President Trump’s war against Iran has depleted U.S. weapons stockpiles to troubling levels, siphoning supplies from Asia and Europe, according to senior officials.

高级官员表示，特朗普总统对伊朗的战争已将美国的武器库存消耗至令人担忧的水平，并抽取了原本用于亚洲和欧洲的物资储备。

The rapidly shrinking supply of air-defense missiles and other critical weaponry in Europe and Asia not only leaves the U.S. military less equipped, but could also leave Russia and China feeling emboldened should they contemplate a potential conflict with the United States, experts said.

专家指出，欧洲和亚洲防空导弹及其他关键武器供应的迅速减少不仅削弱了美军的装备水平，还可能使俄罗斯和中国在考虑与美国发生潜在冲突时感到更加有恃无恐。

Bombing Iran burned through thousands of multimillion-dollar missiles that contain precision parts from a global web of suppliers and can take years to produce. Defending against Iran’s retaliatory barrages has worn down U.S. stocks of air-defense missiles to an extent that has privately alarmed top officials in the Trump administration and has led to the United States’ delaying deliveries to European and Asian customers.

轰炸伊朗消耗了数以千计价值数百万美元的导弹，这些导弹中包含来自全球供应商网络的精密部件，生产周期可能长达数年。为防御伊朗的报复性打击，美国的防空导弹库存损耗已经到了极高的程度，令特朗普政府高层在私下里感到震惊，并导致美国推迟向欧洲和亚洲客户的交付。

今年早些时候，德黑兰的一副壁画，描绘了伊朗导弹袭击美国海军军舰的场景。

The Iran campaign has forced the Pentagon to rush ships, aircraft and air-defense units from across Europe and Asia to the Middle East, an effort with cascading consequences for equipment maintenance and troop morale, U.S. officials said. The result is a significant erosion of American firepower in those regions, a shift with long-term implications that are a growing concern in the military and intelligence communities, senior U.S. and Western officials said.

美国官员表示，针对伊朗的军事行动迫使五角大楼将舰艇、飞机和防空部队从欧洲和亚洲各地紧急调往中东，这一举措对装备维护和部队士气产生了连锁反应。美国及西方高级官员称，其结果是美国在这些地区的火力遭到严重削弱，这种转变具有长期影响，正日益引发军方和情报界的担忧。

Karoline Leavitt, the White House press secretary, said the United States has “more than enough firepower to carry out any operation the president orders at any time and place.” But experts say the munitions crisis — part of which Mr. Trump inherited from President Joseph R. Biden Jr. — is almost certain to outlast his presidency.

白宫新闻秘书卡罗琳·莱维特表示，美国“拥有充足的火力，足以在任何时间和地点执行总统下达的任何行动”。但专家指出，这场弹药危机——其中一部分是特朗普从拜登总统那里继承而来的——几乎肯定会持续到特朗普的总统任期结束之后。

Tom Karako, a senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, said the depletion of munitions was a “generational annihilation of the means of conventional deterrence.” The impact on how decisions are made in Beijing and Moscow, he said, could resonate for years.

华盛顿战略与国际问题研究中心高级研究员汤姆·卡拉科表示，弹药的耗尽是对“常规威慑手段的一次代际性毁灭”。他说，这对北京和莫斯科决策方式的影响可能会持续多年。

“It’s impossible for that not to have a significant effect on the decision calculus of Russia and China,” said Mr. Karako, who has been tracking U.S. weapons stockpiles. “They may do something quite deliberate and at the time of their choosing, because keep in mind — we’re going to take years to reconstitute.”

“这不可能不对俄罗斯和中国的决策考量产生重大影响，”一直关注美国武器库存的卡拉科说，“他们可能会在自己选择的时间采取相当深思熟虑的行动，因为请记住——我们需要数年时间才能重建储备。”

In meetings in the lead-up to the Iran war, Gen. Dan Caine, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, informed the president of the risks of dipping deeper into drained stockpiles, according to two officials with knowledge of the exchanges. Mr. Trump still decided to go ahead, believing the war would be over quickly. A spokesman for General Caine declined to comment on his private conversations with the president.

据两名知情官员透露，在伊朗战争爆发前的会议上，参谋长联席会议主席丹·凯恩将军告知了总统进一步动用已经大量消耗的军火储备所带来的风险。特朗普仍决定继续推进，他认为战争会很快结束。凯恩的发言人拒绝就凯恩与总统的私人谈话发表评论。

After attacking Iran alongside Israel on Feb. 28, Mr. Trump repeatedly promised victory within weeks. More than five months later, he remains unable to bend Iran to his will, or even to find a way to end the war. The munitions shortage is said to have played a role in persuading Mr. Trump to put aside a major bombing campaign late last month. But it also shows how the president’s decision to attack Iran has left the United States and its allies more vulnerable to other threats.

