This week, for the first time in five years, President Xi Jinping of China is visiting Europe, with stops in France, Serbia and Hungary.

本周，中国国家主席习近平五年来首次访问欧洲，将途经法国、塞尔维亚和匈牙利三国。

Mr. Xi’s trip comes at a time of tensions with many European countries over China’s support for Russia in the face of its war in Ukraine, its trade practices and its apparent espionage activities. The trip will also test Europe’s delicate balancing act between China and the United States.

习近平此次出访正值中国与许多欧洲国家关系紧张之际，原因包括中国在乌克兰战争中对俄罗斯的支持，中国的贸易行为和明目张胆的间谍活动。此次出访还将考验欧洲在中美之间的微妙平衡。

Mr. Xi hopes to head off a trade war with the European Union as frictions rise over exports of Chinese electric vehicles and diminished market access for European companies in China. Mr. Xi will also encourage President Emmanuel Macron of France to pursue greater autonomy from the United States in a bid to weaken Washington’s global dominance.

习近平希望避免与欧盟发生贸易战，目前双方已经因为中国电动汽车的出口以及欧洲公司的中国市场准入缩减而产生摩擦。习近平还将鼓励法国总统马克龙寻求更大的独立性，以削弱华盛顿的全球主导地位。

Here is what we know about Mr. Xi’s trip, which began Sunday.

以下是我们对习近平自周日开始的访欧之旅的了解。

What is the significance of Mr. Xi’s itinerary?

习近平的行程有何重大意义？

The three countries Mr. Xi will be visiting, experts say, to varying degrees embrace China’s push for a redefined global order. All have to some extent questioned America’s postwar ordering of the world, and are eager to bolster ties with Beijing.

专家表示，习近平将出访的三个国家不同程度地接受了中国推动重新定义全球秩序的努力。这几个国家都在一定程度上质疑美国在战后制定的全球秩序，并渴望加强与北京的关系。

Hungary has close ties to China and is keen to attract Chinese investments in areas like electric car and battery manufacturing as Chinese producers expand beyond Asia. Serbia, too, has warm relations with Beijing and has secured billions of dollars in Chinese investment.

匈牙利与中国关系密切，随着中国生产商向亚洲以外扩张，匈牙利渴望吸引中国在电动汽车和电池制造等领域的投资。塞尔维亚也与北京保持着良好的关系，并获得了数十亿美元的中国投资。

Mr. Xi’s first stop is France, where Mr. Macron recently said that Europe “must never be a vassal of the United States,” and has cast France as a bridge between the “Global South” and Western powers.

在习近平的第一站法国，马克龙最近曾表示，欧洲“绝不能成为美国的附庸”，并将法国称为“全球南方”与西方大国之间的桥梁。

Despite his courting of Beijing, Mr. Macron has said he is still closer to its ally, the United States, than to China.

尽管向北京示好，但马克龙表示，他与盟友美国的关系仍比与中国的关系更密切。

“I prefer to choose my relationship with the United States, with China, rather than have it imposed on me by one of the two parties, either pushing me in one direction or pulling me in the other,” he said in an interview with The Economist magazine. But, he added: “Very clearly, we are not equidistant. We are allies of the Americans.”

“我希望由我来决定与我与美国、中国的关系，而不是让这两国中的任何一方将我推向一边或拉向另一边，”他在接受《经济学人》杂志采访时表示。但他补充说：“很明显，我们并不是等距离的。我们是美国人的盟友。”

Before Mr. Xi’s visit, Chinese diplomats expressed hopes that ties between France and China would be at the forefront of China’s relations with the West.

在习近平访问之前，中国外交官表示希望中法关系能走在中国同西方国家关系前列。

Ursula von der Leyen, the president of the European Commission, the E.U.’s executive branch, joined talks on Monday with Mr. Xi and Mr. Macron in Paris.

欧盟行政机构欧盟委员会主席冯德莱恩周一在巴黎与习近平和马克龙举行了会谈。

This year is also a symbolic one for China and the three countries.

对于中国和这三个国家来说，今年也是具有象征意义的一年。

It is the 60th anniversary of diplomatic relations between China and France and the 75th of those with Hungary.

