of Lonvi Biosciences, a longevity medicine start-up in the southern Chinese city of Shenzhen. “Living to 150 is definitely realistic,” said Lyu Qinghua, the chief technology officer of the company, which has developed anti-aging pills based on a compound found in grapeseed extract. “In a few years, this will be the reality.”

但在位于中国南方城市深圳的长寿药物初创企业Lonvi Biosciences的实验室里，却没有人对此大惊小怪。“活到150岁绝对是现实的，”该公司的首席技术官吕清华（音）说。该公司开发了一种基于葡萄籽提取物中化合物的抗衰药丸。“几年后，这将成为现实。”

He is skeptical about modern medicine defeating death entirely — something Mr. Putin said was possible with organ transplants — but he thinks that longevity science is advancing so fast even the seemingly impossible might come to pass.

他对现代医学能否完全战胜死亡持怀疑态度——普京说通过器官移植有可能做到这一点——但他认为，长寿科学发展得如此之快，即使看似不可能的事情也可能成为现实。

“In five to 10 years, nobody will get cancer,” he predicted.

他预言：“在五到十年内，不再会有人得癌症。”

The search for the elixir of life, embraced with gusto in recent years by American tech billionaires like Peter Thiel, has been underway in China for more than two millenniums. It started with the first emperor, Qin Shi Huang, who ordered a nationwide hunt for death-defying potions. Just in case that did not work, he also ordered the creation of thousands of terra-cotta warriors to protect him in his grave should he die.

近年来，对长生不老药的探索受到了彼得·蒂尔等美国科技亿万富翁的热烈追捧，而这一追寻在中国已有两千余年历史。它始于第一位皇帝秦始皇，他下令在全国范围内寻找不死药。为防万一，他还下令建造了数千具兵马俑，以便在他死后在坟墓里保护他。

The emperor died at 49, possibly from mercury poisoning caused by an anti-aging treatment.

这位皇帝死于49岁，死因可能是服用抗衰老药物导致的汞中毒。

长寿药初创企业Lonvi Biosciences的首席技术官吕清华（左）与首席执行官叶旨涛于10月在深圳。吕清华在Lonvi的生物化学实验室工作。该公司生产的原花青素C1胶囊盒装产品，据称含有能清除人体内所谓“僵尸细胞”的化合物。

A whiff of quackery has hung over the longevity business from the start. But investment from the state and private companies, as well as surging interest among both Chinese leaders and the public, have turned it into a legitimate and sometimes lucrative branch of medicine.

从一开始，长寿业就笼罩着一股江湖术士的气息。但是，来自国家和私营企业的投资以及中国领导人和公众日益高涨的兴趣已经把它变成了一个合法的、有时还利润丰厚的医学分支。

China, eager to catch up with and, whenever possible, surpass the West in biotech, artificial intelligence and other advanced technologies, has made the longevity industry a national priority, pouring billions into research and related commercial spinoffs.

中国渴望在生物技术、人工智能等先进技术方面赶上并尽可能超越西方，因此将长寿产业列为国家重点，投入数十亿资金用于相关研究及商业化应用。

“They have improved very rapidly. A few years ago, there was nothing here and the West was still far ahead,” said Vadim Gladyshev, a Harvard Medical School professor who has done pioneering work on longevity, including an experiment that extended the expected life span of old mice by connecting their circulatory systems to young mice.

“他们进步得非常迅速。几年前，这里什么都没有，西方仍然遥遥领先，”哈佛医学院教授瓦迪姆·格拉迪舍夫说。他在长寿方面进行过开创性的工作，包括一项将年老小鼠的循环系统与年轻小鼠连接起来，延长年老小鼠预期寿命的实验。

Chinese researchers, he said during a recent trip to China to attend two scientific conferences, “are rapidly catching up.”

他在最近一次前往中国参加两个科学会议时说，中国的研究人员“正在迅速赶上”。

China’s average life expectancy last year reached 79 years, five years higher than the global average, according to The People’s Daily, the Communist Party’s mouthpiece.

据中共机关报《人民日报》报道，去年中国人均预期寿命达到79岁，比全球平均水平高出五岁。

But that, achieved through steady improvements in health care and lifestyle, is still behind Japan’s average of nearly 85 years and a long way from the 150 years mentioned by Mr. Xi.

但这一通过医疗保健和生活方式的持续改善所取得的成就仍落后于日本近85岁的平均寿命，更远未达到习近平提到的150岁。

Mr. Xi and Mr. Putin, both 72, may have just been making small talk. But they were taken seriously by exiled opponents of the Communist Party, who pointed to a 2019 video that appeared on Chinese social media purporting to be a promotional pitch by an elite military hospital in Beijing, 301, which treats senior officials.

72岁的习近平与普京或许只是闲谈。但流亡海外的中共反对派对此极为重视，他们特别提到2019年在中国社交媒体流传的一段视频——它是北京负责治疗高级官员的精英军医院301医院的宣传片。

The video, which was quickly scrubbed by Chinese censors, boasted that the hospital was doing pioneering work for the “981 Leaders’ Health Project” — and aimed to extend the life span of senior party figures to 150 years.

这段视频很快就被中国审查机构删掉了。它吹嘘说，该医院正在为“981首长健康工程”进行开创性的工作，目标是将党内高级官员的寿命延长到150岁。

“The average life span of Chinese leaders is far longer than the life span of leaders in developed nations,” the video said, pointing to decades of work by the hospital to keep alive leaders like Mao Zedong, who died at 82 in 1976, and Deng Xiaoping, who was 92 when he died in 1997.

视频宣称：“中国领导人的平均寿命远远高于同期西方发达国家领导人的平均寿命，”并列举该院数十年来延续毛泽东（1976年逝世，享年82岁）和邓小平（1997年逝世，享年92岁）等领导人寿命的案例。

Sensitive to all discussion of leaders’ health, Chinese state television, which inadvertently captured the conversation between the leaders before a military parade in Beijing in September, ordered Western news services to delete the footage.

对所有有关领导人健康议题极为敏感的中国国家电视台无意中捕捉到领导人在9月份北京阅兵式前的对话，随即要求西方新闻机构删除这段视频。

The hot-mic musings aside, China’s enthusiasm for extending life-span has grown in tandem with its rapid economic growth, which has given hundreds of millions of people the time and money needed to look beyond surviving day-to-day.

抛开这段被麦克风录下的热议闲谈，中国对延长寿命的热情随着经济的快速增长而增长，经济繁荣使数亿人拥有了超越日常生存所需的时间与财富。

One Chinese company riding the tide has been Time Pie, a Shanghai-based group that got its start marketing dietary supplements and now organizes scientific conferences and publishes a magazine, Aging Slow, Living Well.

乘势而起的上海企业时光派便是例证，这家总部位于上海的公司以销售膳食补充剂起家，现在组织科学会议，出版杂志《慢衰老，益生活》。

9月在上海举办的长寿与抗衰老会议上，一个推销“永生岛”的展位。会议期间展出的补充剂和治疗方案。参与者推广了各种抗衰老产品。

“Nobody in China was talking about longevity before, only rich Americans,” said Gan Yu, the company’s co-founder. “Now many Chinese are interested and have the money they need to extend their lives.”

“以前在中国没有人谈论长寿，只有富有的美国人（才谈论这件事），”该公司联合创始人甘宇（音）说。“现在很多中国人对此感兴趣，也有延长寿命的经济实力。”

Surging interest was on display at a recent international gathering organized by Time Pie in Shanghai of Chinese and foreign scientists presenting their research, as well as businesses hawking anti-aging creams and potions, goji berries, cryogenic and hyperbaric chambers and other devices that are supposed to slow aging.

最近，时光派在上海组织了一次国际会议，会上中外科学家展示了研究成果，商家也在兜售抗衰老面霜和药水、枸杞、低温舱和高压舱以及其他据称可以延缓衰老的设备，人们对此表现出了浓厚的兴趣。

Rlab, a Shanghai-based company that claims “technology can prevent humans from aging,” invited prospective customers to enter what looked like a telephone booth — a cryogenic device in which the temperature drops to minus 200 Fahrenheit. Ivor Yu, an entrepreneur from northeast China in the longevity business, stepped in, only to jump out after a few seconds, shivering from the cold. He also inspected the company’s “anti-aging magic box.” He left without buying.

总部位于上海的瑞健未来公司声称“科技可以阻止衰老”，他们邀请潜在客户进入一个看起来像电话亭的设备——一个温度降至零下128摄氏度的低温设备。来自中国东北、从事长寿生意的企业家伊沃·余（音）走了进去，几秒钟后就跳出来，冻得瑟瑟发抖。他还参观了该公司的“抗衰老魔法盒”。他没买东西就走了。

SuperiorMed, a health care company that runs what it says is the world’s biggest “longevity hospital” in the Chinese city of Chengdu, promoted “immortality islands,” though it acknowledged they do not exist yet. The company’s founder, Li Dale, was vague about whether “immortality islands” would be anything more than luxury health spas offering blood tests and other forms of preventive medicine in exotic locales.

医疗保健公司循上在中国成都经营着据称是世界上最大的“长寿医院”，该公司宣传“永生岛”概念，但承认它们还不存在。该公司的创始人戴尔·李（音）对“永生岛”的具体形态含糊其辞，仅表示它可能是在一个充满异域风情地方提供血液检测等预防性医疗服务的豪华健康水疗中心。

But the conference also attracted serious scientists like Harvard’s Prof. Gladyshev and Steve Horvath, a German American aging researcher who is a legend in the field for his work developing the first “aging clock,” a measure of aging biomarkers.

但这次会议也吸引了一些严肃的科学家，比如哈佛大学的格拉迪舍夫和德裔美国抗衰研究人员史蒂夫·霍瓦特。霍瓦特是该领域的传奇人物，发明了第一个“衰老时钟”，用来衡量衰老的生物标志物。

Longevity science, Mr. Horvath said, used to be dominated by “wild claims” that alienated many legitimate scientists, but has seen a “vast improvement” in recent years, including in China. “Nobody serious talks about immortality at scientific conferences anymore because it is so absurd,” he added.

霍瓦特说，长寿科学曾充斥着令众多正规科学家反感的“荒诞主张”，但近年来已经看到了“巨大的进步”，包括在中国。“再也没有人在科学会议上认真谈论永生了，因为这太荒谬了，”他还说。

But the idea of living forever lingers as a marketing tool. Immortal Dragons, a Singapore investment fund focused on longevity projects, is run by a young entrepreneur from China, Bo Yang Wang, who has explored moneymaking opportunities in cryopreservation, 3-D printing of organs and “whole-body replacement.”

然而永生概念仍作为营销工具存在。专注于长寿项目的新加坡投资基金不朽真龙由来自中国的年轻企业家王伯洋（音）经营，曾探索低温保存、器官3D打印及“全身替换”等商机。

Lonvi, the longevity start-up in Shenzhen, has more modest goals.

深圳的长寿创业公司Lonvi Biosciences的目标更为务实。

It opened a lab in 2022 in a business tower on the edge of the sprawling Chinese city next to Hong Kong after scientists in Shanghai discovered that a natural compound found in grapeseed extract — procyanidin C1 or PCC1 — increased the life span of mice by selectively killing senescent, or aged, cells and protecting healthy cells. (Lonvi is not connected to the Shanghai scientists.)

在上海的科学家发现，葡萄籽提取物中的一种天然化合物——原花青素C1(PCC1)——通过选择性地杀死衰老细胞和保护健康细胞来延长小鼠的寿命后，Lonvi于2022年在这座毗邻香港的中国城市边缘的一座商业大楼里开设了一个实验室。（Lonvi与上海的科学家团队没有关系。）

Mice treated with the compound lived 9.4 percent longer across their lifetime — and 64.2 percent longer from the start of treatment.

用这种化合物治疗的小鼠的生命周期延长了9.4%，自治疗开始起寿命延长幅度高达64.2%。

The findings, published in an article in Nature Metabolism in 2021, were groundbreaking. But in September, the journal issued an editor’s note alerting readers to “errors in the data,” though it did not retract the article. Subsequent studies, including one in Japan, have supported the initial claims.

这些具有开创性的发现于2021年发表在《自然-代谢》(Nature Metabolism)期刊。但在9月，该期刊发布了一份编者按，提醒读者注意“数据中的错误”，尽管它没有撤回这篇文章。随后的研究，包括日本的一项研究，都支持了最初的结论。

Translating what works for mice to human beings requires long and rigorous testing, and what works for mice often disappoints with people, said David Barzilai, an American medical doctor and founder of Barzilai Longevity Consulting. The “canonical example” of this, he said, is rapamycin, a compound that has been proven to “robustly” extend the life span of mice and other animals but has “uncertain” effect on healthy human adults.

巴兹拉伊长寿咨询公司的创始人、美国医生戴维·巴兹拉伊说，把对小鼠有效的方法应用到人类身上需要长期而严格的试验，并且人体应用往往效果不佳。他说，这方面的“典型例子”是雷帕霉素，这种化合物已被证明能够“有力地”延长小鼠和其他动物的寿命，但对健康成年人的影响“不确定”。

China, he said, “is increasingly taking longevity and aging biology seriously at both the institutional and policy level.” But, he added, “strong scientific intent does not guarantee uniformly high rigor or translational success. The challenge is not just doing more, but doing better.”

他说，中国“在制度和政策层面越来越重视长寿和衰老生物学”。但是，他补充说，“强烈的科研意愿并不能保证研究始终保持高水准或成功转化。挑战不仅在于做更多，更在于做得更好。”

9月，上海一场长寿与抗衰老会议上，与会者正在体验低温疗法舱。试用瑞健公司的超轻碳纤维高压氧面罩。瑞健的红光疗法舱室。

Grapeseed has long been popular as a health food in the West and in traditional Chinese medicine. But Lonvi claims to have isolated molecules within it that “kill zombie cells” — aging cells that do not die and hurt healthy cells — and to have found a way to produce capsules containing high concentrations of these.

葡萄籽作为一种保健食品，在西方和中医中一直很受欢迎。但Lonvi公司声称，他们已经在其中分离出了能够“杀死僵尸细胞”（不死亡且损害健康细胞的衰老细胞）的分子，并找到了一种方法来生产含有这些分子的高浓度胶囊。

“This is not just one more pill. This is the holy grail,” said Yip Tszho, who goes by the name Zico, Lonvi’s chief executive.

“这不仅仅是又一颗药丸。这是圣杯，”该公司首席执行官叶旨涛说。

The company thinks its pills, combined with a healthy lifestyle and good medical care, can help people live past 100 and up to 120.

Lonvi称，它的药片加上健康的生活方式和良好的医疗保健，可以帮助人们活到100岁甚至120岁。

David Furman, an associate professor at the Buck Institute, a biomedical research center at Stanford University devoted to research on aging, said the Chinese pills “seem promising” but need to be tested in large clinical trials.

斯坦福大学致力于衰老研究的生物医学研究中心巴克研究所的副教授戴维·弗曼说，中国的药“看起来很有希望”，但需要进行大规模的临床试验。

The Buck Institute, he said, is going to start trials to “demonstrate efficacy and validate” the company’s “previous findings and claims.”

他说，巴克研究所将开始试验，以“证明有效性并验证”该公司的“先前的发现和主张”。

Mr. Yip still sees a big market, not only for people with money but also their pets.

叶旨涛仍然看好这个巨大的市场，不仅是有钱人，还有他们的宠物。

Referring to China’s first emperor, he said: “Rich people are like Qin Shi Huang and they are looking for immortality — or at least longer lives.”

他援引中国首位皇帝的典故表示：“富人就像秦始皇，他们寻求永生——或者至少是长寿。”

In Western Europe and East Asia, President Trump’s foreign policy has fed fears of political turmoil and financial pain among America’s traditional allies.

在西欧和东亚，特朗普总统的外交政策滋长了美国传统盟友对政治动荡和经济痛苦的担忧。

But to a swath of mostly authoritarian countries in between, Mr. Trump’s role looks different. In Belarus, the Caucasus and Central Asia, countries that used to be part of the Soviet Union are reaping the benefits of newfound attention from Washington.

但对介于其间的众多威权国家而言，特朗普所扮演的角色看上去却大为不同。在白俄罗斯以及高加索和中亚地区，这些前苏国家正因获得华盛顿前所未有的关注而获益。

That attention was on display on Thursday evening as Mr. Trump became the first president to host the leaders of all five Central Asian countries at the White House. It was a striking tableau, both because of long-running human-rights concerns and because the region’s power players are American adversaries: Russia and China.

这种关注在上周四晚间展现得尤为明显——特朗普成为首位在白宫同时接待所有五个中亚国家领导人的美国总统。这个会晤场面之所以令人瞩目，不仅是因为该地区长期存在的人权问题，也因为那里的地缘政治主导者是美国的对手：俄罗斯与中国。

Mr. Trump has changed the equation. His outreach to Moscow, and now his easing of tensions with Beijing, have made it easier for countries that are close to Russia and China to build ties with the United States. And those countries are embracing the opportunity, partly because a closer relationship with Washington is giving them leverage in dealing with Moscow and Beijing.

特朗普改变了这一格局。他先是与莫斯科接触，如今又缓和了与北京的紧张关系，这使得那些与俄中关系密切的国家更容易与美国建立联系。而这些国家也在抓住这个机会，部分原因是与华盛顿拉近关系能增强它们在与俄中打交道时的筹码。

Kazakhstan’s president, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, told The New York Times in an interview before his White House visit on Thursday that “the United States of America has the right to be properly present” in his country. He praised Mr. Trump’s trade truce with China as well as his engagement with President Vladimir V. Putin of Russia.

哈萨克斯坦总统托卡耶夫在上周四访问白宫前接受《纽约时报》采访时表示：“美利坚合众国理应在我们国家建立合理的存在。”他称赞了特朗普与中国达成的贸易休战协议，及其与俄罗斯总统普京的接触。

“It’s crucial for major powers to find common ground with one another,” Mr. Tokayev said. “That’s why I was pleased, one might say, with the deal between China and the United States.”

“大国之间寻求共识至关重要，”托卡耶夫指出，“这就是为什么可以说，我对中美之间的协议是深感欣慰的。”

In Central Asia, the most influential geopolitical player remains Russia, which still considers the region as part of its rightful sphere of influence. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine reverberated across the region, where governments have struggled to avoid aligning themselves with Mr. Putin’s war while maintaining political and economic ties with Moscow.

在中亚地区最具影响力的地缘政治角色仍是俄罗斯，它始终视那里为其理所当然的势力范围。俄罗斯入侵乌克兰的举动在整个区域引发震荡，各国政府不得不在维持与莫斯科的政经联系的同时竭力避免公开支持普京的战争。

Gerard Toal, a professor of government and international affairs at Virginia Tech, said the leaders of the former Soviet republics who were improving relations with Mr. Trump knew they would never get away from Moscow’s hegemonic power. But they are seeking “multiple options,” he said, and are trying to show the Kremlin they have power to maneuver.

弗吉尼亚理工大学政府与国际事务教授杰拉德·托尔表示，那些正在改善与特朗普关系的前苏加盟共和国领导人知道，他们永远无法摆脱莫斯科的霸权力量。但他们正在寻求“多种选项”，并试图向克里姆林宫展示他们具备一定的周旋空间。

“Even in just going to the White House, you are signaling to the Kremlin you have independent agency,” Mr. Toal said.

“仅仅是踏进白宫这一举动本身就在向克里姆林宫传递我们具有独立行动能力的信号，”托尔指出。

The leaders of Armenia and Azerbaijan arrived at the White House in August to sign a peace pledge to end a long and bloody conflict. It was a demonstration of Russia’s loss of influence in a region where the Kremlin had previously tried to play the role of peacemaker.

今年8月，亚美尼亚与阿塞拜疆领导人抵达白宫，签署了结束长期血腥冲突的和平宣言。这标志着俄罗斯在该地区影响力的衰退——克里姆林宫昔日曾试图在这里扮演调停者角色。

In the process, the leaders gave the United States exclusive development rights over a transit corridor that would connect two parts of Azerbaijan through Armenian territory, naming it the Trump Route for International Peace and Prosperity.

在这一过程中，两国领导人将一条穿过亚美尼亚领土、连接阿塞拜疆两部分的交通走廊的独家开发权交给了美国，并将其命名为“特朗普国际和平与繁荣之路”。

Even Belarus, Russia’s closest international ally, has overcome its international pariah status to build ties with the Trump administration. The White House has turned to Belarus’s authoritarian ruler, Aleksandr G. Lukashenko, as a back channel in negotiations with Moscow.

就连俄罗斯最紧密的国际盟友白俄罗斯也打破外交孤立，与特朗普政府建立起联系。白宫已将白俄罗斯的威权统治者卢卡申科视为与莫斯科谈判的秘密渠道。

In exchange for sanctions relief, the Belarusian leader has released dozens of political prisoners at the request of the Trump administration. The Belarusian human rights group Viasna said that 1,242 political prisoners remained jailed in Belarus as of last month.

为换取制裁解除，这位白俄罗斯领导人应特朗普政府要求释放了数十名政治犯。但据白俄罗斯人权组织"维亚斯纳"统计，截至上月该国仍关押着1242名政治犯。

Mr. Trump’s gathering on Thursday advanced an effort that began under President Barack Obama to hold joint meetings with the five Central Asian countries. President Joseph R. Biden Jr. held the inaugural U.S. summit with the countries’ leaders in 2023, promising both to advance human rights and help develop the region’s “vast mineral wealth.”

特朗普上周四的这场会晤延续了奥巴马总统时期开启的中亚五国联合对话机制。拜登总统曾在2023年与五国领导人举行首次美国峰会，承诺推进人权事业，同时协助开发该地区“巨大的矿产资源”。

Mr. Trump has dropped the human rights concerns and magnified the focus on deal-making.

特朗普则抛开了人权关切，把焦点进一步集中在交易的达成上。

For Central Asian leaders, “it’s much more comfortable to deal with Trump,” said Temur Umarov, an analyst at the Carnegie Russia Eurasia Center think tank in Berlin. “You can do business — and only business — with him.”

卡内基俄罗斯欧亚研究中心分析师泰穆尔·乌马罗夫表示，对中亚领导人而言，“与特朗普打交道要轻松得多。你可以和他谈生意——而且只谈生意。”

At a deal-making event held in a sunny room at the Kennedy Center on Thursday afternoon, government officials and industry executives from the United States and Central Asia mingled to the sound of smooth jazz and waited for their turn to climb onstage and shake hands with Howard Lutnick, the secretary of commerce.

上周四下午，在肯尼迪表演艺术中心一间阳光充沛的房间里，美国和中亚国家的政府官员与行业高管们伴着轻柔爵士乐寒暄，等候登台与商务部长霍华德·卢特尼克握手。

In brief remarks, Mr. Lutnick held out the promise of sales of Nvidia artificial intelligence chips, airplanes and other technology, and welcomed Central Asian initiatives focused on energy diversification and logistics. He said America was “open for business,” including for sales to allies of the best semiconductors, which, he added, was “a complete change from the prior Biden administration.”