在2月28日与以色列联手袭击伊朗后，特朗普一再承诺将在几周内取得胜利。五个多月过去了，他仍然无法让伊朗听从他的意愿，甚至找不到结束战争的方法。据称，弹药短缺在促使特朗普上个月末搁置一场大规模轰炸行动中起了一定作用。但这也表明，总统攻击伊朗的决定令美国及盟国在面对其他威胁时变得更加脆弱。

The Trump administration has worked with military contractors to try to accelerate and expand production. But even accounting for those efforts, it could take more than two years for the United States to replenish the more than 1,500 Patriot air-defense interceptor missiles that have been used in the Iran war. The current U.S. inventory of those missiles is fewer than 1,700, according to two people briefed on the stockpile who spoke on the condition of anonymity to discuss sensitive military details.

特朗普政府已与军事承包商合作，试图加快并扩大生产。但即使考虑到这些努力，美国也可能需要两年多的时间才能补充在伊朗战争中使用的1500多枚“爱国者”防空拦截导弹。据两名因讨论敏感军事细节而要求匿名的了解库存情况的人士透露，美国目前库存的该型导弹不足1700枚。

Mr. Trump has been enraged about news stories covering the munitions shortages. He has ordered a massive leak hunt across his government and is demanding criminal prosecutions. He has told advisers in private that any discussion of the munitions crisis signals weakness to the country’s enemies, and he continues in public to downplay the issue, deny it exists or blame his predecessor.

特朗普对报道弹药短缺的新闻感到愤怒，下令在整个政府范围内展开大规模的泄密清查，并要求对相关人员提起刑事诉讼。他私下里告诉顾问，任何关于弹药危机的讨论都会向国家的敌人示弱；而在公开场合，他继续淡化这一问题，否认其存在，或将责任推给他的前任。

“Our defense companies are making more munitions than ever before, while rapidly expanding their plants and equipment at record levels,” Ms. Leavitt, the White House press secretary, said in a statement. “Anyone entrusted with access to classified military information who leaks it to the media is betraying that trust and breaking federal law, and should be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law.”

白宫新闻秘书莱维特在声明中表示：“我们的国防公司正在生产比以往任何时候都多的弹药，同时以创纪录的水平迅速扩建工厂和设备。任何被授权接触机密军事信息并将其泄露给媒体的人，都是在背叛这种信任并违反联邦法律，应当依法予以最严厉的起诉。”

Sean Parnell, the chief Pentagon spokesman, said reports of weapons shortages are false, adding that the United States has “everything required to strike at the time and place of the president’s choosing.”

五角大楼首席发言人肖恩·帕内尔表示，有关武器短缺的报道是虚假的，并称美国拥有“一切必要资源，可在总统选择的时间和地点发动打击”。

The most immediate impact of the munitions shortage is being felt in Kyiv, the Ukrainian capital. President Volodymyr Zelensky of Ukraine said this week that the number of air-defense missiles being provided to his country by Western allies had dropped threefold this year compared with 2025. On Wednesday, Ukraine failed to intercept any of the 28 missiles fired by Russia, which killed at least 17 people. More interceptors, Mr. Zelensky said, “could have saved the lives of those killed today.”

弹药短缺带来的最直接影响正在乌克兰首都基辅显现。乌克兰总统泽连斯基本周表示，西方盟国今年向该国提供的防空导弹数量已降至2025年的三分之一。周三，乌克兰未能拦截俄罗斯发射的28枚导弹中的任何一枚，导致至少17人死亡。泽连斯基说，如果有更多的拦截导弹，“本可以拯救今天那些遇难者的生命。”

乌克兰总统弗拉基米尔·泽连斯基在德国，2024年乌克兰士兵曾在此接受“爱国者”防空导弹系统的培训。

The fundamental problem, analysts say, is that Russia has ramped up its missile production to a greater extent than Ukraine’s Western supporters have been able to manufacture air defenses. The Iran war exacerbated the mismatch.

分析人士指出，根本问题在于，俄罗斯增加导弹产量的幅度超过了乌克兰的西方支持者制造防空武器的能力。伊朗战争则加剧了这种失衡。

Representative Jason Crow, a Colorado Democrat who sits on the House Armed Services and Intelligence Committees, said the “antiquated” U.S. defense procurement process “doesn’t allow us to actually keep pace with the rapidly evolving nature of warfare.”

众议院武装部队和情报委员会成员、科罗拉多州民主党众议员杰森·克罗表示，美国“陈旧”的国防采购流程“使我们无法真正跟上迅速演变的战争性质”。

“Frankly, our adversaries don’t have those hindrances,” Mr. Crow said.

“坦率地说，我们的对手没有这些障碍，”克罗说。

The United States and its allies have begun to hoard air-defense missiles amid the global supply crunch. Mr. Trump, asked by a reporter in the Oval Office on Thursday about Mr. Zelensky’s plea for more missiles, shot back: “We want missiles too.”

在全球供应紧缩的背景下，美国及其盟国已经开始囤积防空导弹。上周四，在椭圆形办公室，当被记者问及泽连斯基请求提供更多导弹一事时，特朗普反击说：“我们也需要导弹。”

Long-range missiles would be critical in a war against China or Russia, countries with far more advanced air defenses than Iran. Both governments are tracking U.S. stockpiles closely, estimating them through public sources like the congressional budget process and defense contractor announcements, as well as via their spy satellites and other surveillance systems, according to a U.S. official familiar with defense intelligence.