今年是中法建交60周年，也是中匈建交75周年。

This year is also the 25th anniversary of the NATO bombing of the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade, Serbia, during the Kosovo war, which killed three Chinese journalists and set off angry protests at the U.S. Embassy in Beijing. Chinese authorities have continued to point to the bombing as a sign of NATO aggression and an example of why Russia was justified in feeling threatened before it decided to invade Ukraine.

今年还是科索沃战争期间北约轰炸中国驻塞尔维亚贝尔格莱德大使馆25周年，该事件造成三名中国记者死亡，并引发在美国驻北京大使馆外的愤怒抗议。中国政府至今仍将该事件作为北约侵犯的标志，从中也可以证明俄罗斯在入侵乌克兰之前感受到的威胁是合理的。

When was the last time Mr. Xi visited Europe?

习近平最后一次访问欧洲是什么时候？

Mr. Xi’s last European visit was in 2019, before the coronavirus pandemic, which he spent hunkered down in China, leaving the country’s borders for the first time in the fall of 2022.

习近平最后一次访问欧洲是在新冠大流行之前的2019年，新冠期间他一直待在中国闭门不出，直到2022年秋才首次前往中国边境之外的地方。

2019年，习近平（中）与时任希腊总统普罗科皮斯·帕夫洛普洛斯在雅典卫城博物馆。

The 2019 trip included a flashy ceremony in Rome to celebrate Italy’s participation in China’s Belt and Road global infrastructure project, which is aimed at expanding China’s influence abroad. France rolled out the red carpet for Mr. Xi in Paris and signed more than a dozen commercial and governmental treaties worth billions of euros, even as Mr. Macron warned that “China plays on our divisions” and that “the period of European naïveté is over.”

2019年的访问包括在罗马的一场盛大的仪式，庆祝意大利参与中国的“一带一路”全球基础设施项目，该项目旨在扩大中国的海外影响力。法国在巴黎为习近平铺上了红毯，并签署了十多项价值数十亿欧元的商业和政府条约，尽管马克龙当时曾警告，“中国利用了我们的分歧，”并表示“欧洲已经不再天真。”

Mr. Xi also visited Greece, where he pledged his support to the country in its struggle with Britain to obtain the Parthenon sculptures known as the Elgin Marbles.

习近平当时访问了希腊，并承诺支持该国向英国追讨被称为“额尔金石雕”的帕台农神庙雕塑。

How is the relationship between Europe and China?

欧洲和中国的关系如何？

Since Mr. Xi’s last visit, there has been a widening rift in the relationship between China and much of Europe. The coronavirus pandemic, Beijing’s embrace of Russia and its repression of ethnic minorities, and a surge in Chinese exports have generated backlashes against China in many European countries.

自习近平上次访问以来，中国与欧洲大部分地区的关系裂痕不断扩大。新冠大流行、北京拉近与俄罗斯的关系以及打压少数民族，加之中国出口的激增，都在许多欧洲国家引起了对中国的强烈反应。

China has quintupled car shipments to foreign markets in recent years, and the European Union has recently adopted a more confrontational tone over China’s trade practices. E.U. authorities have opened an investigation that could result in limits on Chinese solar exports, and have taken preliminary steps toward restricting trade with Chinese goods that include electric cars, wind turbines and medical devices.

近年来，中国向国外市场的汽车出货量增加了四倍，而欧盟最近对中国的贸易行为采取了更具对抗性的语气。欧盟当局已展开调查，或将导致对中国太阳能出口的设限，并且欧盟已采取初步措施限制与包括电动汽车、风力涡轮机和医疗设备在内的中国商品贸易。

Italy has also told China that it would no longer participate in its Belt and Road Initiative, and last month, six people in Europe were charged with spying for China in the span of a week, in a sign that European countries are stepping up their response to Chinese espionage.

意大利还告诉中国，自己将退出“一带一路”倡议，上个月，一周内有六人在欧洲被指控为中国从事间谍活动，这表明欧洲国家正在加紧对中国间谍活动的应对。

At the same time, European nations vary in their views on how to engage with Beijing and benefit from economic opportunities there, and some are fearful of any imposition of European tariffs.

与此同时，欧洲国家对于如何与北京接触并从中国经济机会中受益存在不同看法，有些国家担心欧洲会加征关税。

Mr. Macron and Chancellor Olaf Scholz of Germany also think that China’s leverage will be critical in bringing an end to the war in Ukraine.

马克龙和德国总理肖尔茨还认为，中国的影响力对于结束乌克兰战争至关重要。