卢特尼克在简短致辞中承诺将向中亚出口英伟达人工智能芯片、飞机及其他技术，并对中亚国家推动能源多元化和物流发展的举措表示欢迎。他宣称美国“正敞开商业大门”，包括向盟友出售最先进的半导体，并强调这“与往届拜登政府的政策截然不同”。

“The U.S. economy is on fire,” Mr. Lutnick said. “You can feel it.”

“美国经济正蓬勃发展，”卢特尼克表示，“炙手可热。”

Airlines from Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan committed to purchase dozens of Boeing airplanes, while Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan promised to buy billions of dollars in agricultural machinery from John Deere. Kyrgyzstan said it would purchase American rail construction and engineering services. Kazakhstan also said it would procure up to $2 billion in A.I. chips in a partnership with OpenAI and Nvidia. It’s unclear how many of the deals were newly signed and how many had been previously negotiated.

来自哈萨克斯坦、塔吉克斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦的航空公司承诺购买数十架波音飞机；哈萨克斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦承诺从约翰迪尔公司购买数十亿美元的农业机械。吉尔吉斯斯坦表示将购买美国的铁路建设和工程服务。哈萨克斯坦还称将与OpenAI和英伟达合作，采购高达20亿美元的人工智能芯片。目前尚不清楚哪些交易是新签署的，哪些是以往磋商的成果。

One senior Central Asian official, speaking on condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to speak publicly, said their country was heartened by Mr. Lutnick’s personal involvement. While the Biden administration had focused on “B2B” — business-to-business — negotiations, the official said, “now we’ve started to trade on the level of G2G” — government-to-government.

一位因未获授权而要求匿名的中亚高级官员透露，他的国家因卢特尼克的亲自参与深受鼓舞。他指出，拜登政府此前主要推动“企业对企业”的谈判，而“现在我们已开启政府间的经贸合作”。

Cove Capital, a mining-focused firm based in New York and Australia, thanked Mr. Lutnick on Thursday for his “unwavering support” in securing a deal for the company to help develop a huge Kazakh deposit of tungsten, a wear-resistant metal important for weapons manufacturing.

总部位于纽约和澳大利亚的矿业公司Cove Capital上周四特别感谢卢特尼克在促成哈萨克斯坦巨型钨矿开发项目中的“坚定支持”。钨是一种耐磨金属，对武器制造非常重要。

Mr. Tokayev, the Kazakh president, said he had personally approved the tungsten deal. He praised the Trump administration for its “efficiency and pragmatism.”

哈萨克斯坦总统托卡耶夫表示，这项钨矿协议是他亲自批准的。他称赞特朗普政府“高效务实”。

Mr. Trump, in turn, lauded Mr. Tokayev in September for a $4 billion agreement with a U.S. company to buy 300 locomotives. And he praised the president of Uzbekistan, Shavkat Mirziyoyev, for what he said was an $8 billion deal by the country’s national airline to buy as many as 22 Boeing Dreamliner jets.

特朗普则在9月赞扬了托卡耶夫，因为哈萨克斯坦与一家美国公司达成了以40亿美元购买300台火车头的协议。他也对乌兹别克斯坦总统米尔济约耶夫表示了赞赏，该国国家航空公司将以80亿美元订购22架波音梦想客机。

Luke Coffey, an analyst at the Hudson Institute who has encouraged the Trump administration to pursue closer ties with Central Asia, said in an interview that the United States and Central Asian countries were finding common ground because of “the transactionalism that Trump prefers and that the leaders in this region prefer.”

哈德逊研究所研究员卢克·科菲一直鼓励特朗普政府与中亚建立更紧密关系。他在采访中表示，美国和中亚国家之所以能找到共同点，是因为“特朗普偏好的那种交易式方式，正好也是该地区领导人所偏好的”。

Indeed, there was no mention in the public elements of the Central Asia summit of what activists say are persistent — and in some cases, growing — human rights concerns across the region. Before this week’s event, Turkmenistan, an authoritarian nation that the democracy-focused nonprofit Freedom House ranks below North Korea and Sudan in its “Freedom in the World” index measuring civil rights and political liberties, had not had a leader visit the White House since 1998.

的确，此次中亚峰会的公开议程中，没有提及活动人士所称的该地区持续存在、甚至在部分国家日趋恶化的人权问题。在峰会之前，土库曼斯坦这个威权国家的领导人自1998年以来从未造访过白宫。在非营利组织自由之家的“全球自由度”指数中，土库曼斯坦在公民权利和政治自由方面的评分甚至低于朝鲜和苏丹。

Last week, the Kazakh Parliament moved forward with a bill that would punish what it called “L.G.B.T. propaganda” with as many as 10 days in prison, mirroring similar laws in Russia. Mr. Tokayev, in the interview on Thursday, said the Kazakh government had “nothing to do” with the bill, describing it as a grass-roots initiative. He added that while people should not be punished for being gay, “it would also be wrong to instill these values, especially among children.”

上周，哈萨克斯坦议会推进了一项法案，将所谓“LGBT宣传”视为违法行为，最多可处以10天监禁，这与俄罗斯的类似法律如出一辙。托卡耶夫在上周四的采访中表示，哈萨克斯坦政府“与这项法案无关”，称其是一项民间自发倡议。他补充说，人们不应因为同性恋身份而受到惩罚，但“向人们灌输这些价值观，尤其是对儿童，是错误的”。

Mr. Tokayev previously praised what he called Mr. Trump’s efforts to “restore traditional moral values.” Sitting across from Mr. Trump at the White House on Thursday, he went further: The U.S. president “inspires me,” he said, to pursue a “law and order” strategy in Kazakhstan.

托卡耶夫此前曾公开赞赏其所谓特朗普“重振传统道德价值观”的努力。上周四在白宫与特朗普相对而坐时，他更进一步表示：美国总统“激励了我”在哈萨克斯坦推行“法律与秩序”的治国策略。

After weeks of uncertainty over the supply of chips crucial to making automobiles, there appeared to be a thaw this week in a dispute over the semiconductors that had threatened to stop production at factories around the world.

在汽车制造关键芯片供应持续数周的不确定性后，上周，这场曾威胁全球汽车厂停产的半导体争端出现缓和迹象。

On Friday, a leading German automotive supplier that makes sensors, brakes and other electronic systems for companies including BMW, Stellantis and Volkswagen said it was again allowed to ship semiconductors made by a Dutch company, Nexperia, from its factories in China.

周五，德国一家为宝马、斯特兰蒂斯、大众等车企供应传感器、刹车及其他电子系统的顶尖汽车零部件供应商宣布，其再次获准从中国工厂发货荷兰安世公司生产的半导体。

The announcement came a day after the Dutch government said that it welcomed the resumption of supplies from Nexperia, which is based in the Netherlands but owned by the Chinese company Wingtech.

此前一天，荷兰政府表示欢迎安世恢复供应。安世总部位于荷兰，现由中国闻泰科技控股。

Other leading auto suppliers, as well as the car companies that depend on them, had warned that without Nexperia’s chips, they might have to slow or stop production.

其他主要汽车零部件供应商及依赖它们的车企此前曾警告，若缺少安世的芯片，可能不得不放缓甚至停止生产。

The Dutch government seized control of Nexperia in late September, citing concerns that the technology could be moved out of Europe, posing a security threat. The Chinese retaliated by ordering a stop to all exports of Nexperia’s chips — most of which are assembled in China.

荷兰政府于9月下旬接管安世，称担忧相关技术可能流出欧洲，构成安全威胁。作为反制，中国下令暂停安世芯片的全部出口——该公司大部分芯片在中国组装。

Nexperia produces thousands of chips used to make other products as well, like washing machines, vacuum cleaners, night vision devices, radars and tanks.

安世生产的数千种芯片还应用于其他产品，包括洗衣机、吸尘器、夜视设备、雷达和坦克等。

Documents from a court in Amsterdam showed that U.S. officials had pressured the Dutch government over the company’s ownership, amid President Trump’s trade war with China. A statement from the White House last week said that Mr. Trump had talked about Nexperia in his meeting with the Chinese leader, Xi Jinping.

阿姆斯特丹一家法院的文件显示，在特朗普政府对华贸易战期间，美国官员曾就安世的所有权问题向荷兰政府施压。白宫发表声明称，特朗普在与中国国家主席习近平会面时提及了安世的问题。

European trade officials met this week with their Chinese counterparts to find a solution to the issue, and late Thursday, the Dutch government indicated that one had been found.

本周，欧洲贸易官员与中方同级官员会面，寻求解决该问题的方案。周四晚间，荷兰政府表示已找到解决途径。

“Given the constructive nature of our talks with the Chinese authorities, the Netherlands trusts that the supply of chips from China to Europe and the rest of the world will reach Nexperia’s customers over the coming days,” the Dutch economy minister, Vincent Karremans, said in a statement.

“鉴于我们与中国当局的会谈具有建设性，荷兰相信，未来几天，从中国发往欧洲及全球其他地区的安世芯片将顺利送达客户手中，”荷兰经济大臣文森特·卡雷曼斯在声明中表示。

Aumovio, an automotive supplier based in Frankfurt, said on Friday that it had resumed shipments from China of Nexperia’s chips, and the parts that they are built into.

总部位于法兰克福的汽车零部件供应商奥莫维奥周五称，已恢复从中国进口安世芯片及搭载该芯片的零部件。

“We have received written approval to be exempted from Nexperia export controls out of China,” Philipp Von Hirschheydt the chief executive of Aumovio, said in an call with analysts.

“我们已收到书面批准，得以豁免安世芯片的中国出口管制，”奥莫维奥首席执行官菲利普·冯·希尔施海特在与分析师的电话会议中表示。

Last week, Volkswagen had warned that the shortages caused by the lack of chips could lead it to limit production.

上周，大众汽车曾警告，芯片短缺可能导致限产。

Bosch and ZF, two other major automotive suppliers in Germany, were taking steps to place some workers on short-term contracts and scale back production because of a lack of chips, even as they scrambled to find replacements.

德国另外两家主要汽车零部件供应商博世和采埃孚，虽在紧急寻找替代芯片，但仍因芯片短缺采取措施，将部分员工转为短期合同工，并缩减产量。

But Aumovio said that it now expected the resumed shipments would arrive soon enough to prevent a halt in production.

不过奥莫维奥表示，目前预计恢复运输的芯片将及时送达，可避免生产中断。

“We assume that at least in the short term, we are not going to have any interruption of process and production,” Mr. Von Hirschheydt said.

“我们认为至少在短期内，生产流程不会中断，”冯·希尔施海特说。

The Chinese government announced on Sunday that it would suspend export controls for a year on five critical minerals that are needed to manufacture certain semiconductors as well as explosives, armor-piercing ammunition, batteries and nuclear reactors.

中国政府周日宣布将暂停对五种关键矿物的出口管制，为期一年。这些矿物是制造某些半导体以及炸药、穿甲弹、电池和核反应堆所必需的。

The announcement, by the Ministry of Commerce, addressed a key difference between the statements issued by the Chinese government and the White House following a summit in South Korea on Oct. 30 between President Trump and Xi Jinping, China’s top leader.

中国商务部发布的这份公告澄清了10月30日特朗普总统与中国领导人习近平在韩国举行会晤后，双方政府各自发表的声明中存在的一个关键差异。

After that meeting, China said that it had agreed to a yearlong suspension of a series of export control regulations on rare earth metals and on equipment for manufacturing lithium-ion batteries, semiconductors and solar panels. The Ministry of Commerce followed through on Friday by suspending these regulations.

会后，中国方面表示同意暂停一系列关于稀土金属及锂离子电池、半导体和太阳能电池板制造设备的出口管制规定，期限为一年。商务部于上周五暂停了这些管制措施。

However, China’s post-summit statement made no mention of easing separate controls that the ministry had imposed in December last year on five other critical materials, which are not rare earth metals. The White House statement said that China had also agreed to issue so-called general licenses, making it easier to obtain these other minerals as well.

然而，中国在峰会后的声明并未提及放宽去年12月商务部对另外五种关键材料（虽非稀土金属）所实施的出口限制。白宫声明则称，中国还同意发放所谓的“通用许可”，以便更容易获得这些矿物。

There was some confusion after the summit about what exactly the two sides took away from the discussions. Mr. Trump had said that rare earths would no longer be an issue, while Beijing seemed to be more measured by enacting single-year suspensions.

峰会结束后，双方究竟达成了哪些共识一度引发外界各种说法。特朗普当时表示，稀土“将不再是个问题”，北京方面则显得更为谨慎，仅宣布一年暂停措施。

The ministry’s action on Sunday still differed slightly from what the White House statement had described. The ministry suspended for one year the need for any export licenses for the five minerals, instead of issuing multiyear licenses.

商务部周日的行动仍与白宫声明所描述的略有不同。商务部决定暂停这五种矿物出口所需许可证的要求，为期一年，而非发放多年期许可。

The restrictions that China had put in place severely limited exports to the United States of gallium and germanium, which are used to make certain types of semiconductors. They also interrupted exports of antimony, used in explosives, and tungsten, which has the highest melting point of any element and is used in armor-piercing ammunition. They also hindered the export of graphite, which is used in nuclear reactors and batteries.

此前中国实施的限制措施严重抑制了镓和锗对美出口，这两种金属用于制造特定类型的半导体。限制还中断了锑（用于制造炸药）和钨（熔点最高的元素，用于制造穿甲弹）的出口。此外，石墨（用于核反应堆和电池生产）的出口也受到阻碍。

The Ministry of Commerce did not provide any explanation on Sunday on why it had waited more than a week to suspend export controls on the five minerals. The ministry’s press office was closed on Sunday.

中国商务部周日未说明为何拖延一周多才决定暂停这五种矿物的出口管制。商务部新闻办周日不办公。

China is the dominant miner of all five of these minerals, in addition to producing almost all of the world’s supply of rare earth metals and rare earth magnets. Rare earths are used in the production of cars, drones, robots and many other civilian technologies. One of the rare earth metals for which China now requires export licenses, samarium, is used in supersonic fighter jets and missiles.

中国不仅在这五种矿物的开采上居于主导地位，还几乎垄断了全球稀土金属及稀土磁体的生产。稀土被广泛用于汽车、无人机、机器人及多种民用技术的制造。中国目前要求出口许可证的稀土金属钐被用于超音速战斗机和导弹。

The Trump administration is working with a wide range of companies to establish supply chains for all the metals and minerals that China has restricted over the past year. But while China has suspended its export controls for one year, the mines and magnet factories needed to replace Chinese production could take several years or longer to build.

特朗普政府正与多家企业合作，试图建立覆盖所有过去一年来中国限制出口的金属与矿物的供应链。但尽管中国已暂停出口管制一年，要建成能替代中国产能的矿山与磁体工厂可能仍需数年甚至更久。

“Regardless of what’s going on outside of our borders, America still has to address all of the aspects of the critical minerals supply chain and magnet manufacturing,” said Wade Senti, president of Advanced Magnet Lab, a magnet company in Melbourne, Fla.

“无论外部局势如何，美国仍必须着手解决关键矿物供应链与磁体制造的各个环节问题，”位于佛罗里达州墨尔本的磁体公司Advanced Magnet Lab总裁韦德·森蒂表示。

After months of surging demand, China’s exports unexpectedly dipped in October, the first drop in eight months, partly from an ongoing slide in prices for many of China’s most popular exports like cars, solar panels and batteries.

在需求激增数月后，10月中国出口意外下滑，这是八个月来的首次下降，部分原因在于中国一些最受欢迎出口商品——汽车、太阳能电池板和电池——价格持续下跌。

The value of Chinese exports slipped 1.1 percent in October from a year earlier, China’s General Administration of Customs said on Friday. Western economists had expected China to announce another month of growth.

据中国海关总署上周五公布的数据，10月中国出口额同比下降1.1%。西方经济学家原本预期中国会再次录得增长。

China’s exports have continued to boom this year, despite its trade war with the United States and rising tariffs in developing countries like Brazil, India, and Turkey, which also fear the effect on their factories’ employment from a deluge of low-cost goods made in China. Until October, shipments of Chinese goods to other regions of the world had more than offset the downturn in trade to the United States.

尽管正与美国陷入贸易战、且巴西、印度和土耳其等发展中国家也纷纷提高关税以防低价中国产品冲击本国制造业就业，但今年中国出口总体仍保持强劲。直到10月份，中国对世界其他地区的出口增长完全抵消了对美贸易的下滑。

China is still on pace for a second straight year of record trade surpluses.

中国仍有望连续第二年创下贸易顺差新高。

The physical volume of China’s exports has grown rapidly this year, lifted by a flood of Chinese cars, electronics, household appliances and other goods pouring into world markets. But the overall value of its exports is not keeping pace, as Chinese companies are offering significant discounts to overseas buyers to offload excess factory capacity.

今年以来，中国出口的实际数量增长迅速，大量汽车、电子产品、家电及其他商品涌向全球市场。但出口总值的增长未能同步，因为中国企业正向海外提供大幅折扣以消化过剩产能。

China’s exports to the European Union, Latin America, Africa and Southeast Asia all weakened in October. The composition of China’s exports has been shifting toward products like cars and solar panels, which have experienced some of the largest price drops, and away from lower-technology products like furniture and apparel.

10月，中国对欧盟、拉丁美洲、非洲和东南亚的出口均出现疲软。出口结构也在转向汽车、太阳能电池板等价格跌幅较大的产品，低技术含量商品如家具和服装的占比则在下降。

The number of exported cars rose nearly 25 percent in October from a year earlier, even as the value of those cars rose only 17 percent.

10月出口汽车数量同比增长近25%，但其出口总值仅增长17%。

President Trump’s tariffs, by contrast, appear to have had a dwindling effect last month. Exports to the American market fell less in October than they had in either of the two previous months. There were also signs that Chinese companies are bypassing his tariffs by sending goods through other countries instead of directly to the United States.

相比之下，特朗普总统的关税政策上月似乎影响减弱。10月中国对美出口的降幅较前两个月有所收窄。同时有迹象显示，中国企业正通过第三国转运商品以避开关税。

“A rise in the share of Chinese exports going to Vietnam, the top rerouting hub, suggests that the tariff offset from rerouting continued to expand,” wrote Zichun Huang, China economist at Capital Economics, a consulting firm, in a research note. “So if anything, the drag from U.S. tariffs was moderating rather than increasing.”

“对越南这一主要转运枢纽出口占比上升，说明通过转运抵消关税影响的情况仍在扩大，“凯投宏观中国经济学家黄子淳在一份研究报告中写道，“因此，如果说有什么变化的话，美国关税带来的拖累在减轻而非加重。”

China continued to export more than three times as much to the United States in October as it imported. That large trade surplus has helped Beijing maintain factory employment and strengthen the economy even as a long-running, slow-motion collapse of China’s housing market has badly hurt the finances of many Chinese households.

10月，中国对美出口额仍是自美进口的三倍多。这一巨大的贸易顺差帮助北京维持了工厂就业，并在长期缓慢崩盘的房地产市场严重打击家庭财务之际支撑了整体经济。

Consumers in China have been cautious about spending after losing a significant portion of their life savings in that downturn. With less demand at home, more of those goods are being redirected to overseas markets.

不少中国家庭因楼市低迷损失了大部分积蓄，消费意愿持续低迷。由于国内需求下降，越来越多的商品被转移到海外市场。

A slight strengthening of China’s currency, the renminbi, against the dollar in recent months may also have hurt the country’s competitiveness by making Chinese goods more expensive when sold in some overseas markets. But the renminbi has weakened by about 7 percent against the euro in the past year, which has helped Chinese exporters to the European Union.

近几个月来，人民币对美元小幅走强，这可能也削弱了中国商品在某些海外市场的竞争力，因为这使得中国商品售价更高。但过去一年人民币兑欧元已贬值约7%，这有利于中国对欧盟出口。

Goldman Sachs pointed out in a research note that China’s exports also might have faltered because October had one fewer workday this year than last year.

高盛在一份研究报告中指出，10月出口下滑的另一个原因可能是今年的工作日比去年同期少一天。

China’s newest and most advanced aircraft carrier, the Fujian, officially entered into service this week, the country’s military announced on Friday, bringing Beijing another step closer to its goal of rivaling American naval power in the region.

中国军方周五宣布，中国最新、最先进的航空母舰“福建舰”本周正式入列，使北京离在该地区与美国海军实力抗衡的目标又近了一步。

The Fujian, which features an electromagnetic catapult system for launching and landing aircraft, was commissioned for service on Wednesday, when China’s top leader, Xi Jinping, presided over the ceremony on Hainan, an island in the country’s south, the Liberation Army Daily and other state-run news outlets announced.

据《解放军报》等官方媒体报道，这艘配备了电磁弹射系统的航母于周三入列，中国最高领导人习近平当天在中国南方的海南岛主持了入列仪式。

Mr. Xi, dressed in army green in his role as chairman of China’s military, strode the deck of the carrier, inspecting aircraft and praising their pilots as heroes, video released by Chinese official media showed. Reports also said that Mr. Xi had “personally decided” that the Fujian should use the electromagnetic catapult equipment, a demanding technology that President Trump recently railed against.

中国官方媒体发布的视频显示，作为中国军委主席的习近平身着军绿色服装在航母甲板上视察舰载机，并称赞飞行员是英雄。报道还说，习近平“亲自决策”福建舰采用电磁弹射技术，这项尖端技术近期曾遭美国总统特朗普的公开质疑。

By deploying the Fujian, and with plans to construct more aircraft carriers, China is moving to assert dominance in the western Pacific, using the carriers and their accompanying forces to brandish power and intimidate adversaries, several experts said. The Fujian, the third of China’s carriers, is its most ambitious effort so far. The ship was unveiled in 2022 but took years to become proficient enough to go officially into service.

多名专家表示，随着福建舰入列以及后续航母建造计划的推进，中国正致力于在西太平洋地区确立主导地位，利用航母及随舰编队展示实力并震慑对手。福建舰是中国第三艘航母，也是迄今最具雄心的项目。该舰于2022年亮相，但花了数年时间才达到正式入列的标准。

China’s aircraft carriers still lag behind those of the United States, both in number and sophistication. China now has three, all running on diesel, while the United States has 11, which are all nuclear powered. But the Fujian is the first Chinese carrier to approach the U.S. carriers in size and capability.

中国的航母在数量和精良程度上仍落后美国。中国目前拥有三艘航母，均为常规动力；而美国11艘航母全部实现了核动力。不过，福建舰是第一艘在规模和作战能力上接近美国水平的中国航母。

Satellite images suggest that China is already building a fourth carrier. And plans are underway to keep expanding the fleet, possibly shifting to nuclear-powered carriers at some point, despite arguments that unmanned drones and precision missiles could make the ships obsolete.

