泽连斯基为何在战争关键时刻撤换最高将领
For a while now, there has been a sense that the tide has turned for Ukraine in its war with Russia. Ukraine is attacking Moscow; it’s even getting praise from President Trump. So why did President Volodymyr Zelensky just fire his top general?
一段时间以来，外界普遍感到乌克兰在这场与俄罗斯的战争中已开始扭转局势。它正在袭击莫斯科；甚至得到了特朗普总统的称赞。那么，为何总统泽连斯基刚刚解除了最高将领的职务？
War can be uniquely challenging for democracies, where citizens expect to have a say and sometimes express their discontent on the streets. Today my colleague Andrew Kramer writes about the upheaval in Kyiv during what should be a moment of optimism. It’s a fight over drones, corruption, generational differences and more.
战争对民主国家而言可能是一项独特的考验——公民期待发声，有时会走上街头表达不满。今天，我的同事安德鲁·克莱默撰文，记述了基辅在这个本应充满乐观情绪的时刻所经历的动荡。这是一场涉及无人机、腐败、代际分歧等诸多议题的斗争。
Why Zelensky ousted his top general
泽连斯基为何撤换最高将领
By Andrew E. Kramer
作者：安德鲁·克莱默
For a time, it looked like Ukraine was going to have a good summer.
有一段时间，乌克兰看起来即将迎来一个美好的夏天。
After a winter of heavy Russian bombardment, the country was finding battlefield success, striking Moscow and hitting Russian ships in the Black and Azov Seas. It was finding diplomatic success, too, receiving billions of euros from the European Union and a promise from Trump that Ukraine could start manufacturing its own interceptor missiles. Ukraine was on a winning streak.
在经历了俄罗斯一个冬天的猛烈轰炸之后，乌克兰在战场上捷报频传，它不仅对莫斯科发起袭击，还在黑海和亚速海击中了俄罗斯舰船。在外交方面，乌克兰同样有所收获——获得了欧盟数十亿欧元援助，并得到特朗普的承诺，允许乌克兰自行生产拦截导弹。乌克兰一时气势如虹。
What snapped it was not a fearsome Russian offensive or another unraveling of relations with Trump. Instead, it was an outbreak of political infighting at home.
打破这一势头的，并非俄罗斯的凶猛攻势或与特朗普关系的再度破裂，而是国内爆发的政治内讧。
The defense minister, Mykhailo Fedorov, was openly clashing with Oleksandr Syrskyi, the country’s top general. Zelensky fired Fedorov last week, triggering major street protests. He then fired Syrskyi on Tuesday night.
国防部长米哈伊洛·费多罗夫与总司令奥列克桑德尔·瑟尔斯基公开发生冲突。泽连斯基上周解除了费多罗夫的职务，引发大规模街头抗议。随后，他又在周二晚间撤换了瑟尔斯基。
(You can read more about the breaking story of the general’s dismissal here.)
The infighting has cracked the all-important sense of wartime unity and overshadowed the narrative that Ukraine is riding high in the war. Rather than capitalizing on its momentum, Ukraine is now grappling with military upheaval at a critical juncture — a reminder that being a democracy at war can be messy.
这场内讧撕裂了战时至关重要的团结感，也令乌克兰在战场上节节胜利的叙事相形见绌。乌克兰本可乘胜追击，却在关键时刻深陷军事动荡，这再次提醒人们：民主国家在战争状态下难免乱象丛生。
A generation gap
代际之争
The rift has raised questions about how fully Ukraine, with its vaunted reputation for military innovation, is embracing the high-tech solutions that the popular, youthful Fedorov embodied.
这场内斗也引发了外界对于乌克兰是否真正拥抱高科技战争方式的质疑。乌克兰一直以军事创新闻名，而深受欢迎、年轻有为的费多罗夫正是这种创新理念的代表人物。
During his tenure, Fedorov, 35, clashed with Ukraine’s generals, who saw aspects of his robot-war vision as fanciful and argued for the continued need for infantry deployments.
在任期间，35岁的费多罗夫与乌克兰军方高层多次发生冲突。军方认为，他所倡导的机器人战争理念有些过于理想化，坚持认为步兵投入仍然不可或缺。
Fedorov was ultimately fired after he blocked purchases of artillery ammunition in favor of drones. Syrskyi insisted that the ammunition was still needed in the brutal trench fighting in the country’s east.