卫星图像显示，中国已启动第四艘航母建设。尽管存在无人机与精确制导导弹可能使航母过时的论点，中国仍在持续推进航母舰队的扩张计划，未来可能转向核动力航母。

“While unmanned systems are a trend, I don’t believe they will pose a major, lethal threat to aircraft carriers within the next decade,” said Jiang Hsin-biao, a researcher at the Institute for National Defense and Security Research in Taipei, which is supported by Taiwan’s Ministry of National Defense. “Even the U.S. is building new carriers, demonstrating their lasting value. The threats are relative and exist for both sides, whether it’s China or the U.S.,” he said.

台湾国防部下属国防安全研究院研究员江炘杓表示：“虽然无人系统是发展趋势，但我认为它们在未来十年不会对航母构成重大的致命威胁。连美国都在建新航母，这说明它们仍具有持久价值。无论是中国还是美国，这类威胁都是相对且共存的。”

For Mr. Xi, the publicity around the commissioning of the Fujian may be a political salve after recent embarrassing revelations of corruption in the high ranks of the People’s Liberation Army forces. China announced in October that nine senior officers had been dismissed and faced prosecution on charges of corruption and abuses of power. They included Gen. He Weidong, who was third in China’s military hierarchy, after Mr. Xi and another commander.

对习近平来说，福建舰入列的宣传效应可能在近期解放军高层腐败案接连曝光后起到一定的政治安抚作用。今年10月，中国宣布9名军队高层因贪腐与滥用职权遭解职起诉。其中包括军队三号人物何卫东上将，他在中国军队中的位置仅次于习近平和另一名指挥官。

The Fujian’s main breakthrough is its electromagnetic catapult system for launching aircraft and slowing them to a halt when they land. The system appears similar to one used aboard the U.S.S. Gerald R. Ford, the first of the United States’ newest generation of aircraft carriers. But Mr. Trump late last month criticized the electromagnetic technology as unreliable and said he would order U.S. carriers to go back to steam-propelled launchers.

福建舰的主要突破在于采用了电磁弹射系统，实现舰载机弹射起飞与着舰减速。该技术与美国最新一代航母的首舰福特号采用的系统类似，但特朗普上月底抨击电磁技术不可靠，并表示他会下令美国航母回到蒸汽弹射。

“When we build aircraft carriers, it’s steam for the catapults, and it’s hydraulic for the elevators. We’ll never have a problem, OK?” Mr. Trump said on a visit to the U.S.S. George Washington, an aircraft carrier in Japan.

特朗普在视察美国部署在日本的航母“华盛顿”号时说：“我们造航母就用蒸汽弹射、液压升降。这样我们永远不会出问题，好吗？”

China’s two earlier carriers, the Liaoning and the Shandong, use simpler takeoff and landing technology on decks with ski-jump-like prows. The new system could allow the Fujian to carry larger aircraft with bigger loads of weapons and to send the planes out faster with less wear on their frames.

中国早先的两艘航母辽宁舰和山东舰采用相对简易的起降技术，甲板前端设有类似滑雪跳台的斜坡。新系统使福建舰能够搭载更大载弹量的飞机，并以更快的速度出动战机，同时减少机体损耗。

The Fujian’s deployment comes as tensions continue between China and Taiwan, an island democracy that has long rejected Beijing’s claims of sovereignty. Some analysts foresee China using the Fujian as part of carrier groups, along with battleships and submarines, that could intimidate Taiwan or countries that have territorial disputes with Beijing, especially in the South China Sea.

福建舰的部署正值中国与台湾地区紧张局势持续之际。这个岛屿民主政体长期拒绝承认北京的主权主张。部分分析人士预测，中国可能将福建舰编入航母战斗群，配合战舰和潜艇，对台湾或与北京存在领土争端的国家（尤其在南海地区）形成威慑。

It is unlikely that carriers would figure prominently into any initial military action by China against Taiwan, because the island is so close to the Chinese coast and its many air bases. But some experts believe China could eventually use aircraft carriers in a blockade of the island.

由于台湾距离中国海岸线极近，且中国拥有众多空军基地，航母不太可能在中国对台军事行动初期扮演重要角色。但部分专家认为，中国最终可能动用航母实施对台湾的封锁。

“These aircraft carriers are, of course, not aimed solely against Taiwan,” Mr. Jiang said. “But if they’re deployed in the Western Pacific, they could encircle Taiwan.”

“这些航空母舰当然不会是完全针对用在台湾的，”江炘杓表示。“但是他在部署到西太平洋的时候，他就可以扮演对台湾形成一个包围。”

Operating large carriers far from China’s shores and mastering the art of quickly sending out swarms of aircraft from their decks may take the Chinese Navy some time. But Beijing has signaled that it is determined to learn quickly. In September, Chinese military media showed footage of aircraft practicing takeoffs and landings from the Fujian.

中国海军要掌握远离本土操作大型航母、并能从甲板上快速派出大批战机的技术可能需要一段时间。但北京已表明决心快速掌握这项技术。今年9月，中国军方媒体公布了战机在福建舰上进行起降训练的画面。

But China is still some ways from becoming fully mature as a carrier power, Aita Moriki, a research fellow at Japan’s National Institute for Defense Studies, wrote in an assessment of the Fujian published in early October. “Many technological and personnel challenges remain,” he wrote.

日本防卫研究所研究员相田守辉在10月初发表的福建舰评估报告中指出：“中国距离成为成熟航母大国仍有距离。技术与人员方面仍面临诸多挑战。”

European governments are racing to rearm their militaries as they face up to a more aggressive Russia and an increasingly isolationist America. But that push must overcome a formidable roadblock in the shape of China’s restrictions on critical minerals.

面对愈发强硬的俄罗斯与日益奉行孤立主义的美国，欧洲各国政府正加紧重整军备，但这一行动必须克服中国关键矿产限制带来的巨大障碍。

China dominates the market for rare earth metals and permanent magnets, which are used in the production of missiles, jets, drones and a vast array of military hardware. Beijing has wielded this leverage in its trade wars with Washington and Brussels, tightening or loosening export controls on rare earths in negotiations over tariffs and other trade barriers.

中国在稀土金属和磁体市场占据主导地位，这些材料广泛用于导弹、战斗机、无人机及各类军事装备的生产。北京已在与华盛顿和布鲁塞尔的贸易战中动用这一影响力，在关税及其他贸易壁垒谈判中收紧或放宽稀土出口管制。

The drama has spurred a flurry of action in Europe, with Ursula von der Leyen, the president of the European Commission, the E.U.’s executive arm, urging the bloc to “strive for its independence” on the critical minerals. But in the meantime, European trade officials have been frantically engaging with their Chinese counterparts to try to secure the bloc’s supply.

这一局势促使欧洲采取一系列行动，欧盟执行机构欧盟委员会主席冯德莱恩呼吁欧盟在关键矿产领域“争取自主独立”。与此同时，欧洲贸易官员正紧急与中方对接，试图保障欧盟的供应稳定。

On Wednesday, ambassadors from across the 27 E.U. nations were told that China appeared to be willing to negotiate so-called general licenses to streamline rare earth exports to Europe. But there was no guarantee that such a solution would come quickly — or last for long. The bloc is focused on finding alternative supply options, said two diplomats briefed on the discussions, who asked for anonymity to discuss internal deliberations.

周三，欧盟27国大使接到通知，中国似乎愿意协商所谓的“通用许可证”，以简化对欧洲的稀土出口流程。但两名了解相关讨论、因涉及内部磋商而要求匿名的外交官表示，此类解决方案能否快速落地或长期维持尚无保障，欧盟正重点寻找替代供应渠道。

In the short term, the goal in the negotiations is to “provide more certainty to European industry,” said Olof Gill, a spokesman for the European Commission. “Engagement continues.”

欧盟委员会发言人奥洛夫·吉尔表示，短期内谈判的目标是“为欧洲产业提供更多确定性”，“相关沟通仍在继续。”

Yet the twists and turns have made it clear to European leaders just how much their military buildup hinges on an increasingly unreliable relationship with China.

但局势的反复让欧洲领导人清醒认识到，其军备扩张在很大程度上依赖于与中国日益不稳定的关系。

“Everything hangs on this,” said Joris Teer, a researcher at the EU Institute for Security Studies, the European Union’s think tank for security policy. Without a flow of critical minerals, he said, “there is no rearmament.”

“一切都取决于此，”欧盟安全政策智库欧盟安全研究所研究员约里斯·蒂尔说，若关键矿产供应中断，“重整军备便无从谈起”。

After President Trump announced sweeping tariffs in April, Beijing quickly responded by limiting the export of seven rare earth elements and magnets for the entire world. It threatened to widen that list last month, before Mr. Trump and Xi Jinping, China’s top leader, agreed at a summit last week to delay that escalation by a year.

今年4月，特朗普总统宣布大范围加征关税后，北京迅速回应，限制全球范围内七种稀土元素及磁体的出口。上月，中国曾威胁扩大限制清单，直至特朗普与中国最高领导人习近平在上周的峰会中同意将这一升级举措推迟一年。

But the April restrictions remain in place for European buyers — and for all of the E.U.’s talk of diversification, Beijing has Brussels in a bind.

但4月的限制措施对欧洲买家仍然有效——尽管欧盟一再强调供应多元化，北京仍让布鲁塞尔陷入两难境地。

About 98 percent of the European Union’s imports of key rare earths come from China, making it even more dependent than the United States, which imports 80 percent of those rare earths from China. Although rare earths are found throughout the world, they are very difficult to extract and refine.

欧盟约98%的关键稀土进口来自中国，依赖度甚至高于美国——美国80%的相关稀土从中国进口。尽管稀土在全球分布广泛，但开采和提炼难度极大。

The European Union has been working to fix that dependency, and it passed an act meant to create a homegrown industry that took effect in 2024. Still, replacing China’s mining and refining capacity is no quick and easy endeavor.

欧盟一直在努力摆脱这种依赖，并于2024年生效了一项旨在打造本土稀土产业的法案。但要取代中国的采矿和提炼产能并非易事，也无法一蹴而就。

Analysts at the consulting firm SFA Oxford recently predicted in a research note that “full diversification” from China would take eight to 12 years, given how long it takes to develop mines, construct refineries, expand manufacturing and work into the NATO supply chain.

咨询公司SFA牛津的分析师近期在研究报告中预测，考虑到矿山开发、精炼厂建设、制造业扩张及融入北约供应链所需的时间，实现对中国稀土的“完全多元化替代”需要八至12年。

And when it comes to the defense industry, Europe doesn’t have that kind of time.

但就国防工业而言，欧洲没有这么多时间。

European nations are scrambling to raise their spending on defense sharply as they try to develop key capabilities by 2030. To that end, the European Union has loosened budget rules and rolled out a 150 billion euro ($172 billion) loan program to help fuel military outlays.

欧洲各国正紧急大幅增加国防开支，试图在2030年前提升关键军事能力。为此，欧盟放宽了预算规则，并推出一项1500亿欧元（约合1.23万亿元人民币）的贷款计划，以助力军事支出。

欧盟贸易专员马罗什·谢夫乔维奇表示，在中国的出口许可证制度下，欧洲稀土买家一直难以获得供应。

A lack of access to critical minerals could disrupt that initiative, tilt the scales of geopolitics and shape Europe’s future.

无法获取关键矿产可能扰乱这一计划，改变地缘政治格局并影响欧洲的未来。

“Autonomy in defense begins with autonomy in materials,” said Daniel Fiott, the head of a defense and statecraft program at Vrije Universiteit Brussel, a university in Brussels.

“国防自主始于材料自主，”布鲁塞尔自由大学国防与治国方略项目负责人丹尼尔·菲奥特说。

Since October last year, rare earth exporters in China have been required to provide the authorities with detailed explanations of how shipments would be used in Western supply chains. The rules gave Chinese authorities a view of the kinds and quantities of rare earths that companies around the world needed. The move in April to restrict access caused shortages and sent prices for rare earths like dysprosium — used to make heat-resistant magnets — skyrocketing.

自去年10月起，中国稀土出口商需向当局详细说明货物在西方供应链中的用途。这些规定让中国当局得以掌握全球企业对稀土的需求种类和数量。4月实施的出口限制导致短缺，镝等用于制造耐热磁体的稀土价格飙升。

Rare earth minerals are key in F-35 fighter jets, drones, submarines, Tomahawk missiles, radar systems and other military technologies that are made in either the United States or the European Union, and which Europe has been planning to stockpile as part of its rearmament plans.

稀土是F-35战斗机、无人机、潜艇、“战斧”导弹、雷达系统等美欧军事技术的关键原料，也是欧洲重整军备计划中拟储备的关键物资。

中国矿区采集的稀土矿物样本，陈列于北京某地质研究所。

“The end game of China, here, is to slow down the advancement of the United States, and Europe by connection,” said Benedetta Girardi, an analyst at The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies, a think tank. “If it hits the security sector of one, it also hits the security sector of the other,” she said.

“中国的最终目的是减缓美国的发展进程，并使欧洲也受到牵连，”海牙战略研究中心分析师贝内代塔·吉拉尔迪说，“若打击其中一方的安全领域，另一方也会受到波及。”

Maros Sefcovic, the European Union’s trade chief, has noted that since Beijing began requiring licenses to export rare earths, only about half of the 2,000 applied for by E.U. entities have been “properly addressed.”

欧盟贸易主管马罗什·谢夫乔维奇指出，自北京开始要求稀土出口许可证以来，欧盟实体提交的2000份申请中，仅约一半得到“妥善处理”。

Even though China has rolled back its most recent threat of stricter controls, the fact that it has threatened broad restrictions could serve as a warning shot.

尽管中国撤销了近期加强管制的威胁，但这种广泛限制的威慑本身已敲响警钟。

“I’m still concerned,” said Gracelin Baskaran, director of the Critical Minerals Security Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, a think tank. “Even a pause in restrictions leaves us precarious.”

“我仍感到担忧，”战略与国际研究中心关键矿产安全项目主任格雷斯林·巴斯卡兰说，“即便限制暂停，我们仍处于脆弱境地。”

爱沙尼亚的一座稀土加工厂。欧洲稀土行业的企业尚不确定政策制定者鼓励建立本地供应链的计划是否足以奏效。

She said that Europe, the United States and their allies are not yet at the point where they can quickly replace the dysprosium in drone motors, for instance. The world also has no real alternative to China’s supply of samarium, a rare earth mineral crucial for magnets that can withstand high temperatures in advanced military gear.

她说，例如欧洲、美国及其盟友目前仍无法快速替代无人机发动机中的镝。在钐的供应上，全球也没有能真正替代中国的选择——钐是制造先进军事装备中耐高温磁体的关键稀土。

Yet even as the risks of China’s rare earth dominance become clear, Europe is struggling to turn anxiety into action.

然而，即便中国稀土主导地位的风险已十分明确，欧洲仍难以将焦虑转化为实际行动。

The United States is moving fast to ramp up investment in rare earth production: The Department of Defense has bought a $400 million stake in a rare earth company called MP Materials, and this week announced hundreds of millions of dollars in loans and potential stakes in Vulcan Elements and ReElement Technologies, which are partnering to make magnets from recycled rare earth minerals.

美国正迅速加大对稀土生产的投资：美国国防部已向稀土企业MP材料公司投资4亿美元收购股权，本周又宣布向沃尔坎元素公司和ReElement技术公司提供数亿美元贷款及潜在股权，这两家公司正合作利用回收稀土制造磁体。

In Europe, companies in the rare earth business are not sure if Europe’s push to encourage a local supply chain — which involves joint procurement, access to finance and speeding up permitting — will suffice in a timely manner.

在欧洲，稀土行业企业不确定欧盟推动本土供应链的举措——包括联合采购、资金支持和加快审批——能否及时发挥足够作用。

That is why diplomacy is likely to be the main, and perhaps only, hope in the short term.

这也是为何短期内外交手段可能是主要乃至唯一的希望。

“The Chinese are attempting to pull the rug from underneath the entire rearmament” push in Europe, said Mr. Teer of the EU Institute for Security Studies. “It’s not something that, as a defense official or an industry, you want to say out loud.”

“中国正试图破坏欧洲的整个重整军备计划，”欧盟安全研究所的蒂尔说，“作为国防官员或行业从业者，是不愿意把这话挑明的。”

Tesla shareholders on Thursday approved a plan that could make Elon Musk the world’s first trillionaire, two days after New Yorkers elected a tax-the-rich candidate as their next mayor.

周四，也就是纽约市民选举一位主张向富人征税的候选人担任市长两天后，特斯拉股东通过了一项可能使埃隆·马斯克成为全球首位万亿富翁的方案。

These discrete moments offered strikingly different lessons about America and who deserves how much of its wealth.

这两件事看似毫不相关，却展现了关于美国社会及其财富分配问题的鲜明对照。

At Tesla, based in the Austin, Texas, area, shareholders have largely bought into a winner-takes-all version of capitalism, agreeing by a wide margin to give Mr. Musk shares worth almost a trillion dollars if the company under his management achieves ambitious financial and operational goals over the next decade.

在总部位于得克萨斯州奥斯汀地区的特斯拉，股东们基本信奉“赢家通吃”的资本主义模式，他们以压倒性票数达成一致：如果马斯克在未来十年内能带领公司实现雄心勃勃的财务和运营目标，就给予他价值近1万亿美元的股份。

But halfway across the country, in the home to Wall Street, Zohran Mamdani’s victory served as a reminder of the frustrations many Americans have with an economic system that has left them struggling to afford basics like food, housing and child care.

而在美国另一端的华尔街所在地，佐兰·马姆达尼的当选折射出许多美国人对经济体制的不满——这个体系让他们为食品、住房和育儿等基本开支疲于奔命。

These are vastly different arenas, to be sure. But that split-screen reality speaks to a larger divide in American business and politics. On one side are billionaires like Mr. Musk and their many supporters, including President Trump, who see the financial success of a small group of executives as something to be celebrated and emulated.

这两件事当然属于截然不同的领域，但这种并存的现实反映了美国商业和政治中更深层的分裂。一边是像马斯克这样的亿万富翁以及他们的众多支持者，包括特朗普总统，他们认为一小部分高管的经济成功值得颂扬和效仿。

On the other are progressives like Mr. Mamdani, a democratic socialist, who are calling for something more akin to the social welfare systems of Western Europe. Mr. Mamdani campaigned on using higher taxes on businesses and the wealthy to pay for universal child care and free buses — promises that helped him win a resounding victory against two more conservative candidates.

另一方则是马姆达尼这样的进步派民主社会主义者，他们呼吁建立更接近西欧模式的社会福利体系。马姆达尼在竞选中主张通过对企业和富人增税来实现全民育儿保障和免费公交——这些承诺帮助他以压倒性优势击败了两位立场更为保守的候选人。

Much like an earlier pay plan that Tesla shareholders approved in 2018, this 12-step package asks Mr. Musk, the company’s chief executive, to vastly expand Tesla’s stock market valuation — to $8.5 trillion from around $1.4 trillion — while hitting a variety of other goals. Those include selling one million robots with humanlike qualities and 10 million paid subscriptions to the company’s self-driving software.

与特斯拉股东在2018年批准的那份薪酬方案类似，这项包含12个阶段的计划要求担任首席执行官的马斯克大幅提高特斯拉的市值——从约1.4万亿美元提高到8.5万亿美元——同时完成其他一系列目标，包括出售100万台人形机器人，以及实现1000万份自动驾驶软件的付费订阅。

“What we’re about to embark upon is not merely a new chapter of the future of Tesla, but a whole new book,” Mr. Musk said, after thanking shareholders for their support.

“我们即将开启的不只是特斯拉未来的新篇章，而是一个全新的时代，”马斯克在感谢股东支持后说道。

Tesla’s stock price fell modestly in after hours trading.

特斯拉的股价在盘后交易中小幅下跌。

Tesla’s directors and some investors, including the board that oversees Florida’s public pension fund, hailed the $1 trillion pay plan as a way to motivate Mr. Musk, who is already the world’s wealthiest person, to build futuristic products like cars that can drive themselves.

特斯拉董事及部分投资者——包括监管佛罗里达州公共养老基金的董事会——称赞这项价值万亿美元的薪酬方案，认为它将激励已经身为全球首富的马斯克打造自动驾驶汽车等未来产品。

“Those who claim the plan is ‘too large’ ignore the scale of ambition that has historically defined Tesla’s trajectory,” the Florida State Board of Administration said in a securities filing describing why it voted for Mr. Musk’s pay plan. “A company that went from near bankruptcy to global leadership in E.V.s and clean energy under similar frameworks has earned the right to use incentive models that reward moonshot performance.”

佛罗里达州行政委员会在一份阐述其为何投票支持马斯克薪酬计划的证券备案文件中表示：“那些质疑‘薪酬过高’的人忽视了特斯拉的雄心之大，而这种雄心一直定义着特斯拉的发展轨迹。一个在类似激励框架下从濒临破产发展到在电动车和清洁能源领域领先全球的公司，完全有资格使用奖励‘登月级成果’的激励模式。”

纽约市候任市长佐兰·马姆达尼的竞选主张是通过提高企业和富人的税收来为全民托育和免费公交提供资金。

The plan is structured in such a way that if Mr. Musk makes money, the company’s investors do, too — a point that the fund manager Cathie Wood made this week on the social media platform X.

该薪酬方案的设计确保马斯克获利时公司投资者也能受益——基金经理凯西·伍德本周在社交媒体平台X上强调了这一点。

“I do not understand why investors are voting against Elon’s pay package when they and their clients would benefit enormously if he and his incredible team meet such high goals,” Ms. Wood, who is the chief executive of Ark Invest, wrote.

身为方舟投资公司首席执行官的伍德写道：“我不明白投资者为何要投票反对埃隆的薪酬方案，若他与其卓越团队实现这些宏伟目标，投资者及其客户都将获得巨大回报。”

But Mr. Musk’s detractors, including officials who oversee public pension funds in New York and California, vigorously opposed the plan, saying it would concentrate too much wealth and corporate power in the hands of one person.

但马斯克的反对者，包括纽约和加州公共养老金基金的管理官员，强烈反对这项计划，称它会让过多的财富和公司权力集中在一个人手中。

“This is not pay for performance. It is pay for unchecked power,” Thomas DiNapoli, the New York State comptroller, told reporters and investors on a recent conference call.

纽约州审计长托马斯·迪纳波利在最新一次与记者和投资者的电话会议上表示：“这不是绩效薪酬，这是无约束权力得到的报酬。”

Even Pope Leo XIV weighed in, saying in an interview with Crux, a Catholic news website, that Mr. Musk’s compensation was a symptom of the growing disparity between working people and the wealthy. The median Tesla worker earned around $57,000 in 2024, according to a company securities filing.

甚至教宗良十四世也发表了看法，他在接受天主教新闻网站Crux采访时表示，马斯克的薪酬方案折射出工薪阶层与富豪群体日益扩大的鸿沟。根据公司的一份证券申报文件，2024年特斯拉员工的薪酬中位数约为5.7万美元。

Mr. Musk addressed some of those concerns obliquely, saying the company’s humanoid robot, Optimus, was the singular solution for addressing poverty. The robot remains under development.

马斯克间接回应了部分质疑，声称公司研发的人形机器人Optimus是消除贫困的唯一解决方案。目前该机器人仍处于开发阶段。

“People often talk about eliminating poverty, giving everyone amazing medical care. Well, there’s actually only one way to do that, and that’s with the Optimus robot,” Mr. Musk said. “You start getting into like, some pretty wild sci-fi sort of scenarios.”

“人们常说要消除贫困、让所有人享有优质医疗服务。但实际上只有一种方法能做到，那就是Optimus机器人，”马斯克说。“这即将带我们进入超乎想象的科学幻境。”

His pay plan had been expected to pass. Roughly half a dozen similar — albeit much smaller — executive stock packages have been put to a shareholder vote at publicly traded U.S. companies in the past three years, according to the proxy solicitation firm Georgeson. All but one of them passed.

这项薪酬方案的通过本在预料之中。据代理征求机构乔治森的数据，过去三年美国上市公司提交股东表决的类似高管股权激励方案约有六个（尽管规模小得多），除一个外均获通过。

Mr. Musk was allowed under state law in Texas, Tesla’s corporate residence, to vote his own shares. The executive owns about 15 percent of Tesla’s stock. His control could grow to almost 29 percent if he fulfills the terms of the pay plan, though he might have to sell some stock to pay taxes.

根据特斯拉注册地得克萨斯州法律，马斯克可以用自己持有的股份参与投票。他持有特斯拉约15%的股份。如果他达成薪酬计划的条款，其持股比例最高可增至近29%，不过他可能需要出售部分股票支付税费。

But another of the company’s biggest investors, the manager of Norway’s sovereign wealth fund, Norges Bank Investment Management, said it would vote against the pay package.

但公司另一大投资者——挪威主权财富基金运营机构挪威银行投资管理公司明确表示将投反对票。

“While we appreciate the significant value created under Mr. Musk’s visionary role, we are concerned about the total size of the award, dilution and lack of mitigation of key person risk,” the firm said, using a business term for a company’s dependence on one particular person.

该机构表示：“尽管我们认可马斯克在其富有远见的领导角色下所创造的巨大价值，但我们对这份奖励的总体规模、股权稀释效应以及未能缓解关键人员风险措施的缺失感到担忧。”这里的“关键人员风险”指公司过度依赖某一特定人物。

Other opponents said the plan’s terms allowed the Tesla board of directors too much leeway to award Mr. Musk the shares even if he does not achieve the product goals.

其他反对者则表示，该方案条款赋予特斯拉董事会过大自由裁量权，即使未达成产品目标仍可向马斯克授予股份。

Tesla’s board of directors rejected those complaints.

特斯拉董事会驳斥了这些质疑。

The compensation plan “was designed with one overarching purpose: to supercharge Tesla’s next phase of exceptional growth, innovation and value creation,” Robyn Denholm, the chair of the company’s board of directors, said in a letter to shareholders last month. “There are no layups, and Elon only gets additional voting rights if he delivers on bold market capitalization and operational goals.”

董事会主席罗宾·德霍姆上月致信股东称：该薪酬方案的“核心目标只有一个：加速特斯拉迈向新一轮非凡增长、创新与价值创造。没有易达成的指标，埃隆唯有达成远大的市值与运营目标，才能获得更多的投票权。”

Automakers around the world and their suppliers have begun scaling back production after a dispute over a Chinese-owned chipmaker in the Netherlands led to a shortage of the semiconductors needed to power the systems in vehicles.

荷兰一家中资芯片制造商引发的争端导致为汽车系统供电所需的半导体短缺，全球汽车制造商及其供应商因而开始减产。

Representatives from China and the European Union met on Tuesday in an effort to resolve the standoff, more than a month after the Dutch government seized control of the chipmaker, Nexperia. Beijing has halted deliveries of chips from its factories and criticized officials in the Netherlands for failing to work to find a resolution.

中国和欧盟的代表周二举行会晤，试图解决这一僵局。一个多月前，荷兰政府接管了这家名为安世的芯片制造商。北京方面叫停了中国工厂发货，并批评荷兰官员未能努力找到解决方案。

Efforts from Washington to try to resolve the dispute have failed, leaving more companies concerned they may be forced to halt production if a solution is not found soon.

华盛顿为解决争端所做的努力均以失败告终，更多公司担心，如果不能尽快找到解决方案，它们可能被迫停产。

Europe’s car industry has been the most vocal, but Nexperia makes thousands of chips used by other industries to make products like washing machines, vacuum cleaners, night vision devices, radars and tanks.

欧洲汽车行业对此反应最为强烈，但安世生产的数以千计种芯片还广泛应用于洗衣机、吸尘器、夜视设备、雷达及坦克等其他行业产品。

“I think there are very justified concerns about global manufacturing output being impacted if this can’t be resolved in the next few weeks,” said Chris Miller, author of the book “Chip War,” who reports widely on the semiconductor industry.

半导体行业资深报道者、《芯片战争》(Chip War)一书作者克里斯·米勒表示：“我认为，如果在未来几周内不能解决这个问题，对全球制造业产出受到影响的担忧是非常合理的。”

How did the chip dispute start?

这场芯片争端是如何开始的？

Nexperia, which has headquarters in the Netherlands, was bought by a Chinese company, Wingtech, in December 2019 and has since shipped basic, but necessary, chips to manufacturers around the world.

安世的总部位于荷兰，2019年12月被中国公司闻泰科技收购，此后一直向全球制造商供应基础但不可或缺的芯片。

In late September, the Dutch government took control of the company over what it said were concerns that more production could be moved to China from Europe. Documents from a court in Amsterdam showed that U.S. officials had pressured the Dutch government about the company’s ownership.

9月下旬，荷兰政府以担心更多生产可能从欧洲转移到中国为由接管该公司。阿姆斯特丹一家法院的文件显示，美国官员曾就该公司的所有权问题向荷兰政府施压。

Beijing responded by stopping export of the chips that are packaged at Nexperia’s factories there, sending automakers around the globe scrambling to secure supplies and warning about disruptions.

北京方面的回应是叫停了安世在华工厂封装芯片的出口，这使得全球汽车制造商纷纷争分夺秒地确保供应，并对供应链中断发出警告。

The White House announced on Saturday that as part of the trade deal between President Trump and the Chinese leader, Xi Jinping, shipments from Nexperia’s production sites in China would begin again. That has yet to happen.

白宫上周六宣布，作为特朗普总统和中国领导人习近平之间贸易协议的一部分，安世在中国的生产基地将恢复发货。但这尚未实现。

Some industry insiders have drawn parallels of the current situation to the shortages after economies around the world shut down during the coronavirus pandemic, while others have pointed to a significant difference.

一些业内人士将当前的情况与新冠疫情期间全球经济停摆后的芯片短缺相提并论，也有人指出了一个显著的不同之处。

“This is a politically induced situation,” Ola Källenius, chief executive of Mercedes-Benz, said on a call with analysts last week.

梅赛德斯-奔驰首席执行官康松林(Ola Källenius)上周在与分析师的电话会议上表示：“这是一个由政治因素引发的情况。”

去年在德国汉堡安世半导体生产线上的一块晶圆。

Why can’t the chips just be replaced?

为什么这些芯片不能被替代？

Semiconductors require a two-step production process. In Nexperia’s case, the front-end production takes place in Hamburg, Germany, while the back-end production, where the chips are completed and packaged, is done mostly in China.

半导体的生产过程需要两个步骤。以安世为例，其前端生产在德国汉堡进行，而芯片完成和封装的后端生产主要在中国进行。

To produce the chips in China, Wingtech would have to find wafers that were made locally, while Nexperia would need more options to finish the production outside China. The company already has some back-end production in Malaysia and the Philippines, but it is not enough to compensate for the loss of its Chinese sites.

要在中国生产芯片，闻泰科技必须找到本地生产的晶圆，而安世要想在中国以外的地方完成生产，也需要更多选项。该公司在马来西亚和菲律宾已经有一些后端生产，但这不足以弥补其中国工厂造成的损失。

Nexperia has the financial stability to make this happen, but it would take at least four to six months, said Antonia Hmaidi, a senior analyst at the Mercator Institute for China Studies in Berlin. On top of that, the chips have to be tested and receive certification before they can be used in cars.

柏林墨卡托中国研究学院的高级分析师安东尼娅·赫迈迪表示，安世有足够的财务稳定性来实现这一目标，但至少需要四到六个月的时间。除此之外，这些芯片在用于汽车之前必须经过检测和认证。

In recent years, analysts have warned that companies moving production to China should have a backup plan, even if it means higher operating costs to strengthen and diversify supply chains in case of an emergency.

近年来，分析师们一直警告称，将生产转移到中国的公司应该有一个备用计划，以防紧急情况，即便这意味着需承担更高运营成本来强化供应链韧性与多元化布局。

“This should be the latest wake-up call that anyone needs in terms of how far China is willing to go to protect its own companies,” Ms. Hmaidi said.

赫迈迪说：“这应该是最新的警钟，让所有人都知道中国愿意采取多么强烈的措施来保护自己的公司。”

Which carmakers are affected?

哪些汽车制造商受到了影响？

The necessity of Nexperia’s chips is reflected in the span of automakers announcing plans to curtail production. Mercedes, Stellantis and Nissan have set up task forces to help them figure out how to maintain production, while securing chips from other sources.

安世芯片的重要性体现在宣布减产计划的汽车制造商范围之广。梅赛德斯、斯特兰蒂斯和日产都成立了特别工作组，在寻求其他芯片来源的同时协助制定维持生产计划。

Bosch, Europe’s largest auto parts supplier, said the situation with Nexperia had presented “major challenges” that demanded flexibility. The company said that up to 1,000 of its employees at two factories in Germany might have to scale back to part-time work through a government-supported program that was also used during the pandemic.

欧洲最大的汽车零部件供应商博世表示，安世的情况带来了“重大挑战”，需要灵活应对。该公司表示，其在德国的两家工厂可能有多达1000名员工需要通过政府支持的计划转为兼职岗位，该计划在疫情期间也被使用过。

“We are using alternative sources of supply, optimizing inventory levels in our global manufacturing network and implementing technical alternatives,” said Inga Ehret, a spokeswoman for Bosch.

博世发言人英加·埃雷特表示：“我们正在使用替代供应源，优化我们全球制造网络中的库存水平，并实施技术替代方案。”

Nissan said on Wednesday that it would cut production at two plants in Japan because of the suspension of shipments from Nexperia. The company expects to have to “implement small-scale production adjustments involving several hundred units” at each factory starting next week, a spokeswoman said.

日产周三表示，由于安世暂停发货，将削减日本两家工厂的产量。发言人表示，预计下周起，每家工厂需“实施涉及数百辆车的微调生产计划”。

“The supply situation remains fluid, and we are monitoring developments closely,” she said. “Once supply stabilizes, we will recover quickly and ensure any impact on customer deliveries is minimized.”

她说：“供应情况仍然不稳定，我们正在密切关注事态发展。一旦供应稳定，我们将迅速恢复，将对客户交付的影响降到最低。”

The electric car pulling up to the conference hall was Chinese. The leader who stepped out was not.

驶抵会议大厅的电动车是中国的，但走下车的领导人却不是中国人。

The climate-friendly ride was carrying President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of Brazil, the host of this year’s U.N. Climate Change Conference, a gathering of dozens of world leaders in the Amazonian city of Belém.

这辆环保座驾承载的是巴西总统卢拉——今年联合国气候变化大会的主办国元首。这场汇聚了数十位世界领导人的会议在亚马孙城市贝伦召开。

The vehicle, a sleek black S.U.V. made by the Chinese automaker BYD, was part of a fleet of electric and hybrid cars assembled to shuttle delegations to the summit’s opening on Thursday, where they began negotiations on ways to cut emissions of planet-warming gases and slow down climate change.

这款流线型黑色SUV由中国车企比亚迪制造，属于为周四峰会开幕式准备的电动及混合动力车队。各国代表团乘坐这些车辆前往会场，就削减温室气体排放、减缓气候变化的方案展开谈判。

“We need to embrace a new way of life, a more just, resilient and low-carbon development model,” Mr. Lula said in his opening remarks on Thursday.

“我们需要拥抱一种新的生活方式，一种更公正、更具韧性且低碳的发展模式，”卢拉在周四的开幕致辞中表示。

That Brazil chose Chinese electric vehicles as the official means of transporting Mr. Lula and other world leaders sent a clear signal to many: In its quest to transform its roads and its economy, Latin America’s largest nation would be turning to China.

巴西选择中国电动车作为卢拉及其他世界领导人的官方用车，向许多人传递了明确信号：这个拉丁美洲最大的国家在寻求道路交通与经济转型之际，将目光投向中国。

The gesture highlighted the spectacular inroads that Chinese climate technologies have made in Brazil. It also underscored the absence of the United States at this year’s talks, known as COP30, which President Trump is not attending.

这一举措既凸显了中国气候技术在巴西取得的显著进展，也凸显了美国在今年这场名为COP30气候大会的缺席——特朗普总统并未出席。

“The world is moving on, even without U.S. political and technological leadership,” said Scott Kennedy, a senior adviser at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, a Washington research organization. “With these cars, Brazil is signaling that it has other options.”

“即便没有美国的政治与技术引领，世界仍在前行，”华盛顿智库战略与国际研究中心高级顾问斯科特·肯尼迪表示。“通过这些汽车，巴西在传递一个信息：它还有其他选择。”

Electric vehicles are widely seen as crucial in the fight against climate change because they reduce the world’s reliance on fossil fuels and eliminate emissions of carbon dioxide, the primary heat-trapping gas that’s warming Earth’s atmosphere.

电动车被广泛视为应对气候变化的关键力量，因为它们能减少全球对化石燃料的依赖，且不会排放二氧化碳——这种主要温室气体正导致地球大气升温。

While European and American automakers have struggled to pivot to making vehicles powered by electricity, China has gained ground by offering electric cars built with advanced technologies at lower prices than those of competitors like Tesla. This has made Chinese cars especially attractive in developing countries with less spending power.

当欧美车企仍在艰难转型电动车生产时，中国已凭借技术先进、价格低于特斯拉等竞争对手的电动车占据优势。这使得中国汽车在购买力较弱的发展中国家尤其具有吸引力。

China also controls the supply chains for the critical minerals that are needed to make the powerful batteries that go into these cars. The country is vying with United States for access to these strategic minerals, which are considered key to the technologies of the future and are also plentiful in Brazil and elsewhere in Latin America.

中国还掌控着电动车高性能电池所需关键矿产的供应链。这些被视为未来科技命脉的战略矿产在巴西及拉丁美洲其他地区储量丰富，正引发中美两国的激烈争夺。

Chinese electric cars have been rapidly gaining market share in Asia and Europe, now accounting for roughly two-thirds of the global market. In Brazil, the world’s sixth-largest car market, over 80 percent of electric vehicles sold are Chinese.

中国电动车已迅速抢占亚洲和欧洲市场份额，目前约占全球市场的三分之二。在全球第六大汽车市场巴西，售出的电动车中超过80%是中国品牌。

And Chinese automakers have made it clear that they have even bigger plans for Latin America.

中国车企也明确表示，它们对拉丁美洲有着更大的规划。

Last month, BYD inaugurated its biggest factory outside Asia, at a plant in Bahia State, in northeastern Brazil, that was once run by Ford. Also this year, GWM, another Chinese company, took over a massive plant that once belonged to the German automaker Mercedes-Benz. The plan is to sell the electric cars produced at these factories across Brazil and the rest of Latin America.

上个月，比亚迪在巴西东北部巴伊亚州启用了其在亚洲以外最大的工厂——该厂曾由福特运营。同样在今年，另一家中国企业长城汽车接管了一座曾隶属于德国车企梅赛德斯-奔驰的大型工厂。这些工厂生产的电动车计划销往巴西及拉丁美洲其他地区。

It is already clear whether electric vehicles are leaving a mark on Brazilian cities, including in Belém, a port city of 1.3 million near the mouth of the Amazon River that is frequently choked by traffic.

在贝伦等巴西城市，电动汽车的普及已带来显著变化。这座拥有130万人口的港口城市位于亚马孙河口附近，常年饱受交通拥堵困扰。

On a weekday just before the summit kicked off, the streets were gridlocked, but the clouds of exhaust were thinner than they had once been. The roads were dotted with electric cars, humming quietly in the midday traffic. Dignitaries zipped around in convoys made up of GWM pickup trucks, their windows frosted by air-conditioning. Electric buses shuttled passengers around the city.

峰会召开前的一个工作日，贝伦的街道依旧拥堵，但尾气烟雾较以往稀薄了许多。道路上随处可见电动车，在正午的车流中安静行驶。政要们乘坐由长城皮卡组成的车队穿梭往来，车窗因空调制冷凝结着雾气。电动巴士在城里穿梭，运送乘客。

“This technology is transforming the whole world,” Mr. Kennedy said. “And China has jumped into this space.”

“这项技术正在改变整个世界，”肯尼迪表示，“而中国已迅速切入这一领域。”

They called the police. They showed their wounds. They begged for protection.

她们报了警。她们展示了伤口。她们恳求保护。

But when two women in China tried to escape their violent husbands, the system that promised to protect them looked the other way, until it was too late. One woman died from being beaten. The other woman was left severely injured.

但当两名中国女性试图逃离施暴的丈夫时，那个承诺保护她们的体系却视而不见，直到为时已晚。一名女性被殴打致死。另一名女性身受重伤。

Their stories rippled across the Chinese internet, setting off a wave of anger over how the authorities treat domestic violence as a private family matter, even as state media has called for “zero tolerance” of abuses.

她们的故事在中国互联网上迅速传播，引发了愤怒，人们对当局将家庭暴力视为家庭私事的处理方式表示不满，尽管官方媒体已呼吁对虐待行为“零容忍”。

China’s leader, Xi Jinping, said the country needed to “resolutely combat all forms of violence against women” when he spoke at a global summit for women in Beijing last month. But he has also fostered a culture that emphasizes women’s traditional role at home, creating a reluctance among the police and courts to break families apart even when there is violence.

中国领导人习近平在上个月北京举行的全球妇女峰会上表示，国家需要“坚决打击针对妇女的一切形式的暴力行为”。但他也培养了一种强调女性传统家庭角色的文化，这导致警方和法院即使在存在暴力时也不愿拆散家庭。

c. A crackdown on nonprofit groups has made things worse by shutting down volunteers who once helped to provide aid and support to victims of domestic abuse.

活动人士表示，法律执行不一致导致大多数涉案者未受惩罚。对非营利组织的打压让情况变得更糟，曾经为家庭暴力受害者提供援助和支持的志愿者无法继续工作。

One of the cases that prompted the latest outcry was Zhang Liping, a woman who died in September at the age of 43 from fatal injuries after a beating by her ex-husband.

引发最新抗议的案件之一是张丽萍案，她于9月因前夫殴打伤重不治，年仅43岁。

According to reports in Chinese state-owned media, both the police in Yingkou, a county in Liaoning Province, where the assault took place, and the local branch of the women’s federation, a group appointed and run by the government to represent women’s interests, were aware of the abuse but failed to intervene to protect her.

根据中国官方媒体报道，事发地点在辽宁省营口县，当地警方以及政府任命并管理的妇女权益代表团体——当地妇联——均知晓虐待行为，但未能介入保护她。

Her older daughter, Yu Xinmeng, said on social media before her mother died that she had called the police several times over the years. As she sought public donations to cover her mother’s medical bills, Ms. Yu made public her mother’s hospital records, divorce certificate, police paperwork and multiple photos showing her mother’s face, so swollen from beatings that she couldn’t open her eyes fully.

她的长女于欣萌在母亲去世前在社交媒体上表示，多年来她曾多次报警。在为母亲的医疗费用寻求公众捐款时，于女士公开了母亲的医院记录、离婚证、警方文件以及多张照片，照片显示母亲的脸因殴打肿胀到无法完全睁开眼睛。

The women’s federation in the county of Yingkou confirmed to the Nanjing-based Modern Express news outlet that it had received a call for help from Ms. Zhang’s daughter and told her it could only provide “counseling and legal advice.” The group looked into financial assistance for Ms. Zhang but determined she wasn’t eligible because she was from Heilongjiang Province and not from Yingkou.

营口县妇联向南京《现代快报》确认，曾接到张女士女儿的求助电话，并告知只能提供“心理疏导和法律咨询”。该组织调查了为张女士提供经济援助的可能性，但因她户籍在黑龙江省而非营口，判定她不符合条件。

Ms. Yu, the daughter, didn’t respond to requests for comment. Multiple phone calls to the Yingkou women’s federation went unanswered, and the local police refused to comment.

于女士未回应置评请求。记者多次致电营口妇联亦无人接听，当地警方则拒绝置评。

China has a wide-ranging anti-domestic violence law that was signed into law in 2016 and covers both physical and emotional abuse, and includes legal tools that authorities can use, like protection orders and mechanisms for reported cases to be expedited.

中国有一部范围广泛的反家庭暴力法，于2016年生效，涵盖身体和精神虐待行为，并规定了当局可使用的法律工具，如人身安全保护令以及加快处理报案的机制。

“The law on paper is quite advanced,” said Xin He, a law professor at the University of Hong Kong. But when it comes to enforcement of the law, the authorities are failing many victims, and there are not enough social workers to support victims,” Professor He said.

“纸面上的法律相当先进，”香港大学法学教授贺欣说。但在法律执行方面，当局让许多受害者失望，而且缺乏足够的社会工作者来支持受害者，”他说。

“The system has a lot of inadequacies, which is why you see a lot of women that feel so helpless.”

“这个体系存在很多不足，这就是为什么你会看到很多女性感到如此无助。”

The police are not given proper training to handle domestic violence and the courts get tangled up in administrative hurdles.

警方缺乏处理家暴的专业培训，法院则常受行政程序掣肘。

In cities where there are more resources available, support for victims of domestic violence — typically women in abusive marriages — often clashes with the broader goal of the Communist Party to promote marriage and childbearing to raise the falling birth rate.

在资源较丰富的城市，对家暴受害者——通常是遭受婚姻虐待的女性——的支持往往与共产党推动婚育、提升下降的人口出生率这一更广泛目标相冲突。

Victims are encouraged to talk to their neighborhood committee, made up of low-level government workers who tend to deal more with day-to-day issues like garbage disposal. Then the local women’s federation will get involved, together with the police.