费多罗夫最终因阻止采购火炮弹药、转而力推无人机而遭到解职。瑟尔斯基坚持认为，在乌克兰东部残酷的战壕战中，炮弹仍是必需品。
But Fedorov didn’t back down. Instead, he responded with a press conference, where he delivered the most scathing public critique of Ukraine’s military leadership so far during the war.
但费多罗夫并未退缩。相反，他召开了一场新闻发布会，对乌克兰军事领导层提出了战争爆发以来最严厉的公开批评。
Fedorov accused the 60-year-old Syrskyi, an old-school general, of strategic shortsightedness — of thwarting the careers of promising junior commanders and resisting the drone and robot combat that’s transforming the war. He said he had sought to root out what he described as rampant corruption in defense procurement and made enemies as a result.
费多罗夫指责现年60岁的传统派将领瑟尔斯基战略眼光短浅，压制有潜力的年轻指挥官晋升，不愿接受正在改变战争形态的无人机和机器人作战方式。他还表示，自己一直试图杜绝国防采购中猖獗的腐败现象，因此树敌众多。
In the aftermath of his firing, protesters poured out into cities across the country, many of them carrying signs with variations on “Fedorov is innovation, old grandpas are degeneration.”
费多罗夫被解职后，全国多座城市爆发抗议活动，许多人举着标语，写着“费多罗夫代表创新，老爷爷们代表退化”等类似的口号。
In the days since, however, what began as a show of support for Fedorov morphed into demands for Zelensky to fire Syrskyi.
然而，在随后的几天里，最初对费多罗夫的支持已演变为要求泽连斯基解雇瑟尔斯基的呼声。
Crowds in Kyiv, which included active-duty soldiers and veterans, began deriding the man who successfully commanded pivotal battles earlier in the war. Meanwhile, a cardboard cutout of Fedorov got cheers when it appeared on a balcony overlooking the demonstration.
基辅的抗议人群中包括现役军人和退伍军人，他们开始公开嘲讽这位曾在战争初期成功指挥多场关键战役的将领。与此同时，一个费多罗夫的人形立板出现在俯瞰示威活动的阳台上，赢得了欢呼。
Ukrainian leaders take street protests seriously. They’ve toppled multiple governments. They’re viewed as a pillar of democracy and as an important contrast to the authoritarianism of Russia under President Vladimir Putin.
乌克兰领导人历来严肃对待街头抗议。街头抗议曾多次推翻政府，被视为乌克兰民主制度的重要支柱，也是乌克兰区别于普京领导下俄罗斯威权体制的重要象征。
It wasn’t long before Zelensky was holding back-to-back video calls with army commanders, showing a willingness to hear their complaints. By Tuesday evening, Syrskyi was gone.
没过多久，泽连斯基就与军队指挥官接连进行视频通话，表现出愿意倾听他们抱怨的态度。到周二晚间，瑟尔斯基离职。
When success breeds pushback
成功为何引发反弹
One Ukrainian journalist told me that the rift over how to wage the war had come into the open now “precisely because there are successes” on the battlefield.
一位乌克兰记者对我说，关于如何打赢战争的裂痕之所以现在公开化，“恰恰是因为战场上取得了一系列胜利”。
The people advocating high-tech warfare felt vindicated and became more vocal, said Volodymyr Yermolenko, the editor of a culture and politics magazine. Then those favoring a more conventional approach pushed back.
《文化与政治》杂志主编沃洛德米尔·叶尔莫连科表示，倡导高科技战争的人感到自己的判断得到了印证，发声更为积极。随后，支持更传统方式的一方进行了反击。
But that sort of clash carries risks. “Ukrainian history shows that if we are united, it’s very difficult to win against Ukraine,” Yermolenko said.
但这种冲突本身就暗藏风险。“乌克兰的历史表明，只要我们团结一致，就很难被战胜，”叶尔莫连科说。
“The biggest enemy is internal division,” he said. “Our history taught us this can be deadly.”
“最大的敌人是内部分裂，”他说。“我们的历史告诉我们，这可能是致命的。”
Will these firings be enough to restore unity?
那么，这两次人事调整足以让乌克兰内部恢复团结吗？