当局鼓励受害者联系居委会，该委员会由基层政府工作人员组成，通常负责处理垃圾清理等日常事务。随后当地妇联会连同警方一起介入。

辽宁营口的一条街道。营口一家旨在帮助女性的政府部门在接到多次求助后表示无法帮助张女士，因为她的户籍在其他省份。

“When the police intervene, then they will emphasize staying in the marriage. The police often see their role as a mediator,” said Minglu Chen, a senior lecturer at the University of Sydney who studies gender and politics in China. “There are also cultural forces in China, because the family is seen as a source of stability and any wrongdoing that happens within the family, you have to keep it in the family.”

“警方介入时，会强调维持婚姻。警方往往视自己为调解者，”悉尼大学研究中国性别与政治的高级讲师陈明璐说。“中国还有文化因素，因为家庭被视为社会稳定的基石，发生在家庭内的任何不当行为都必须留在家庭内部。”

At two homeless shelters in Shanghai that are also meant to accommodate victims of domestic violence, workers told reporters from The New York Times that a person fleeing abuse had to first contact the local women’s federation to be allowed to stay there.

在上海两家同时承担家暴受害者庇护职能的流浪者收容所，工作人员告诉《纽约时报》记者，逃离虐待者必须先联系当地妇联才能入住。

Neither shelter was able to say how one should reach such an official. One worker at a shelter in the district of Huangpu said they had never housed any victims of domestic violence.

两家收容所均无法说明如何联系此类官员。黄浦区一家收容所的工作人员表示，他们从未收容过任何家暴受害者。

A local Shanghai women’s federation did not respond to repeated requests for comment.

上海当地妇联未回应多次置评请求。

A week after Ms. Zhang died, the details of another case of abuse, 1,500 miles away in the southwestern city of Chengdu, emerged. A woman named Ms. Xie, who chose not to disclose her first name, told state broadcaster CCTV she was attacked by her husband more than a dozen times over her three-year marriage and that she had repeatedly asked the police to detain him.

张女士去世一周后，另一起虐待案件的细节在2400公里外的西南城市成都浮出水面。一名选择不透露全名的谢女士告诉CCTV，她在三年婚姻中被丈夫殴打十几次，曾多次要求警方拘留他。

In April 2023, she went to a court in Chengdu to seek a restraining order but was turned away. The court argued that the case was outside its jurisdiction because her husband was not originally from Chengdu.

2023年4月，她前往成都一家法院申请人身安全保护令，但被拒。法院称因其丈夫并非成都户籍，案件不在其管辖范围内。

Only 6,351 restraining orders were issued in 2024 across more than 3,000 courts nationwide. This amounted to an average of just two orders per court, according to a calculation by CCTV.

根据央视计算，2024年全国3000多家法院仅发出6351份人身安全保护令，平均每家法院仅两份。

When her husband found out that Ms. Xie had applied for a restraining order, he beat her for hours. She was sent to a hospital the next day, where doctors found that her liver, kidney and small intestine had ruptured. Her injuries, which included a broken nose and ribs, left her in critical condition for a week.

当得知谢女士申请保护令后，其丈夫将她殴打数小时。她次日被送往医院，医生发现她的肝脏、肾脏和小肠破裂。包括鼻梁骨和肋骨骨折在内的伤势让她在重症监护室度过了一周时间。

In interviews with state media, and in videos on her social media account, Ms. Xie said that in addition to calling the police six times, she had sought help from the local women’s federation, the civil affairs bureau, her residential committee and the local court. She was given the contact of a divorce lawyer, told how to apply for a restraining order and handed some paperwork to start the divorce process.

在接受官方媒体采访以及其社交媒体账号的视频中，谢女士表示，除了报警六次，她还向当地妇联、民政局、居委会和当地法院求助。她获得了一位离婚律师的联系方式、申请保护令的指导，以及启动离婚程序的一些文件。

Her husband was arrested five days after she was sent to the hospital. The court finally granted a divorce a year later in May 2024. The man, He Zhongyang, now her ex-husband, was sentenced to 11 years in prison several months later for “causing grievous physical harm with intent.”

在她入院五天后，其丈夫被捕。法院最终于2024年5月批准离婚。现在是她前夫的何忠阳数月后因“故意造成严重身体伤害”被判处11年监禁。

Her ex-husband had recently appealed his sentence, and a Chengdu court rejected the appeal on Sept. 9. Ms. Xie had urged the court to hand down the death penalty.

他对判决提出上诉，成都一家法院于9月9日驳回上诉。谢女士曾提请法院判处死刑。

But, she told Chinese media, she respected the ruling.

但她对中国媒体表示，她尊重裁决。

“It’s OK,” she later said in a video posted to her social media account. Looking directly into the camera, she gave a thumbs up. “I have survived another day. That is already very impressive.”

“没关系，”她随后在社交媒体账号发布的一段视频中说道。她直视着镜头，竖起大拇指。“我又活了一天。这已经很了不起了。”

A year ago, President Trump won the White House promising to fix the economy. On Tuesday, Republican losses delivered a reminder of the high political price that the party in power pays when voters are still feeling squeezed.

一年前，特朗普总统以振兴经济的竞选承诺入主白宫。而在周二，共和党在选举中的失利提醒人们：当选民仍然感受到经济压力时，执政党要付出高昂的政治代价。

Mr. Trump himself was not on the ballot, and he never held rallies in either of the states where new governors were elected on Tuesday. But the president was still a central character in the campaigns, a mainstay of the Democrats’ advertising and their arguments on the stump.

特朗普本人不在选票上，也未在周二举行州长选举的两个州举办集会。但总统依然是选战的核心人物——既是民主党广告中的常客，也是他们在竞选演讲中反复抨击的对象。

Democratic victories in New Jersey and Virginia were built on promises to address the sky-high cost of living in those states while blaming Mr. Trump and his allies for all that ails those places. In New York City, the sudden rise of Mayor-elect Zohran Mamdani, the democratic socialist with an ambitious agenda to lower the cost of living, put a punctuation mark on affordability as a political force in 2025.

民主党在新泽西州和弗吉尼亚州的胜利建立在解决当地生活成本高企的承诺之上，同时也将这些困境归咎于特朗普及其盟友。在纽约市，候任市长、民主社会主义者佐兰·马姆达尼的迅速崛起——他提出雄心勃勃的计划以降低生活成本——更是凸显出民生关切已经成为2025年的政治核心议题。

The results on Tuesday came after a drumbeat of polls showing that Mr. Trump and the Republican Party have seen their longtime edge on management of the economy evaporate.

此次选举结果出炉前，多项民调持续显示特朗普与共和党长期以来的经济治理优势已荡然无存。

“Exactly one year ago we had that big beautiful victory, exactly one year,” Mr. Trump said on Wednesday at a breakfast with Republican senators at the White House. “And last night it was not expected to be a victory — it was very Democrat areas — but I don’t think it was good for Republicans.”

“就在一年前，我们取得了那场美丽而巨大的胜利，整整一年，”特朗普周三在白宫与共和党参议员共进早餐时说道，“而昨晚，我们本来就不被看好——那些地方非常偏向民主党——但我认为结果对共和党并不理想。”

Mr. Trump’s own meandering focus on the economy has given plenty of fodder to Democrats. He tore down the East Wing for a new ballroom, lavishly remodeled the Lincoln bathroom, paved over the Rose Garden for a patio like the one at Mar-a-Lago and threw a “Great Gatsby”-esque Halloween party with the theme “a little party never killed nobody” during a government shutdown and on the eve of cuts to food assistance.

特朗普本人对经济的漫不经心也为民主党人提供了大量攻击素材。在政府停摆期间及食物补助削减前夕，他斥资拆除白宫东翼建造新舞厅，奢华装潢林肯卫生间，将玫瑰园铺砌成马阿拉歌庄园风格的露台，还以“偶尔放纵一下没什么大不了”为主题举办了《了不起的盖茨比》式万圣节派对。

“Trump is indifferent to the pain American families are feeling,” said Representative Suzan DelBene of Washington, who is leading the campaign arm of House Democrats headed into the 2026 midterms.

来自华盛顿州的联邦众议员苏珊·德尔本表示：“美国家庭正在承受痛苦，而特朗普对此无动于衷。”她正领导众议院民主党人备战2026年中期选举的竞选工作。

Only 30 percent of voters believe Mr. Trump has lived up to their expectations for tackling inflation and the cost of living, according to a recent NBC News poll, his lowest mark for any issue asked. And a meager 27 percent of voters in a CNN poll in late October said Mr. Trump’s policies had improved the country’s economic conditions — less than half of those who thought he had made matters worse.

据美国全国广播公司最新民调显示，仅30%的选民认为特朗普在应对通胀和生活成本方面达到预期，这是他在所有议题中得分最低的一项。美国有线电视新闻网10月底民调更揭示，仅27%的选民认为特朗普的政策改善了国家经济状况——这一比例不到认为他让情况变得更糟选民人数的一半。

“Trump promised to lower costs on Day 1,” Ms. DelBene said. “It’s a big broken promise from the Republican Party.”

“特朗普曾承诺上任第一天就会降低生活成本，”德尔本说。“这是共和党最大的失信承诺之一。”

Abigail Spanberger, a Democratic former congresswoman, flipped the governorship of Virginia with a campaign highlighting the fallout for the state’s economy from Mr. Trump’s efforts to dismantle parts of the federal government. Mikie Sherrill, a four-term congresswoman, won with a platform that prominently included a Day 1 promise to declare a state of emergency on utility costs and freeze rates.

民主党前众议员阿比盖尔·斯潘伯格在弗吉尼亚州长竞选中，通过强调特朗普瓦解部分联邦政府机构对该州经济造成的冲击，成功实现政党轮替。四届众议员米基·谢里尔则以上任首日宣布公用事业成本进入紧急状态并冻结收费为核心政纲赢得选举。

Both won by double digits.

两人都以两位数的优势胜出。

阿比盖尔·斯潘伯格在弗吉尼亚州州长选举中为民主党赢得胜利，她的竞选重点之一是强调特朗普削减联邦政府员工规模如何损害了该州。新泽西州州长选举的民主党获胜者米基·谢里尔在竞选中也重点强调了生活成本和民生关切议题。

The New Jersey race was especially revealing because the Republican nominee, Jack Ciattarelli, had tried to tap into the same frustration that voters have about the economic status quo — and direct that rage at Democrats who control the state government. But ads that had attacked Ms. Sherrill as “more of the same but worse” ultimately fell flat.

新泽西州的选情尤其能说明问题——共和党候选人杰克·恰塔雷利试图利用选民对经济现状的同等不满，将矛头引向控制州政府的民主党人。但攻击谢里尔“换汤不换药，甚至更糟糕”的广告最终未能奏效。

Kiersten Pels, a Republican National Committee spokeswoman, said that “these off-year races in deep-blue states aren’t predictors of 2026.” She insisted that voters still trusted Mr. Trump and that Democrats had gone “far left.”

共和党全国委员会发言人柯尔斯滕·佩尔斯声称：“这些深蓝州的非大选年角逐并不能预示2026年的选情。”她坚称选民依然信任特朗普，并指责民主党已“走得太左了”。

Mr. Mamdani’s rise from obscurity to national stardom showed the mobilizing power of affordability for Democrats. He used a campaign centered on specific and sweeping promises to defeat a once-powerful former governor, Andrew M. Cuomo.

马姆达尼从默默无闻到全国明星的崛起展示出民生关切议题对民主党选民的动员力量。他通过以具体而全面的承诺为核心的竞选纲领，击败了曾权倾一时的前州长安德鲁·科莫。

佐兰·马姆达尼在竞选中高度聚焦生活成本议题，有效动员了纽约市选民前往投票。

And Mr. Mamdani contrasted his own economic focus with the president’s wandering eye on the topic, at times saying that Mr. Trump had won on three promises in 2024 — to punish his enemies, do mass deportations and ease the cost of living — but only followed through on the first two.

马姆达尼在竞选中将自己对经济问题的专注与总统在这一议题上的心猿意马形成对比，他不时地指出，特朗普在2024年凭借三项承诺赢得大选——惩罚敌人、大规模驱逐移民以及降低生活成本——但最终只兑现了前两项。

Robert Blizzard, a Republican pollster, warned his party not to dismiss Mr. Mamdani and his “laserlike focus on” affordability even as Republican strategists were eager to make the 34-year-old democratic socialist the next face of the Democratic Party.

共和党民调专家罗伯特·布利泽德警告同僚，尽管共和党策略师们急于把这位34岁的民主社会主义者塑造成民主党的新面孔，但不要轻视马姆达尼及其对民生议题“激光般的专注”。

“Don’t just chalk up a Mamdani win to a woke candidate winning a woke city,” Mr. Blizzard said. “This is the wake-up call for policymakers on both sides of the aisle about the importance of focusing your campaigns on cost and affordability.”

“不要把马姆达尼的胜利简单归结为一个觉醒派候选人赢得了一个觉醒城市，”布利泽德说，“这对两党政策制定者都是一个警钟——提醒他们必须把竞选重点放在生活成本与民生关切上。”

In Washington, congressional Democrats have opened a front in the affordability wars through a government shutdown that is now the longest in American history. Senate Democrats are so far refusing to vote to reopen the government unless Republicans and Mr. Trump agree to address health care costs that are rising as federal subsidies lapse.

在华盛顿，国会民主党人正通过创下美国史上最长纪录的政府停摆开辟出民生关切之战的新战线。参议院民主党人迄今拒绝投票让政府重新开门，除非共和党人与特朗普同意解决因联邦补贴到期而持续攀升的医疗费用。

But the political dynamics at play on Tuesday were simple and familiar.

但周二展现的政治态势其实简单而熟悉。

Voters are unhappy about the economy and are starting to blame Republicans instead of Democrats.

选民对经济感到不满，开始把责任从民主党转向共和党。

众议院少数党领袖、众议员哈基姆·杰弗里斯上周在华盛顿。周二深夜他在CNN表示：“民生关切就是今天选票上的核心议题，而民主党在全美都取得了胜利。”

In some ways, Mr. Trump is in the unenviable position that Democrats were in a year ago, urging voters not to believe their own eyes — or wallets — when it comes to the economy.

在某种程度上，特朗普正陷入一年前民主党人的窘境——在经济议题上试图让选民不要相信自己的切身感受。

“We have no inflation,” Mr. Trump insisted on “60 Minutes” on Sunday. (There is inflation.)

“我们没有通货膨胀，”特朗普周日在《60分钟》节目中坚称。（实际上确实存在通胀。）

“Our groceries are down,” he said. (Grocery prices are up.)

“我们的食品杂货价格下降了，”他说。（实际上食品杂货价格上涨了。）

“No, we’re in great shape,” Mr. Trump pushed back at another point in the interview. “This country is in great shape. We’re ready to really rock.”

“不是的，我们的经济形势很好，”特朗普在采访的另一处反驳道。“这个国家状况很好，我们准备好大干一场了。”

Polls show voters feel otherwise.

但民调显示，选民并不这么认为。

“People aren’t dummy,” Senator Chris Murphy, Democrat of Connecticut, said in an interview. “They know prices aren’t going down.”

康涅狄格州民主党参议员克里斯·墨菲在采访中直言：“民众不是傻瓜，他们清楚物价根本没有下降。”

This doesn’t mean voters suddenly trust Democrats — the party’s approval stood at 29 percent in the recent CNN survey. But it does mean that Republicans have lost the benefit of the doubt.

这并不意味着选民突然开始信任民主党——根据最近的CNN调查，该党的支持率为29%。但这确实意味着选民不再愿意姑且相信共和党是对的。

Just two years ago, in September 2023, voters gave Republicans a roughly 20-percentage-point edge on the economy in an NBC poll. Now, Democrats and Republicans are statistically tied.

就在两年前的2023年9月，NBC民调显示选民在经济议题上对共和党的信任度领先约20个百分点。如今，两党在该领域的支持率不相上下。

Mr. Trump in particular has been trusted by voters on economic matters ever since he entered the political scene, with a reputation built on a decade of hosting the popular television show “The Apprentice” and the image of a decisive businessman.

自从特朗普进入政坛以来，他在经济事务上尤其受到选民信任，这种声誉建立在他主持长达十年的热门电视节目《学徒》以及他“果断商人”的形象之上。

Democrats have been seeking to chip away at the gains that Mr. Trump made among working-class voters in 2024 ever since he was sworn in surrounded by some of the world’s richest men: Elon Musk of Tesla, Jeff Bezos of Amazon, Mark Zuckerberg of Meta and Sundar Pichai of Google among them.

但自他在特斯拉的马斯克、亚马逊的贝佐斯、Meta的扎克伯格及谷歌的皮查伊等全球顶级富豪簇拥下宣誓就职起，民主党一直在削弱他在2024年从工人阶级选民那里获得的支持。

“Our focus on an economic agenda is — it’s certainly deliberate,” Ken Martin, the chairman of the Democratic National Committee, said in an interview.

民主党全国委员会主席肯·马丁在采访中坦言：“我们聚焦经济议程，这无疑是经过深思熟虑的。”

Republicans are hardly ceding the affordability fight. In an election eve rally by phone, Mr. Trump had framed Mr. Ciattarelli as the “cost of living” candidate.

共和党并未退出民生关切之战。特朗普在选前的电话集会上，将恰塔雷利塑造为“生活成本”议题的代言人。

And in Washington, Mr. Trump certainly has an economic agenda.

在华盛顿，特朗普也确实推行着自己的经济议程。

He has pushed sweeping tariffs as a panacea for America’s economic troubles. While his sweeping fees on imports have not caused the market blowback that many economists had predicted, they do say that the tariffs are raising prices for American consumers. A Goldman Sachs report said consumers were bearing a majority of the costs last month.

他力主将全面关税作为解决美国经济困境的灵丹妙药。虽然这些高额进口税并未引发许多经济学家所预测的市场反弹，但他们表示，这些关税正在推高美国消费者的物价。高盛的一份报告指出，上月大部分关税成本实际由消费者承担。

Congressional Republicans also passed and Mr. Trump signed a sweeping domestic policy bill that slashed taxes and made cuts to Medicaid and other social programs.

国会的共和党人还通过并由特朗普签署了一项全面的国内政策法案，削减税收并对医疗补助计划和其他社会项目进行削减。

But after polling showed that the legislation was unpopular with voters, Republicans not-so-subtly rebranded it from the One Big Beautiful Bill to the Working Families Tax Cut Act.

但在民调显示该立法在选民中极不受欢迎后，共和党人悄然将“大而美法案”改名为“工薪家庭减税法案”。

In public, President Trump has spent weeks disparaging Zohran Mamdani as an extremist, a communist and a danger to New York City.

在公开场合，特朗普总统已连续数周诋毁佐兰·马姆达尼，称其为极端分子、共产主义者，是纽约市的威胁。

He has also insisted he is “much better looking” than the 34-year-old Mr. Mamdani.

他还坚称自己比34岁的马姆达尼“好看多了”。

But in private, Mr. Trump has described Mr. Mamdani, now the mayor-elect of New York City, as a talented politician, calling him slick and a good talker, according to two people who discussed the president’s comments on condition of anonymity.

但据两名要求匿名透露总统言论的人士称，私下里，特朗普称这位纽约市候任市长是有才华的政治人士，认为他机敏善辩。

Despite the grudging compliment, the two men appear to be headed for a showdown, pitting the young democratic socialist against a president who has already treated him as a useful foil. For Mr. Trump, the mayor-elect is the face of Democratic opposition; just hours after Mr. Mamdani’s once-improbable victory, the president said that Democrats were “crazy” and so was “Mamdani, or whatever the hell his name is.”

尽管有这份不情愿的赞赏，两人似乎正走向对峙——这位年轻的民主社会主义者将与一位早已将其视为绝佳靶子的总统展开较量。对特朗普而言，这位候任市长是民主党反对势力的代表；就在马姆达尼上演这场看似不可能的胜利数小时后，总统便称民主党人“疯了”，“马姆达尼，或者管他叫什么鬼名字”也是一样。

Mr. Trump’s aides and allies acknowledge that Mr. Mamdani and New York City are likely to be the next targets of the president’s attacks, even as some caution that Mr. Trump has a vested interest in New York’s financial success because of his multiple real estate holdings.

特朗普的助手和盟友承认，马姆达尼与纽约市很可能成为总统下一轮攻击目标，但也有部分人提醒，由于特朗普在纽约拥有多处房地产资产，纽约的经济繁荣与他的既得利益息息相关。

On Wednesday, Mr. Trump even said he might “help him a little bit maybe” because he wanted New York City to succeed.

周三，特朗普甚至表示，或许会“稍微帮他一把”，因为他希望纽约市能取得成功。

Still, the president has already threatened to withhold federal money “other than the very minimum as required” from the city, although he cannot legally hold back money that Congress has authorized, with narrow exceptions. (When the administration has tried to withhold federal funds from cities over immigration policy, it has consistently lost in court.)

即便如此，总统已威胁要扣留联邦资金，“除法律规定的最低限额外”不再拨款给该市。不过除少数特殊情况外，他无权扣留国会已批准的资金。（此前政府曾因移民政策试图扣留部分城市的联邦资金，但在法庭上屡屡败诉。）

There are dozens of different funding streams to New York City from the federal government including money for health care, transportation and law enforcement, and if the administration were to withhold expected funds for any of those, it would most likely result in a lawsuit.

联邦政府向纽约市提供了数十项拨款，涵盖医疗、交通和执法等领域。若政府扣留其中任何一项预期的经费，大概率会引发诉讼。

Mr. Mamdani, for his part, seems ready for that fight. In his victory speech, he challenged Mr. Trump directly, vowing to fight back against federal efforts to meddle in New York.

而马姆达尼方面似乎已做好应战准备。在胜选演讲中，他直接向特朗普发起挑战，誓言反击联邦政府对纽约内部事务的干涉。

“So Donald Trump, since I know you’re watching, I have four words for you,” he said, taunting the TV-watching president. “Turn the volume up.”

“唐纳德·特朗普，我知道你在看，我有句话要对你说，”他向这位爱看电视的总统发出挑衅，“把音量开大点。”

特朗普总统周三在迈阿密发表演讲时继续抨击马姆达尼。但他同时表示，或许会“稍微帮帮”这位候任市长。

(The White House press secretary, Karoline Leavitt, later confirmed that Mr. Trump was, indeed, watching.)

（白宫新闻秘书卡罗琳·莱维特随后证实，特朗普当时确实在观看这场演讲。）

Mr. Mamdani said that he would not be cowed by the president’s threats and that New York City would provide the playbook for how to defeat Mr. Trump and his political movement.

马姆达尼表示，他不会被总统的威胁吓倒，并称纽约市将为击败特朗普及其政治运动提供行动指南。

“So hear me, President Trump, when I say this: To get to any of us, you will have to get through all of us,” he said.

“听我说，特朗普总统，”他说。“想动我们中的任何一个人，都得先过我们所有人这一关。”

Mr. Mamdani may have few, if any, levers to fight back against the Trump administration other than litigation. The mayor-elect has vowed to hire 200 additional lawyers to the city’s law department, partly to stand up to what his campaign described as “presidential excess.”

要对抗特朗普政府，马姆达尼除发起诉讼外也没有什么别的办法。这位候任市长承诺将为市政法律部门增聘200名律师，部分原因正是要抵御其竞选中所称的“总统权力滥用”。

In his second term, Mr. Trump has repeatedly shown his willingness, and at times eagerness, to use the levers of the federal government to exact revenge on his opponents. He has already cut billions of dollars in federal grants to states and cities run by Democrats, including New York City. He has sent the National Guard into Democratic-run cities against their wishes. And he has instructed the Justice Department to prosecute his political opponents, including the attorney general of New York.

特朗普在第二任期内屡次展现出利用联邦政府权力报复政敌的意愿，有时甚至显得急切。他削减数十亿美元联邦拨款，目标直指纽约市等民主党执政的州和城市；他不顾民主党城市意愿派遣国民警卫队进驻；他还指示司法部起诉政治对手，包括纽约州总检察长。

But some allies of the president privately said Mr. Mamdani’s victory could prove useful to Mr. Trump, allowing him to replicate a playbook he has long deployed to demonize Democratic leaders — such as former House Speaker Nancy Pelosi; Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Democrat of New York; and George Soros, the billionaire supporter of Democrats — to further his political agenda.

但总统的一些盟友私下表示，马姆达尼的胜选对特朗普可能反而有好处，使他得以再次使用长期用于妖魔化民主党领袖的套路——例如他对前众议院议长南希·佩洛西、纽约民主党众议员亚历山德里娅·奥卡西奥-科尔特斯，以及民主党亿万富翁支持者乔治·索罗斯采取的行动——从而推进其政治议程。

Since Mr. Mamdani won a surprise victory in the Democratic primary, Mr. Trump and his allies have tagged him as the future of the party, seeking to paint the Democratic Party as extreme. On Wednesday, as Mr. Trump assailed Democrats for allowing transgender women and girls to compete in women’s sports, the president lumped Mr. Mamdani into the fold.

自从马姆达尼在民主党初选中爆冷获胜以来，特朗普及其盟友便将其塑造成该党的未来代表，试图将民主党描绘成极端势力。周三，当特朗普抨击民主党允许跨性别女性和女孩参加女子体育赛事时，也将马姆达尼归入了同一阵营。

“He thinks it’s wonderful to have men playing in women’s sports,” Mr. Trump said.

“他觉得让男性参加女子体育赛事很棒，”特朗普说。

Mr. Mamdani has promised to defend the rights of transgender New Yorkers and to make the city a “sanctuary city” for L.G.B.T.Q. residents in the face of Mr. Trump’s policies targeting transgender people. He has not explicitly addressed the athletes issue, and a spokeswoman pointed to his record.

面对特朗普针对跨性别群体的政策，马姆达尼承诺将捍卫纽约跨性别者的权利，并使纽约成为LGBTQ居民的“庇护城市”。他尚未明确就运动员问题表态，其发言人仅提及他的过往言论。

Mr. Mamdani — who says he is a democratic socialist, not a communist — seems unafraid of mixing it up with the president, and on Wednesday morning, he dismissed concerns that he had sought to provoke Mr. Trump in his victory speech.

马姆达尼称自己是民主社会主义者，而非共产主义者。他似乎并不畏惧与总统针锋相对，周三上午，他淡化了外界对他在胜选演讲中刻意挑衅特朗普的质疑。

“I will work with the president if he wants to work together to deliver on his campaign promises of cheaper groceries or a lower cost of living,” the mayor-elect said in an interview on NY1. But, he repeated, “if the president looks to come after the people of this city, then I will be there standing up for them every step of the way.”

“如果总统愿意合作，兑现他竞选时关于食品杂货降价或降低生活成本的承诺，我会和他合作，”候任市长在接受NY1采访时表示，“但如果他想打压这座城市的民众，那我会全程挺身捍卫他们。”

David Axelrod, a Democratic strategist and a longtime adviser to former President Barack Obama, said some of Mr. Mamdani’s comments about Mr. Trump were “unnecessary playground stuff.”

民主党策略师、前总统奥巴马的长期顾问戴维·阿克塞尔罗德表示，马姆达尼关于特朗普的部分言论属于“没必要的校园操场式挑衅”。

“I don’t think that getting into a trolling contest with Trump is a very valuable thing to do, but standing firm when he is essentially waging a war on the city, that I think is required,” he said. “The question is: How do you challenge the president and still leave room for the idea that you’re going to be mayor for the whole city?”

“我认为，和特朗普陷入网络挑衅没什么意义，但当他实质上向这座城市宣战时，坚决反击是必要的，”他说。“关键问题在于：如何在挑战总统的同时，还能守住为全市服务的市长理念？”

Mr. Trump, a born-and-raised New Yorker, is deeply concerned with the city’s affairs. His advisers tried to meddle in the race to sink Mr. Mamdani, though they were unsuccessful, and Mr. Trump campaigned for president multiple times in New York City last year, even though its residents reliably support Democrats.

特朗普是土生土长的纽约人，对纽约市事务一直非常关注。他的顾问曾试图干预选举，阻挠马姆达尼当选，但未能成功；去年特朗普多次在纽约市开展总统竞选活动，尽管该市选民向来支持民主党。

And so, some of the president’s allies in New York are encouraging him to take a more diplomatic approach to the city.

因此，特朗普在纽约的部分盟友鼓励他对这座城市采取更圆滑的态度。

John Catsimatidis, a billionaire grocery and oil magnate in New York, said he told the president not to hold back money that would help New Yorkers. He also said he did not think the president needed to send the military into the city. Instead, he recommended to Mr. Trump that the federal government closely monitor all federal funds that are distributed to New York City.

纽约食品和石油大亨、亿万富翁约翰·卡齐马蒂迪斯表示，他已告知总统，不要扣留那些能帮到纽约民众的资金，也认为总统没必要向纽约派遣军队，而是建议特朗普让联邦政府密切监控拨给纽约市的所有联邦资金。

“They’re not going to send him money and allow him to spend it the way he is going to want,” he said, adding, “I think he’ll monitor the situation very closely because he cares about New York.”

“他们不会给他钱，然后让他随心所欲地花，”他还说。“我认为总统会密切关注情况，因为他在乎纽约。”

The French government said on Wednesday that it was suspending access to the online retailer Shein until the company proved that its content complied with French laws, after the discovery this week of child pornography sex dolls posted for sale on its site drew nationwide furor.

法国政府周三表示，暂停在线零售商Shein的访问权限，直至该公司证明其内容符合法国法律，此前该网站于本周被发现上架销售儿童色情题材性爱玩偶，引发全国公愤。

The crackdown, ordered by Prime Minister Sébastien Lecornu, added to a ballooning controversy over Shein in France. The company on Wednesday opened a store in Paris, its first brick-and-mortar location in the world, drawing throngs of protesters and shoppers alike to a chaotic scene.

这项整治行动由法国总理塞巴斯蒂安·勒科尔尼下令，它使得Shein在法国的争议进一步升级。周三，Shein在巴黎开设了全球首家实体店，吸引了大批抗议者和购物者前往，现场一片混乱。

More than 200 police officers surrounded BHV Marais, a department store where Shein had taken over the top floor, and sought to keep order as crowds lined up to get in. Hundreds of protesters massed across the street behind barricades, shouting “Shame on you!” to those waiting in line, while passing cyclists hurled insults.

200多名警察包围了BHV玛黑百货公司，竭力维持排队入场的秩序——Shein占据了该商场顶层作为门店。数百名抗议者在街对面的路障后聚集，向排队者高呼“可耻”，路过的骑行者也发出谩骂。

Andreia Chavent, a worker at BHV Marais, said many employees were upset by what they viewed as the incursion into France of a low-cost Chinese competitor that used cheap labor and violated environmental standards to make its clothes.

BHV玛黑百货公司员工安德烈娅·沙万表示，许多员工对这家中国低成本竞争对手闯入法国市场感到不满，认为其使用廉价劳动力、违反环保标准生产服装。

“We are directly concerned by how people work, what the conditions are like and how the clothes are made, even if it’s not in France,” said Ms. Chavent, who is also a member of the C.F.D.T., France’s largest union. The controversy over the sex dolls had made things worse, she added.

身为法国最大工会C.F.D.T.成员的沙万说：“即便生产地不在法国，我们也直接关切劳动者的工作方式、劳动条件以及服装的生产过程。”她还说，性玩偶引发的争议让情况雪上加霜。

The French government had threatened on Monday to bar Shein from selling its products online in the country and referred the company to the Paris prosecutor after an investigation found that sex dolls “resembling children” were being sold on the company’s platform in France. The dolls, which were the size of little girls, were of a “child pornography nature,” the country’s consumer fraud agency said.

法国政府周一曾威胁要禁止Shein在法线上销售产品，并将该公司移交巴黎检察官处理。此前调查发现，Shein法国区平台上正销售“酷似儿童”的性玩偶。法国消费者欺诈监管机构表示，这些玩偶体型与女童相当，具有“儿童色情性质”。

A spokesman for Shein, Quentin Ruffat, told French radio on Tuesday that the company had moved immediately to stop the sale of sex dolls on its site, temporarily delisted the “adult products” category and expanded a blacklist of key words that could be used to search for such products.

Shein发言人昆廷·鲁法周二向法国电台透露，公司已立即采取行动停止销售相关性玩偶，暂时下架“成人用品”分类，并扩大了可用于搜索此类产品的违禁词库。

Even as Shein’s arrival in France has unified politicians and fashionistas in anger, the brand has positioned itself as an affordable and popular alternative to expensive French brands.

尽管Shein登陆法国引发政客和时尚界人士一致愤怒，但该品牌仍将自己定位为昂贵法国品牌备受欢迎的平价替代品。

On Wednesday, the physical boutique was eagerly awaited by influencers and consumers looking to buy ultracheap knockoffs, from pink miniskirts to black berets, at low prices in an otherwise highbrow department store known for its steep price tags.

周三，这家线下门店受到网红和消费者的热切期待——他们希望能在这家以高昂价格著称的高端百货公司里，买到从粉色迷你裙到黑色贝雷帽等超低价仿制品。

Maya Jacobi, a tourist from Israel, waited in line with her sister who is getting married, “so we came to buy some stuff, cheap stuff,” she said.

来自以色列的游客玛雅·雅各比正和他即将结婚的姐妹在外排队等候，她说：“我们来买点东西，便宜货。”

Philippe Hamard, 27, showed up in a sharp-looking jacket and shirt he had bought online from Shein. “When I saw that Shein was coming to France, I said, ‘Yay!’ Because it still takes 20 weeks” for clothing purchased on the site to arrive, he said.

27岁的菲利普·阿马尔穿着从Shein网购的时髦夹克和衬衫来到现场。“看到Shein进驻法国时我超开心！因为网购的衣服要等20周才能送达。”他说。

He added that he did not buy from Shein often because of “environmental issues and all that.” But, he added, “I still buy from time to time for fun.”

他还说，因为“环保之类的问题”，自己不常在Shein购物，但是“偶尔会因为好玩买一点”。

As for the doll controversy, he added: “I think there are a lot of controversies at the moment. But people will forget about it.”

至于玩偶争议，他表示：“目前争议确实很多，但人们很快就会忘记的。”

China has postponed a mission to return three astronauts from its space station after a suspected debris strike on a spacecraft, the country’s space authorities said on Wednesday.

中国航天部门周三表示，因航天器疑似受到太空碎片撞击，推迟三名航天员从空间站的返航任务。

The China Manned Space Agency said in a statement that an analysis of the suspected strike and a risk assessment was underway, and that it had decided to delay the return mission for the health and safety of the astronauts.

中国载人航天工程办公室在声明中称，目前对疑似撞击事件正在进行影响分析及风险评估工作，为保障航天员的健康安全，决定推迟返航任务。

The mission, known as Shenzhou-20, was launched on April 24 from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in northern China’s Gobi Desert and is the 35th flight of the country’s manned space program. The astronauts — the mission commander, Chen Dong, and Chen Zhongrui and Wang Jie — have spent six months in orbit at the Tiangong space station. They were expected to return on Thursday to the Dongfeng Landing Site in China’s northern region of Inner Mongolia.

这次任务名为神舟二十号，于4月24日从中国北部戈壁沙漠的酒泉卫星发射中心发射升空，是中国载人航天工程的第35次飞行任务。航天员包括指令长陈冬、航天员陈忠瑞和王杰，已在天宫空间站轨道驻留六个月。他们原计划于周四返回中国北部内蒙古的东风着陆场。

The investigation into the debris strike on Shenzhou-20 will include an assessment of the impact to determine whether it caused any damage to critical parts of the spacecraft’s system, creating a problem for re-entry back to Earth.

针对神舟二十号遭遇碎片撞击的调查将包括撞击影响评估，以确定是否对航天器系统关键部件造成损坏，从而影响返回地球。

Debris in space has become a bigger problem in recent years as more satellites are sent into orbit. Rocket pieces often remain in orbit long after satellites are launched.

随着入轨卫星的数量增多，太空碎片问题近年来日益突出。卫星发射后，火箭残骸往往会长期滞留轨道。

Antisatellite tests have created large volumes of waste, too. Scientists are tracking debris from one Chinese strike in 2007 that destroyed a weather satellite.

反卫星试验同样制造了大量太空垃圾。科学家们仍在追踪2007年中国一次反卫星试验产生的碎片，该试验摧毁了一颗气象卫星。

Scientists and space organizations have done a good job of cataloging larger objects in space, making it easier to avoid collisions, said Christophe Bonnal of the International Academy of Astronautics. But numerous smaller objects, like micrometeroids and debris, float in space, too.

国际宇航科学院的克里斯托夫·邦纳尔表示，科学家和航天机构已对太空中的大型物体进行了妥善分类编目，这让规避碰撞变得更加容易。但太空中还漂浮着大量微小物体，比如微流星体和碎片。

“You don’t see them, and they are deadly,” Mr. Bonnal said.

“这些小物体肉眼不可见，却具有致命杀伤力。”邦纳尔说。

An object as small as 1 millimeter can wreak havoc in space because it will have a similar impact as a bowling ball barreling down at 100 kilometers per hour on earth, Mr. Bonnal said. Some estimates say that there are about 130 million such objects orbiting the earth.

邦纳尔指出，一颗直径仅1毫米的物体在太空中也能造成严重破坏，其撞击力相当于地球上时速100公里飞驰的保龄球。据估计，地球轨道上约有1.3亿个此类微小物体。

The probability of collisions in space has risen in the last decade with the deployment of large satellite constellations such as SpaceX’s Starlink and two Chinese equivalents, Qianfan and Guowang.

过去十年间，随着SpaceX的“星链”，以及中国“千帆”、“国网”等大型卫星星座的部署，太空碰撞的概率有所上升。

“We can see there are more risks,” said Bian Zhigang, vice administrator of China’s National Space Administration.

“我们能看到风险在增加，”中国国家航天局副局长卞志刚表示。

His country is researching “the active removal of space debris on orbit,” Mr. Bian said, speaking at the International Astronautical Congress in Sydney in September.

今年9月，卞志刚在悉尼举行的国际宇航大会上透露，中国正在研究“在轨主动清除太空碎片”技术。

China’s space agency addressed questions about space debris strikes last year, saying at a news conference that in extreme situations, it could launch one of its standby emergency spacecraft to rescue astronauts. In this case, that would mean sending an unmanned spacecraft to the space station for the Shenzhou-20 crew to return home.

中国航天部门去年曾在新闻发布会上回应太空碎片撞击相关问题，表示极端情况下可发射备用应急航天器营救航天员。具体而言，此次可能会向空间站发射无人航天器，接神舟二十号乘组返回地球。

After launching its first satellite in 1970, China fell behind in space exploration for two decades until the 1990s.

中国于1970年发射了第一颗人造卫星，此后二十年间，其太空探索事业落后于世界，直到20世纪90年代才逐步追赶。

Over the past few years, its space program has catapulted from fourth in world rankings behind the United States, Russia and Europe, to a close second behind the U.S. with a large stable of launch vehicles, said Jonathan McDowell, an astronomer and expert on space exploration.

天文学家、太空探索专家乔纳森·麦克道威尔表示，过去几年间，中国航天事业已从世界第四（落后于美国、俄罗斯和欧洲）跃升至紧随美国之后的第二位，拥有了完备的运载火箭体系。

“They have now moved to this era of permanent human occupation,” Mr. McDowell said, referring to the fact that the space station always has a Chinese astronaut. “That is a really impressive achievement from a late starter.”

“中国现已进入人类长期驻留太空的时代。”麦克道威尔说，他指的是中国空间站始终有航天员驻留的现状。“对于后来者而言，这是一项令人印象深刻的成就。”

During their time in space, the Shenzhou-20 crew has made several spacewalks, handled cargo deliveries and conducted scientific experiments, among other tasks.

神舟二十号乘组在轨期间完成了多次出舱活动、货物转运、科学实验等任务。

They were joined last week at the Tiangong station by a relief crew aboard another spacecraft known as the Shenzhou-21. Both spacecraft are now docked at the station.

上周，神舟二十一号乘组已乘坐另一艘航天器抵达天宫空间站执行轮换任务，目前两艘飞船均与空间站对接。

Zohran Mamdani, a 34-year-old state lawmaker, was elected New York’s 111th mayor on Tuesday, riding a historic surge of enthusiasm as the nation’s largest city embraced generational and ideological change.

34岁的州议员佐兰·马姆达尼于周二当选纽约第111任市长，借助一股历史性的热情浪潮，全美最大城市迎来了世代更替与意识形态变革的时刻。

The Associated Press called the race just 35 minutes after polls closed, cementing a stunning upset that took root in June’s Democratic primary. Then and now, Mr. Mamdani handily dispatched former Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo, the scion of a New York dynasty, and the big-money super PACs backing him.

美联社在投票结束仅35分钟后即宣布了结果，这场自6月民主党初选便埋下种子的政治逆袭终成定局。从初选到大选，马姆达尼始终以压倒性优势击败了前州长、出身纽约政治世家的安德鲁·科莫，以及他身后那些资金雄厚的超级政治行动委员会。

Tuesday’s results underscored how thoroughly Mr. Mamdani has built his own new coalition of support, uniting younger voters with working-class immigrant enclaves in Queens. But he also made gains in working-class Black and Latino communities compared with the primary.

周二的选举结果充分表明，马姆达尼通过团结年轻选民与皇后区的工薪阶层移民社区，成功地建立起全新的支持者联盟。与初选相比，他在工薪阶层黑人与拉丁裔社区的支持率也显著提升。

Here are seven takeaways from election night:

以下是选举之夜的七大看点：

Mamdani got the most votes since the 1960s.

马姆达尼获得了自20世纪60年代以来纽约市长选举的最高票。

In an era of low turnout nationwide, participation in Tuesday’s mayoral election in New York City was nothing short of electric, approaching numbers not seen in half a century.

在全美投票率低迷的时代，周二的纽约市长选举热度空前，投票人数接近半个世纪以来的最高水平。

More than 2 million New Yorkers cast their ballots. That figure was almost double the 1,100,000 people who voted for mayor four years ago. In some areas of Brooklyn, Queens and Manhattan, participation approached presidential election levels.

超过200万纽约市民前去投票，这一数字几乎是四年前市长选举110万投票人数的两倍。在布鲁克林、皇后区和曼哈顿的一些地区，投票率直逼总统大选规模。

Mr. Mamdani drove the surge. He was the first candidate since John V. Lindsay in 1969 to win over one million votes in a mayoral election in the five boroughs. (Overall turnout that year, 2,458,203 people, still slightly topped Tuesday’s total, though.)

马姆达尼直接推动了这场投票热潮——他成为自1969年约翰·林赛以来，首位在五个行政区获得超百万选票的市长候选人（尽管当年总投票数2,458,203人仍略高于本周二的票数）。

马姆达尼的胜选得益于他成功地建立起全新的支持者联盟，其中包括皇后区和布朗克斯的南亚裔工薪阶层移民。

Mamdani built his own new Democratic coalition.

马姆达尼建立了他自己的民主党人新联盟。

For decades, Democrats in New York City have prevailed with a fairly static coalition: white liberals in Manhattan and Brooklyn, Black and Latino voters, ultra-Orthodox Jewish communities and a smattering of other immigrants.

数十年来，纽约市的民主党人一直依靠相对固定的联盟取胜：曼哈顿与布鲁克林的白人自由派、黑人与拉丁裔选民、极端正统派犹太社区及少数其他移民群体。

Early results suggest that Mr. Mamdani reworked the contours of that coalition, stitching together new alliances that could shift the city’s political outlook for years to come.

初步计票结果显示，马姆达尼重新调整了这一联盟的结构，他构建的新联盟可能改变纽约未来数年的政治版图。

He ran up 40- and 50-point margins in Brooklyn’s affluent Brownstone belt, swept northern Manhattan and secured slightly more narrow margins in historically Black and Latino areas of Brooklyn and the Bronx.

他在布鲁克林富裕的“褐石带”赢得了40至50个百分点的巨大优势，横扫曼哈顿北部，并在布鲁克林和布朗克斯历来以黑人和拉丁裔为主的地区以较小优势获胜。

Mr. Cuomo pulled away in Orthodox Jewish precincts, where he approached 80 percent of the vote, and clearly won large numbers of more liberal Jewish voters in Manhattan and Riverdale in the Bronx that typically back the Democratic nominee.

科莫则在正统派犹太人选区中遥遥领先，获得接近80%的选票；同时，他还赢得了曼哈顿和布朗克斯河谷区大量更自由派的犹太选民的支持——这些选民通常都会支持民主党候选人。

But Mr. Mamdani, who will be the city’s first Muslim and South Asian mayor, more than made up for those losses with two groups most Democrats have overlooked: the young residents of gentrifying neighborhoods like Bushwick and Williamsburg, and the taxi drivers, bodega owners and other working-class South Asian immigrants in Queens and the Bronx.

但即将成为纽约首位穆斯林和南亚裔市长的马姆达尼通过赢得两个长期被民主党忽视的群体弥补了这些损失：布什维克与威廉斯堡等士绅化社区的年轻居民，以及皇后区与布朗克斯的出租车司机、小杂货店老板等南亚工薪阶层移民。

Cuomo squeezed his Republican rival — but not enough.

科莫虽压制了他的共和党对手——但还不够。

As he saw his chances fading, Mr. Cuomo, a lifelong Democrat, launched a furious and at times ugly campaign to pull away supporters from Curtis Sliwa, the Republican nominee.

眼见选情告急，这位终身民主党人发动了一场激烈的、有时甚至丑陋的竞选攻势，试图从共和党候选人柯蒂斯·斯利瓦那里拉走支持者。

He blanketed Fox News and conservative talk radio, at one point laughing along with a shock jock who said Mr. Mamdani would cheer for a Sept. 11-style terrorist attack. He flipped key Republican endorsers. And on the eve of the election, Mr. Cuomo even won an endorsement from President Trump.

他在福克斯新闻和保守派电台上铺天盖地地投放广告，甚至在一位喜欢发表极端言论的电台主持人声称马姆达尼会为“类似9·11的恐怖袭击”欢呼后，与对方一起大笑。他成功争取到关键共和党人的背书，更在选举前夜获得特朗普总统的公开支持。

Mr. Cuomo’s message to voters on the right was blunt: “He cannot win. You vote for Curtis, save yourself the time, and vote for Mamdani.”

科莫向右派选民传递的信息非常直白：“他赢不了。你要是打算投柯蒂斯的票，不如省点事，直接投马姆达尼吧。”

The effort appears to have been remarkably successful. Mr. Cuomo won Republican sections of Staten Island and Southern Brooklyn handily. Mr. Sliwa was on track to win just 7 percent Tuesday night.

这番操作成效显著：科莫在史坦顿岛与布鲁克林南部的共和党票仓轻松取胜。斯利瓦在周二夜晚仅获得7%的选票。

It was not enough for Mr. Cuomo to make up the difference.

然而这一切仍不足以扭转科莫的败局。

“这场竞选是一场值得一战的斗争，我为我们所做的一切以及我们共同完成的事情感到自豪，”安德鲁·科莫在周二晚间败选后说道。

Despite spending $40 million, super PACs could not pull Cuomo to victory.

尽管投入了4000万美元，超级政治行动委员会仍未能让科莫取得胜利。

Billionaires like Bill Ackman and former Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg pumped millions of dollars into super PACs supporting Mr. Cuomo with the hopes of defeating Mr. Mamdani.

比尔·阿克曼与前市长迈克尔·布隆伯格等亿万富翁向支持科莫的超级政治行动委员会注资数百万美元，希望击败马姆达尼。

In advertisements and on social media, they focused on the fact that Mr. Mamdani is an avowed democratic socialist; parsed his positions on the war in Gaza; and highlighted his relative inexperience.

在广告和社交媒体上，他们集中攻击马姆达尼自称是民主社会主义者这一点，挑剔他在加沙战争问题上的立场，并强调他相对缺乏经验。

At the end of the race, the political ads dipped into what Mr. Mamdani called “naked bigotry” and Islamophobia. An advertisement from one super PAC, For Our City, placed a picture of a smiling Mr. Mamdani in front of the collapsing World Trade Center.

到了选战末期，这些政治广告沦为马姆达尼所称的“赤裸裸的偏见”和恐伊斯兰。一个名为“为了我们的城市”的超级政治行动委员会在广告中将马姆达尼微笑的照片置于坍塌的世贸中心背景前。

Super PACs supporting Mr. Cuomo have raised more than $40 million while those supporting Mr. Mamdani have raised about $10 million. According to Campaign Finance Board records, Fix the City spent more than $29 million to boost the campaign of Mr. Cuomo and to attack his two opponents in the election.

支持科莫的超级政治行动委员会筹得超过4000万美元，而支持马姆达尼的仅筹得约1000万美元。根据竞选财务委员会记录，“修复城市”组织投入了逾2900万美元为科莫造势，并攻击他的两位对手。

It was not decisive.

但这些资金并未成为决定性因素。

Mr. Mamdani successfully framed the attacks as an example of how the very wealthy, whom he has proposed taxing to fund some of his campaign platform, were obstacles to New Yorkers seeking a better quality of life.

马姆达尼成功将这些攻击塑造为富豪阻挠纽约市民追求更优质生活的例证——他早前曾提议通过对富豪征税来资助其部分竞选政纲。

Mamdani made progress in working-class Black and Latino neighborhoods.

马姆达尼在工薪阶层的黑人与拉丁裔社区取得了进展。

During the primary, Mr. Mamdani struggled to win some working-class Black and Latino areas. He overcame those challenges in a major way on Tuesday night.

初选期间，马姆达尼在部分工薪阶层黑人与拉丁裔选区战绩不佳。但在周二夜晚，他大幅逆转了这一局面。

With almost 90 percent of the votes counted, Mr. Mamdani was winning the Bronx by 11 points, a striking turnaround from the primary when he lost the county to Mr. Cuomo by 18 points.

在已完成近90%计票的情况下，马姆达尼在布朗克斯区以11个百分点领先，这与初选时在该区落后科莫18个百分点的局面形成惊人逆转。

In working-class neighborhoods like Kingsbridge in the Bronx, Mr. Cuomo beat Mr. Mamdani by almost two points in the primary. On Tuesday night, Mr. Mamdani was winning the neighborhood by 14 points.

在布朗克斯金斯布里奇等工薪阶层社区，科莫初选时曾领先马姆达尼近两个百分点，而本周二马姆达尼在该地反超14个百分点。

In Brownsville, Brooklyn, one of the most economically deprived neighborhoods in the city, Mr. Mamdani was winning by 18 points. Mr. Cuomo had won the neighborhood by 40 points in the primary.

在布鲁克林布朗斯维尔这个全市经济最困顿的社区之一，马姆达尼领先18个百分点——而科莫在初选时曾于此地大胜40个百分点。

But things changed after the primary. Mr. Mamdani said doors to places in some of those neighborhoods that he lost began to open to him. As the Democratic nominee for mayor, community groups wanted to meet with him, and he suddenly found himself invited into pulpits to speak almost every Sunday.

初选后的形势发生了转变。马姆达尼表示，在那些他此前失利的社区，一些地方开始向他敞开大门。作为民主党市长候选人，各社区组织纷纷希望与他会面，而他突然发现，几乎每个星期天自己都被邀请到教堂讲坛上发言。

The campaign also made a point of emphasizing how Mr. Mamdani’s focus on affordability would help a family of four in Brownsville as much as it would a young person who had recently moved to the city.

竞选团队还着重强调马姆达尼的可负担性政策，不仅能帮助布朗斯维尔的一个四口之家，同样也能惠及刚搬到城市的年轻人。

“It is really without a question an electoral victory that belongs to working-class and middle-class people who are dissatisfied with a political system that tells people who are struggling to just wait or endure,” said Ana María Archila, a co-director of the New York Working Families Party.

纽约劳工家庭党联合主任安娜·玛丽亚·阿奇拉指出：“这场选举胜利毫无疑问属于工薪阶层与中产阶级——他们早已对那个只会让困境中人们忍耐等待的政治体系深感不满。”

Andrew Cuomo has reached his expiration date.

安德鲁·科莫的时代已经走到尽头。

There was a time, not that long ago, when Mr. Cuomo, 67, was not only the most powerful Democrat in New York, but widely considered a viable candidate for the White House.

曾几何时——就在不久前——67岁的科莫不仅是纽约最具权势的民主党人，更被普遍视为入主白宫的潜力人选。

That seemed like another lifetime on Tuesday night, as he faced his second stinging defeat in just five months. The results suggested he held onto support among some Black and many Jewish Democrats. But after running a scorched-earth campaign against Mr. Mamdani, the lifelong Democrat performed far better in many Republican precincts than solidly Democratic ones.

但在周二晚，当他在短短五个月内遭遇第二次惨败时，那一切恍如隔世。计票结果显示，他保住了部分黑人选民和许多犹太裔民主党人的支持。然而这位终身民主党人在对马姆达尼发动焦土战略后，他在众多共和党选区的得票率远胜于传统的民主党票仓。

Mr. Cuomo may yet run for another office, but after decades of him and his father, Mario M. Cuomo, many voters said they were done.

科莫也许还会再次参选其他职位，但在他和其父马里奥·M·科莫统治数十年之后，许多选民表示他们已经厌倦了。

“We need someone who’s trying to turn a new leaf for New York City,” said Alexis Pierson, 35, an interior designer from Brooklyn.

“我们需要一个愿意为纽约市翻开新篇章的人，”35岁的布鲁克林室内设计师亚历克西斯·皮尔森说道。

“Cuomo?” she added. “Been there, done that.”

“科莫？”她补充道，“已经是过去式了。”

The rich could not make up their minds.

富人们举棋不定。

It was an election, in many ways, about New York City’s spiraling living costs, the haves and have-nots. Evidently, the haves could not agree about whom to vote for.

这次选举在许多方面都与纽约市不断攀升的生活成本有关，也反映出贫富分化问题。显然，富人们自己也无法就投给谁达成一致。

Mr. Cuomo, a Sutton Place resident who earned nearly $5 million last year, clearly appealed to his neighbors a few blocks away on the Upper East Side, long the bastion of New York’s superrich. He won every block touching Central Park on the East Side between 59th and 102nd Streets, and many more nearby.

居住于萨顿坊、去年收入近500万美元的科莫显然对几个街区外上东区的邻友们具有吸引力——长期以来，那里都是纽约超级富豪的堡垒。他在从东区59街到102街毗邻中央公园的每个街区都取得胜利，并横扫周边众多区域。

The former governor won chunks of the more liberal but still affluent Upper West Side, too, and most of TriBeCa, where the average home price is more than $3 million.

这位前州长还赢得了偏自由派但仍属富裕的上西区的大部分选票，以及平均房价超300万美元的翠贝卡区的多数票源。

Mr. Mamdani, the son of a renowned filmmaker and a Columbia professor, was the choice of Brooklyn’s most exclusive neighborhoods. His margins of victory were staggering in areas like Brooklyn Heights, Cobble Hill, Park Slope and Fort Greene — where wealthy professionals and people in creative fields have congregated in recent decades.

而身为著名电影导演与哥伦比亚大学教授之子的马姆达尼则成为布鲁克林顶级精英社区的选择。他在布鲁克林高地、科布尔山、公园坡与福特格林等地获得惊人胜利——这些地方近几十年来汇聚了富裕专业人士与创意领域人才。

Kim Yong-nam, North Korea’s long​time former ceremonial head of state whose loyalty shielded him from frequent political purges and enabled him to serve the country’s​ ruling family for three generations, died on Monday. He was 97.

长期担任朝鲜礼仪性国家元首的金永南于周一逝世，享年97岁。他的忠诚让他躲过了频繁的政治清洗，得以为该国统治家族的三代人效力。

The country’s official Korean Central News Agency said the cause was multiple organ failure resulting from cancer. North Korea’s top leader, Kim Jong-un, visited Mr. Kim’s bier early Tuesday to lay a wreath and express deep condolences, the news agency said.

朝鲜官方媒体朝中社表示，金永南的死因是癌症引发的多器官衰竭。朝中社还称，朝鲜最高领导人金正恩于周二早些时候前往金永南灵前敬献花圈，致以深切哀悼。

Mr. Kim stood apart for his ability to stay in favor of the ruling Kim family, to which he was not related and which has ruled North Korea ​as a totalitarian dictatorship since its founding at the end of World War II. Mr. Kim served on the ruling Workers’ Party’s Politburo from 1978 to 2019, when he retired from public service.

金永南的特别之处在于他能始终获得统治朝鲜的金氏家族的信任，自“二战”结束朝鲜建国以来，金氏家族一直以极权独裁方式统治该国（金永南与该家族并无血缘关系）。1978年至2019年，金永南担任执政党朝鲜劳动党的中央政治局委员，直至2019年从公职岗位退休。

His career spanned the governments of Kim Il-sung, the founder of North Korea; his son, Kim Jong-il; and his grandson, Kim Jong-un. Mr. Kim’s longevity was even more remarkable because in the monolithic tenure of the ruling family, senior officials outside ​the top leader’s immediate kin are ultimately considered expendable and are frequently purged and sent to labor camps.

他的政治生涯跨越了朝鲜三代领导人时期：建国者金日成、金日成之子金正日，以及金正日之子金正恩。在金氏家族集权统治的背景下，最高领导人直系亲属以外的高级官员终会被视为可替代者，常遭清洗并被送往劳改营，因此金永南的长期任职显得尤为罕见。

By the time he retired in 2019, Kim Yong-nam had also served as president of the Presidium of the Supreme People’s Assembly, North Korea’s rubber-stamp parliament​, for 21 years.

截至2019年退休时，金永南在21年的时间里担任朝鲜最高人民会议常任委员会委员长——最高人民会议是朝鲜的橡皮图章议会。

That post made Mr. Kim the ceremonial head of state for North Korea. During the reign of the reclusive Kim Jong-il, who was North Korea’s top leader from 1994 until his death in 2011, he often led government delegates overseas. He also received credentials from foreign diplomats newly posted to Pyongyang. When the then-South Korean president, Roh Moo-hyun, visited North Korea in 2007, he and Mr. Roh rode through central Pyongyang in an open limousine, as hundreds of thousands of spectators were mobilized to line the streets waving paper flowers and shouting “Hurray!”

这一职位使金永南成为朝鲜的礼仪性国家元首。在深居简出、于1994年至2011年担任朝鲜最高领导人的金正日执政期间，金永南常率政府代表团出访海外，也会接受外国新派驻平壤外交官递交的国书。2007年，时任韩国总统卢武铉访问朝鲜时，金永南与卢武铉乘坐敞篷豪华轿车穿行平壤市中心，数十万民众被组织在街道两侧，手持纸花高呼“万岁！”

But Mr. Kim always operated in the shadow of the ​ruling Kim family. His behavior offered a model for North Korean officialdom, according to defectors​ from the county.

但金永南始终在金氏统治家族的阴影之下行事。据朝鲜脱北者透露，他的行事风格为朝鲜官员群体提供了范本。

朝鲜官方媒体提供的一张照片显示，朝鲜领导人金正恩（左三）在朝鲜某未公开地点凭吊金永南的遗体。

In 2018, he appeared openly deferential to a junior colleague — Kim Yo-jong, the influential sister of Kim Jong-un — while he was leading a North Korean delegation to South Korea to attend the Winter Olympics. He was seen asking Ms. Kim to sit on a sofa in an airport V.I.P. lounge before he did. He sat first only after Ms. Kim, 60 years his junior, indicated that he could do so.

2018年，金永南率朝鲜代表团前往韩国出席平昌冬奥会期间，曾公开对一位资历比自己浅的官僚——金正恩颇具影响力的妹妹金与正——表现出谦恭姿态。当时有画面显示，在机场贵宾休息室，金永南请金与正先落座，直到比他年轻60岁的金与正示意他可以坐，他才坐下。

“I found Kim Yong​-nam a puzzling figure. In greetings before business began, he was cordial and relaxed, but once at work, he relentlessly followed his script​,” Don Oberdorfer, the late American journalist who had met ​Mr. Kim, wrote in ​his book “The Two Koreas.”

曾与金永南会面的已故美国记者唐·奥伯多弗在其著作《两个朝鲜》(The Two Koreas)中写道：“我觉得金永南是个令人费解的人物。在正式议事前的寒暄中，他亲切而放松，但一旦进入工作状态，就会严格按照既定脚本行事。”

Mr. Oberdorfer quoted a former North Korean diplomat as saying​, “If Kim Il​-sung was pointing to a wall and said there is a door, Kim Yong​-nam would believe that and try to go through it​.”

奥伯多弗还引用一位前朝鲜外交官的话说：“如果金日成指着一堵墙说那里有一扇门，金永南就会深信不疑并且试图穿过去。”

“Yet by all accounts,” Mr. Oberdorfer wrote, “he is highly intelligent and, due to his high position and prestige within the system, an important behind-the-scenes figure in Pyongyang.”

“但所有人都认为，”奥伯多弗写道，“他智商很高，在体制内的高位和声望也很高，是平壤政坛的一位重要幕后人物。”

Mr. Kim was born in 1928, when Korea was ​still a colony of Japan. He joined North Korea’s foreign service in the 1950s after studying in Moscow. He rose through the ranks of the party, becoming party secretary for international affairs in 1975 and foreign minister in 1983. He survived​ many crises in North Korean diplomacy, including the Russian and Chinese decisions to establish diplomatic ties with rival South Korea in the early 1990s.​

金永南出生于1928年，当时朝鲜半岛仍是日本殖民地。20世纪50年代，他在莫斯科留学后加入朝鲜外交部门。他在党内逐步晋升，1975年出任党中央国际部部长，1983年担任外交部长。他经历了朝鲜外交史上的多次危机，包括20世纪90年代初俄罗斯和中国先后与朝鲜的对手韩国建立外交关系。

He ​helped Kim Jong-un​ establish his leadership in the wake of his father’s death.​ When he read a eulogy at the funeral of Kim Jong-il in 2011, he urged North Koreans to rally around the dead leader’s son. Later that year at a huge rally in Pyongyang, it was Mr. Kim who announced that Kim Jong-un was the new “supreme leader of our party, military and people.”

金正日去世后，金永南协助金正恩巩固领导地位。2011年，他在金正日的葬礼上致悼词，呼吁朝鲜民众团结在已故领袖的儿子身边。同年，在平壤举行的一场大规模集会上，正是由金永南宣布金正恩成为朝鲜新一任“党、军队和人民最高领导人”。

When he led the North Korean delegation to the 2018 Winter Olympics, Mr. Kim became the highest-ranking North Korean official to visit the South at the time.​ His trip helped thaw inter-Korean relations, which lay the groundwork for Kim Jong-un’s meetings with the former South Korean leader, Moon Jae-in, in 2018 and President Trump in 2019, for which the North Korean leader stepped onto South Korean soil.

2018年率朝鲜代表团出席冬奥会时，金永南成为当时访问韩国的最高级别朝鲜官员。他的这一次出访为朝韩关系缓和发挥了作用，也为金正恩后续的外交活动奠定了基础——2018年金正恩与韩国前总统文在寅会面，2019年又与美国前总统特朗普会面，期间金正恩还踏上了韩国领土。

“Comrade Kim Yong-nam​ lived a life of glory and honor in the bosom of the party, and the leader and his life shined with clean loyalty and high competence​,” state media said on Tuesday.

周二，朝鲜官方媒体表示：“金永南同志在党的怀抱中度过了光荣而崇高的一生，他的领导风范与人生历程闪耀着纯粹的忠诚与卓越的才能。”

Chung Dong-young, a South Korean Cabinet minister in charge of relations with North Korea, issued a statement of condolences on Tuesday, recognizing Mr. Kim’s role in creating an inter-Korean rapprochement in 2018.

韩国负责对朝事务的内阁官员郑东泳周二发表悼词，认可金永南在2018年推动朝韩和解过程中所发挥的作用。

Zohran Mamdani, a 34-year-old state lawmaker who transformed himself into an electrifying voice for New Yorkers disillusioned with runaway living costs and a scandal-plagued old guard, was elected the city’s 111th mayor on Tuesday, according to The Associated Press.

 据美联社报道，34岁的州议员佐兰·马姆达尼于周二当选纽约市第111任市长。此前他成功转型，代表那些对飞涨的生活成本感到失望、对丑闻缠身的老牌政界人士不满的纽约市民，发出了振奋人心的声音。

His victory, stretching from the gentrified corridors of Brooklyn to the working-class immigrant enclaves of Queens, completed one of the most remarkable political upsets in New York history and will soon put a democratic socialist in City Hall.

他的胜利遍及从布鲁克林绅士化街区到皇后区工薪移民聚居地的广阔地区。这一胜选不仅成就纽约历史上最惊人的政治逆转之一，还意味着一位民主社会主义者将入主纽约市政厅。

Mr. Mamdani defeated former Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo in a rematch of June’s Democratic primary, as New Yorkers soundly rejected a man who was once the state’s most powerful figure for the second time in five months. Curtis Sliwa, the Republican, was in a distant third place, and conceded earlier in the night.

马姆达尼击败了前州长安德鲁·科莫，这是6月民主党初选的复赛。五个月内，纽约市民第二次明确拒绝了这位曾执掌纽约州最高权力的人物。共和党候选人柯蒂斯·斯利瓦则远远落后，排名第三，并于当晚早些时候承认败选。

Turnout surged past two million voters, the highest level of participation in one of the city’s municipal elections since 1969.

此次选举投票人数突破200万，创下1969年以来纽约市市级选举的最高参与度。

A state assemblyman from Queens, Mr. Mamdani had entered the contest a year ago as little more than a protest candidate with a thin résumé and virtually no citywide profile.

马姆达尼此前是皇后区的州众议员，一年前宣布参选时，他不过是个履历单薄、在全市范围内几乎毫无知名度的抗议型候选人。

But his intense focus on affordability, mastery of social media and relentlessly infectious optimism about New York galvanized record turnout among young voters and immigrant groups, catapulting him past more seasoned rivals.

但他始终聚焦可负担议题，精通社交媒体运营，且对纽约未来抱有极具感染力的乐观态度。这些特质成功动员了创纪录数量的年轻选民和移民群体，让他成功超越了多名资历更深的对手。

Now, he is poised to make history. He will be New York City’s youngest mayor since the 19th century, and its first Muslim and first South Asian mayor. Born in Uganda to parents of Indian descent, he will also be the first naturalized immigrant to serve as mayor since Abraham Beame in the 1970s.

如今，他即将创造历史。他将成为19世纪以来纽约市最年轻的市长，同时也是该市首位穆斯林市长和首位南亚裔市长。出生于乌干达，父母为印度裔的他，还将成为自20世纪70年代的亚伯拉罕·比姆之后首位担任纽约市长的归化移民。

Mr. Mamdani campaigned as an insurgent against the city’s long-running political and business establishment. He has called for raising taxes on the wealthy, making buses and child care free, a rent freeze for rent-stabilized apartments and overhauling a Police Department he has harshly criticized.

竞选期间，马姆达尼以一种反叛者姿态对抗纽约长期以来的政治与商业权势集团。他提出多项主张：向富人加税、推动免费公交与托儿服务、冻结租金管制公寓租金，以及彻底改革他曾严厉批评的警察局。

But he will face profound challenges when he takes office on Jan. 1. Gov. Kathy Hochul and Albany lawmakers hold the strings to the purse needed to fund his plans. Many Jewish New Yorkers and business leaders deeply mistrust him.

但明年1月1日就职后，他将面临严峻挑战。其政策所需资金的审批权掌握在州长凯西·霍格尔及奥尔巴尼的议员手中。此外，纽约许多犹太民众和商界领袖对他极度不信任。

Looming over all of it is President Trump, who even before Mr. Mamdani’s victory had identified “my little communist mayor” as a target of his ire. The president officially backed Mr. Cuomo on the eve of the election.

特朗普的阴影也笼罩一切。早在马姆达尼胜选前，总统就称他是“我的小共产主义市长”，将他列入攻击目标。选举前夕，特朗普还公开支持科莫。

Mr. Trump has threatened to make New York the next target in his fight with American cities, potentially cutting off federal funds and deploying the National Guard, if Mr. Mamdani pursues policies he does not like.

特朗普威胁称，若马姆达尼推行他不认可的政策，纽约将成为他与美国各城市的斗争中的下一个目标，届时可能会切断联邦资金，并部署国民警卫队。

The results put a punctuation mark on a remarkable stretch for New York City. It began last fall when Mayor Eric Adams, who in a typical year would be the favorite for re-election, was indicted on federal corruption charges.

此次选举结果为纽约市一段特殊时期画上了句号——去年秋天，通常情况下本应是连任热门的市长埃里克·亚当斯因联邦腐败指控被起诉。

Mr. Adams did not run in the Democratic primary, and then abandoned his third-party bid for re-election in September. His late-stage endorsement of Mr. Cuomo did not seem to significantly help the former governor.

亚当斯未参与民主党初选，随后在9月放弃了以第三方身份竞选连任的计划。他在选战后期给科莫的背书似乎并未给这位前州长带来显著帮助。

And the closing weeks of the campaign were exceptionally bitter, shaken by accusations of antisemitism and Islamophobia.

此外，竞选最后几周的气氛异常紧张，反犹太主义和恐伊斯兰相关指控引发了动荡。

Mr. Mamdani accused Mr. Cuomo of selling out the city, its transit system and its housing stock to big-money donors. Voters ultimately seemed unwilling to give Mr. Cuomo another chance after he was run out of the governorship amid allegations of sexual harassment.

马姆达尼指责科莫将纽约市、该市的公共交通系统及住房资源出卖给金主捐赠者。而科莫此前因性骚扰指控被迫卸任州长，选民最终似乎不愿再给他第二次机会。

Mr. Cuomo, in turn, tried to portray Mr. Mamdani as a far-left radical who would endanger New Yorkers’ finances and security. The tone of Mr. Cuomo and his allies became notably menacing in the race’s final weeks, as he chased conservative voters with messages that played to fear about Mr. Mamdani’s Muslim faith and foreign origin.

反过来，科莫则试图将马姆达尼描绘成极左翼激进分子，称其政策会威胁纽约市民的财务与人身安全。选战最后几周，科莫及其盟友的言论明显带有威胁意味——为争取保守派选民，他们刻意利用对马姆达尼穆斯林身份及外国出身的担忧大做文章。

Here’s what else to know.

以下是其他需了解的信息：

• Also on the ballot: Voters weighed in on a number of other contests including two citywide positions, comptroller and public advocate. In Manhattan, Alvin Bragg won re-election as the district attorney.

 · 选票其他内容：选民还对其他多项选举进行了投票，包括两个市级职位——审计长和公众利益倡导人。在曼哈顿，阿尔文·布拉格成功连任地区检察官。

• Housing proposals: On the back side of the ballot, voters were asked to consider six proposals, including three on housing development in the city. Those three, which have been contentious, are intended to remove some political and bureaucratic barriers to development that would allow some projects to bypass the City Council.

 · 住房提案：选票背面列出了六项待选民考虑的提案，其中三项与纽约市住房开发相关。这三项提案存在较大争议，旨在消除部分政治和官僚障碍，让部分开发项目可绕开市议会直接推进。

The police officers walked past the display of robot dogs and into the ornate Beijing hotel ballroom, as a welcome video showed animated androids conducting warfare in outer space.

警察经过展示机器狗的地方，走进北京某个酒店华丽的宴会厅，欢迎视频中展示着动画机器人在外太空作战的画面。

For the next few hours, the officers, who had come from all across China, sat and listened as tech executives and government researchers took the stage to describe how they could use artificial intelligence to perfect their surveillance of Chinese society.

在接下来的几个小时里，这些来自中国各地的警官坐下来，听科技高管和政府研究人员上台描述如何利用人工智能完善对中国社会的监控。

One executive said his company was partnering with the police in ethnic-minority regions to deploy its speech recognition software, which he said could decipher more than 200 Chinese dialects and minority languages, in the name of national security.

一位高管表示，他的公司正在与少数民族地区的警方合作，以国家安全的名义部署语音识别软件。他说，该软件可以破译200多种中国方言和少数民族语言。

A researcher for the Ministry of Public Security said that robots could reduce the need for police officers to conduct street patrols, by being trained to look out for things like protest banners.

公安部的一名研究人员说，机器人可以通过训练来识别抗议横幅之类的东西，从而减少警察进行街头巡逻的需求。

The chief executive of another company, which describes itself as using big data to make cities safer, suggested its software could help the police understand a person’s habits, connections and even state of mind, based on that person’s medical history, online shopping habits, interactions with neighbors and use of smart home appliances.

另一家自称利用大数据提升城市安全的公司的首席执行官表示，该公司的软件可以帮助警方根据一个人的就医记录、网购习惯、邻里互动以及智能家电的使用数据，了解一个人的生活习性、社交关系甚至精神状态。

It was hard to tell how many of the systems advertised at the conference, which was hosted by an industry group, actually worked, and how many were being hyped up with the aim of winning contracts from the many high-ranking police officials in attendance.

这次会议由一个行业组织主办，很难说在会上宣传的系统中有多少真正有效，又有多少是为了从与会的许多高级警官那里赢得合同而过度宣传。

But it was clear that the companies and the officials shared a common goal: a Chinese state that is ever more capable of knowing, predicting and controlling its citizens.

但很明显，这些公司和官员有一个共同的目标：一个越来越有能力了解、预测和控制其公民的国家政权。

That vision of an all-seeing state has unnerved Washington, which has cited China’s use of advanced computing to enable surveillance and repression as one reason for restricting the export of chips and semiconductors to China.

这种全知全能的国家愿景让华盛顿感到不安，华盛顿把中国利用先进的计算技术进行监视和镇压作为限制向中国出口芯片和半导体的理由之一。

A number of the Chinese companies that attended the conference are on American export control lists, including the tech giants Huawei and Hikvision, a maker of surveillance camera systems. Several presenters acknowledged the challenges that the U.S. restrictions had created for their ambitions, but they pledged to overcome them with homegrown alternatives.

参加会议的许多中国公司都被列入美国的出口管制名单，包括科技巨头华为和监控摄像头系统制造商海康威视。几位发言者承认，美国的限制给他们的雄心造成了阻碍，但他们承诺将用本土的替代方案来克服困难。

华为手机，摄于上海。这家科技巨头还生产供政府使用的监控摄像头系统。

China is not alone in using advances in A.I. to heighten surveillance. The New York Police Department, for example, has drawn criticism from civil rights advocates for its widespread and often undisclosed use of tracking technology.

中国并不是唯一一个利用人工智能技术来加强监控的国家。例如，纽约警察局就因广泛且经常未公开地使用追踪技术而受到民权倡导者的批评。

But the scale and sophistication of China’s surveillance apparatus are unparalleled. The state tracks its 1.4 billion people through a vast network of cameras, internet controls and requirements that people use their national IDs to buy everything from SIM cards to stand-up comedy tickets.

但中国监控体系的规模和复杂程度是无与伦比的。中国政府通过庞大的摄像头网络、互联网控制，以及要求人们使用身份证购买从SIM卡到脱口秀门票等一切商品，对14亿人口实施追踪。

Now the authorities are looking to make it even more powerful, after the central Chinese government recently rolled out the “A.I.+ Action Plan,” a sweeping project to put the technology at the center of education, health care, entertainment — basically, every aspect of Chinese life.

现在，在中央政府最近推出“人工智能+”行动之后，当局正寻求将它进一步强化。这个宏大计划旨在将人工智能技术深度植入教育、医疗、娱乐——几乎涵盖中国人生活的所有领域。

The new political mandate was palpable at the security conference, where several speakers referred to it by name.

这场安全会议上弥漫着新的政治导向，多位发言者明确提及该计划。

“Our country’s security industry has already become one of the most successful sectors in implementing A.I.+,” Gu Jianguo, a former high-ranking official at the Ministry of Public Security, said at the conference. “We don’t need to be modest.”

“我国的安全行业已经成为应用‘人工智能+’最成功的行业之一，”前公安部高级官员顾建国（音）在会议上说。“我们不必谦虚。”

The conference highlighted one key advantage that Chinese companies that work with the police hold over competitors, at home and abroad, in developing cutting-edge A.I. technology: access to huge amounts of data.

会议强调了与警方合作的中国公司在开发尖端人工智能技术方面相比国内外竞争对手拥有的一个关键优势：获得大量数据的渠道。

The companies’ close cooperation with the government gives them an unmatched supply of information that can be used to train and refine artificial intelligence systems. An analysis published by the National Bureau of Economic Research, in the United States, found that Chinese facial recognition companies that won public security-related government contracts later went on to develop more new commercial products afterward, compared with companies that did not work with the police.

公司与政府的密切合作为他们提供了无与伦比的信息资源，这些资源可用于培训和完善人工智能系统。美国国家经济研究局发布的一份分析报告发现，获得公安类政府合同的中国人脸识别企业，后续开发的新商业产品数量显著多于未与警方合作的同行。

中国官方媒体5月发布的一张照片显示，北京警方正与机器人进行巡逻演练。与中国警方合作的人工智能技术开发企业拥有一个重要优势：能够获取海量数据。

Fang Ce, a representative of iFlytek, a leading Chinese speech recognition company, said that police reports were a particularly valuable source of input for the company, because “the data volume is extremely large.” Mr. Fang, the director of iFlytek’s police affairs department, said the company’s software could help police officers log and analyze emergency calls, as well as infer whether someone was talking about a crime in a roundabout way, rather than using specific keywords.

中国领先的语音识别公司科大讯飞的代表方策说，警方的报告对该公司来说是特别有价值的输入来源，因为“数据量非常大”。科大讯飞智慧警务业务部总监方策说，该公司的软件可以帮助警察记录和分析报警电话，并能识别隐晦表述，以推断对方是否在谈论犯罪活动，而不是仅靠特定的关键词。

He also said that iFlytek had developed a large-scale speech model that recognized 74 foreign languages and “for our national security, supports 202 dialects” of Chinese.

他还表示，科大讯飞开发了一个大规模的语音模型，可以识别74种外语，以及“为保障我们的国家安全，它支持202种方言”。

The company has been “collaborating in limited ways with local ethnic minority public security agencies” to protect ethnic languages, he added.

他还说，该公司一直在“与当地少数民族公安机关进行一定的合作”，保护少数民族语言。

Human rights groups have long accused iFlytek of helping the Chinese government use voice patterns for surveillance and repression, especially of minorities in regions like Xinjiang and Tibet. The company has said that it protects users’ privacy and is interested in the preservation of dialects and languages.

人权组织长期指控科大讯飞协助中国政府利用语音特征实施监控与压制，尤其针对新疆、西藏等地区的少数民族。该公司表示，它保护用户的隐私，并致力于方言和民族语言的保护传承。

Indeed, many of the presenters described the use cases for their products as benign: helping to track down missing children, for example, or combat identity fraud. Mr. Fang suggested that iFlytek’s software could be used to monitor police officers, too, for missteps or misconduct.

事实上，许多发言者将产品应用场景描述为善意用途：例如，帮助寻找失踪儿童，或打击身份欺诈。方策表示，科大讯飞的软件也可以用来监控警察的失误或不当行为。

But companies pitched their ability to target certain types of individuals who have long been identified as potential troublemakers, including migrant workers and people who complain to the government.

但是，公司也强调了它们针对特定人群的监控能力——这些长期被视为潜在麻烦制造者的群体包括农民工和上访的民众。

7月，上海一个展会上科大讯飞人工智能模型的展位。人权组织指控科大讯飞协助中国政府利用语音特征压制部分民众。

One presenter from the company Quan Min Ren Zheng — which translates loosely as All-People Authentication, and makes tools to help governments and companies verify people’s identities — described how his company could help the authorities detect suspicious behavior in rental homes. His company makes products like smart door locks that could determine if people who were not authorized to live in a place had entered the premises, and electricity meters that could flag abnormal electricity usage.

一位来自全民认证公司的发言者描述了他的公司如何帮助当局发现出租屋里的可疑行为，该公司主要生产帮助政府和企业验证个人身份的工具。该公司生产的智能门锁能识别未经授权认证的入住者，以及可以标记异常用电量的电表。

Some of the technology is most likely already being used. One state-owned company at the conference, SDIC Intelligence, won a $2 million contract last year to provide a county government in southwestern China with a platform that could analyze people’s “frequented areas, activity patterns and locations,” according to public procurement documents. It won a similar amount to help Dongguan, a city in southern China, build profiles of mobile phone users based on their movements, deliveries and contact book entries.

其中一些技术很可能已经投入使用。据公共采购文件显示，参加会议的国有企业国投智能公司去年赢得了一份价值148万元的合同，为中国西南部的某县政府提供可以分析人们“经常光顾的地区、活动模式和地点”的系统平台。该公司还以相近金额中标中国南方城市东莞的一个项目，它可以根据手机用户的活动轨迹、快递记录和通讯录条目建立手机用户画像。

For all the excitement that advances in A.I. have created in the security industry, though, the technical prowess of the surveillance technology is less important than its sheer pervasiveness, said Alison Sile Chen-Zhao, a researcher studying the effect of A.I. on surveillance at the University of California San Diego. As long as people believe that they are being watched, they will think twice about doing anything the government might disapprove of.

加州大学圣地亚哥分校研究人工智能对监控影响的研究员赵思乐说，尽管人工智能的进步在安防行业引发了巨大的热情，但监控技术的关键在于它的覆盖能力，而不是它的监控能力。只要人们相信自己受到监视，他们就会在做任何可能触犯政府的事情时三思而后行。

“The surveillance actually doesn’t need to achieve a very high accuracy or effectiveness to have the desired effect,” she said.

“监视实际上不需要达到很高的准确性或有效性，就能获得预期效果，”她说。

As President Trump has imposed steep tariffs on China, American importers are buying much less.

随着特朗普总统对中国加征高额关税，美国进口商的采购量大幅下降。

减少从中国采购的地区：中国出口下降，2025年第三季度与2024年第三季度对比

But the rest of the world is making up the difference, buying more from China than ever.

但世界其他地区填补了这一缺口，从中国的进口量创下历史新高。

增加从中国采购的地区：2025年第三季度中国出口额较2024年同期增长

China has offset the decline from America with breathtaking speed. Shipments to other parts of the world have surged this year, demonstrating that China’s manufacturing dominance will not be easily slowed. Chinese exports are on track to reach another record this year.

中国以惊人的速度抵消了对美出口下滑的影响。今年中国对世界其他地区的出口量大幅激增，这表明中国制造业的主导地位不会轻易动摇。中国今年的出口额有望再创纪录。

That’s because China was prepared. It has been seeking out new customers for years, and its massive manufacturing investment allows it to sell goods at low prices.

这背后的原因是中国早有准备。多年来，中国一直在积极开拓新客户，且其大规模的制造业投资使它能够以低价销售商品。

“They should not be surprised that China is able to find markets outside of the advanced economies,” said Mary Lovely, a senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics.

彼得森国际经济研究所高级研究员玛丽·洛夫利表示：“中国能够在发达经济体之外找到市场，这一点不应令人感到意外。”

Last week, Mr. Trump reduced the tariffs he imposed on China, though they remain at heights not seen in decades. He insists that his tariffs will force a revival of American factories and create jobs — a pledge that is contested by many economists and manufacturing experts. It is also unclear how effective his policies will be in stemming the flow of goods that originate in China and route through other countries before arriving in the United States.

上周，特朗普降低了此前对中国加征的部分关税，但当前关税水平仍处于数十年来未见的水平。他坚称，自己推出的关税政策将推动美国工厂复苏并创造就业岗位——但这一承诺遭到了许多经济学家和制造业专家的质疑。而对于那些原产自中国、经第三国转运至美国的商品，其政策能产生多大遏制效果仍不明朗。

尽管特朗普政府竭力阻挠，中国全球出口仍持续增长。注：图表显示中国季度出口额。

The rest of the world is caught between the two superpowers. Some countries, including Vietnam (+28%) and members of the European Union (+11%), are deeply concerned about the risk posed by China’s exports to their own industries, and China faces a backlash in the form of tariffs in regions like Europe. Other nations, like Argentina (+57%) and Nigeria (+45%), are buying low-cost Chinese technology to modernize their economies but running up wider trade imbalances with China.

世界其他国家正夹在这两大超级经济体之间。包括越南（增长28%）和欧盟成员国（增长11%）在内的部分国家对中国出口产品给本国产业带来的风险深感担忧，中国在欧洲等地区也面临着关税形式的抵制。而阿根廷（增长57%）和尼日利亚（增长45%）等其他国家则在采购中国低成本技术以实现经济现代化，但这也导致它们与中国的贸易逆差进一步扩大。

For years, Americans have turned to China to outfit their homes and stock their offices. While the volume of Chinese exports remains enormous, the declines this year are widespread and drastic. The United States is buying less of almost everything from China:

多年来，美国人一直依赖中国为他们的家庭添置物品、充实办公物资。尽管中国出口总量依然庞大，但今年对美出口的下滑范围广、幅度大。美国从中国采购的几乎所有品类商品数量都在减少：

Take, for example, plastic goods. China exported $5 billion of those products — from laundry baskets to plastic forks — to the United States between July and October, down 16 percent from a year earlier.

以塑料制品为例，7月至10月期间，中国对美出口的这类产品——从洗衣篮到塑料叉——金额为50亿美元，较去年同期下降16%。

Last year, over a quarter of all Chinese-made furniture, including mattresses and lamps, went to the United States; now that number is closer to a fifth.

去年，中国生产的家具（包括床垫和灯具）当中，超过四分之一销往美国；如今这一比例已降至约五分之一。

China’s exports of phones (−47%) and computers (−54%) to the United States were among the categories that declined the most. Mr. Trump exempted such consumer electronics from most of his tariffs this year, but Apple, Hewlett-Packard and other manufacturers have continued to diversify their supply chains outside China. The United States now gets most of its smartphones from India and its laptop computers from Vietnam, according to the latest U.S. government data.

中国对美手机出口（下降47%）和电脑出口（下降54%）是降幅最大的品类之一。尽管特朗普今年将这类消费电子产品排除在大部分关税政策之外，但苹果、惠普等制造商仍在继续将供应链迁出中国，实现多元化布局。美国政府最新数据显示，美国目前的智能手机主要来自印度，笔记本电脑则主要来自越南。

Meanwhile, China is flooding developing economies in Africa (+42%) and South America (+13%) with cars, trucks, bikes and ships; it is expanding in Europe (+7%) and Asia (+14%) by shipping batteries and iron products.

与此同时，中国正向非洲（增长42%）和南美洲（增长13%）等发展中经济体大量出口汽车、卡车、自行车和船舶；通过出口电池和钢铁产品，中国在欧洲（增长7%）和亚洲（增长14%）的市场份额也在不断扩大。

After decades of top-down priorities established by Beijing’s industrial policies, China has become the world’s leading producer of cars, batteries and solar panels. Struggling consumer demand in its domestic economy has put even more pressure on Chinese companies to find new business abroad.

经过数十年由政府工业政策主导的自上而下发展，中国已成为全球最大的汽车、电池和太阳能电池板生产国。国内消费需求疲软进一步加剧了中国企业开拓海外市场的压力。

China also produced record amounts of steel over the past few years. This is now sold across the world at prices sometimes cheaper than bottled water.

过去几年，中国钢铁产量也屡创新高。如今这些钢铁销往世界各地，售价有时甚至低于瓶装水。

Many African countries bought few of these items from China before this year. China sold only about 100 electric cars to Nigeria two years ago; this year it has already sold thousands. Solar panel shipments to Algeria thus far this year is already nearly four times that of all of last year.

今年之前，许多非洲国家从中国采购的这类产品数量极少。两年前，中国对尼日利亚的电动汽车出口仅约100辆；而今年，这一数字已是数以千计。今年以来，中国对阿尔及利亚的太阳能电池板出口量已接近去年全年总量的四倍。

China’s growing exports to Africa come as Mr. Trump has pulled back aid to the continent. Chinese companies are sacrificing profits by selling to Africa at low prices, but are, in many cases, gaining influence.

在中国对非出口不断增长的同时，特朗普政府却在削减对非洲大陆的援助。中国企业虽以低价向非洲销售产品，牺牲了部分利润，但在许多情况下，也借此扩大了影响力。

“The margins may not be as high,” said Ilaria Mazzocco, a deputy director at the Center for Strategic and International Studies. “But for those markets, it's entirely transformational to have access to this technology at affordable prices.”

战略与国际研究中心副主任伊拉莉亚·马佐科表示：“利润率可能不高，但对于这些市场而言，能以可承受的价格获得此类技术，本身就具有彻底的变革意义。”

There are exceptions to China’s ability to successfully make up for lost revenue by selling to American customers and redirecting exports elsewhere. Chinese companies, for example, make most of the world’s toys, and the United States has long been its largest customer. Over the summer, China’s exports of video game consoles, costumes and board games fell $3.5 billion over last year, mostly due to a steep decline in shipments to the United States.

不过，中国并非在所有领域都能通过转向其他市场出口来成功弥补对美出口减少的损失。例如，中国企业生产了全球大部分玩具，而美国长期以来都是其最大客户。今年夏季，中国电子游戏主机、化妆服饰和桌游等产品的出口额较去年减少35亿美元，这主要是由于对美出货量锐减。

It remains to be seen how effective Mr. Trump will be in pressuring countries, especially those in Asia, to reject rerouted Chinese exports as part of trade negotiations. These workarounds limited the impact of his trade measures with China during his first term.

特朗普在贸易谈判中施压其他国家——尤其是亚洲国家——抵制中国转口贸易的成效仍有待观察。在他的第一任期内，这类规避手段曾削弱了其对华贸易措施的效果。

One thing is certain: American consumers are buying more goods from other parts of Asia. In September, Thailand’s exports to the United States rose by 33 percent. Taiwan’s exports also grew by 51 percent, and Singapore’s by 13 percent.

有一点可以确定：美国消费者正从亚洲其他地区采购更多商品。9月，泰国对美出口增长33%，台湾对美出口增长51%，新加坡对美出口增长13%。

The shifts in China’s exports are part of what is expected to be a continuing and unpredictable transformation. Mr. Trump’s tariff reduction last week, which he said lowered overall tariffs on China to about 45 percent from about 55 percent, could stabilize China’s exports to the United States, said Gerard DiPippo, associate director of the RAND China Research Center.

中国出口格局的转变是一场预计将持续且充满不确定性的转型的一部分。特朗普上周表示已将对华整体关税从约55%降至约45%，兰德公司中国研究中心副主任杰拉德·迪皮波表示，这一举措或能稳定中国对美出口。

But despite agreeing to a one-year trade truce with China, Mr. Trump is considering whether to impose additional tariffs on industries dominated by China, such as pharmaceuticals and drones. He is vowing to wean America off its reliance on China for some critical minerals. With more than three years left in office, Mr. Trump’s campaign to reshape trade is unlikely to end here.

尽管特朗普政府已与中国达成为期一年的贸易休战协议，但他仍在考虑对制药、无人机等中国主导的行业加征额外关税，并誓言要让美国摆脱对中国关键矿产的依赖。特朗普的任期还有三年多，他重塑贸易格局的行动恐怕不会就此结束。