在与中国或俄罗斯的战争中，远程导弹将至关重要——这两个国家的防空系统远比伊朗先进。据一位熟悉国防情报的美国官员称，中俄两国政府都在密切跟踪美国的库存情况，通过国会预算流程和国防承包商公告等公开来源，以及间谍卫星和其他监视系统来进行估算。

“The situation is shaping up very favorably,” a popular Russian pro-war blogger, Aleksandr Kots, recently wrote. “The less precision-guided weaponry the U.S. has, the less will reach Ukraine.”

“局势的发展非常有利，”俄罗斯知名主战博主亚历山大·科茨最近写道。“美国的精确制导武器越少，能抵达乌克兰的就越少。”

Even if Mr. Trump’s successor wants to ramp up aid to Ukraine, Mr. Kots added, “doing so will be impossible with empty arsenals.”

科茨还补充说，即使特朗普的继任者想要增加对乌克兰的援助，“面对空虚的军火库，也将是不可能的。”

The long-term impact of the depletion may be greatest in Asia, where the United States has long been preparing for the possibility of a Chinese invasion of Taiwan, the self-governing island that Beijing claims as its own. The U.S. military’s Indo-Pacific Command became a major source of munitions for the Iran war, with many of its Tomahawks and other long-range missiles in the region — critical to a fight with China — transferred from its stocks.

库存耗尽的长期影响在亚洲可能最为严重。长期以来，美国一直在为中国可能入侵台湾（北京声称这个自治岛屿属于自己）做准备。美军的印太司令部成为了伊朗战争的主要弹药来源地，其在该地区的许多“战斧”巡航导弹和其他远程导弹已从其库存中被调走——这些弹药对与中国的交战至关重要。

Hundreds of advanced air-defense interceptors have been sent to the Middle East from South Korea and elsewhere in Asia, while a carrier strike group and some of the Navy’s highest-end destroyers were deployed from the region to support the Iran campaign. U.S. troops in South Korea would be more vulnerable in a war with North Korea because the Pentagon has redirected tactical surveillance assets to the Middle East and withdrawn air defenses, a U.S. official said.

数以百计的先进防空拦截弹已从韩国和亚洲其他地区被送往中东，同时一个航母打击群和部分海军最先进的驱逐舰也被从该地区调离，以支持对伊朗的军事行动。一位美国官员表示，一旦与朝鲜开战，驻韩美军将面临险境，因为五角大楼已将战术监控资产重新部署到了中东，并撤走了防空系统。

The depletion has wide-ranging effects. In Asia, some U.S. officials fear that South Korea and Japan will doubt the ability of the United States to protect them with nonnuclear defenses, and will be more inclined to seek their own nuclear weapons to establish more credible deterrence. In Europe, U.S. allies are already looking to increase weapons purchases from other countries, given the production backlog in the United States.

这种消耗产生了广泛的影响。在亚洲，一些美国官员担心，韩国和日本将怀疑美国用非核防御系统保护它们的能力，并会更倾向于寻求获取自己的核武器，以建立更可信的威慑力。在欧洲，鉴于美国的生产滞后，美国的盟友已经在寻求增加从其他国家的武器采购。

Russia and China have long understood that the U.S. stockpile is limited, officials say, and now understand that inventories will take time to be refilled to levels that would allow for the execution of certain war plans. In that sense, a more drawn-out Iran conflict benefits Moscow and Beijing, some analysts said.

官员们表示，俄罗斯和中国早就明白美国的库存是有限的，并且现在也了解到，将库存恢复到可以执行某些战争计划的水平需要时间。一些分析人士认为，从这个意义上说，一场更持久的伊朗冲突对莫斯科和北京是有利的。

4月在德黑兰，工人正在维修遭到美以空袭的建筑。

“The longer this war runs and the more we continue to exchange fire with Iran, the worse the munitions problem becomes for the United States, and the larger and more visible this window of vulnerability becomes,” said Todd Harrison, a defense analyst at the American Enterprise Institute.

美国企业研究所的国防分析师托德·哈里森表示：“这场战争持续的时间越长，我们与伊朗继续交火的次数越多，美国的弹药问题就越严重，这个脆弱的窗口期也就变得越大、越明显。”

Dara Massicot, an expert on the Russian military at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, said that Moscow had already been reassessing its assumptions about U.S. military stockpiles before the start of the Iran war. The four years of conflict in Ukraine, she said, might have shown Russian military planners that the United States was slower at ramping up weapons production than they had believed.

卡内基国际和平基金会研究俄罗斯军队的专家达拉·马西科特表示，在伊朗战争爆发之前，莫斯科就已经在重新评估其对美军库存的假设。她说，四年的乌克兰冲突可能已经向俄罗斯的军事规划者表明，美国的武器生产提速比他们想象的要慢。

“That’s the wrong kind of math to go into the Russian system, because then they start changing their perception of their own power vis-à-vis NATO,” said Ms. Massicot, who recently returned from a trip to Ukraine. “It causes them to come to conclusions that we may not want them to.”

“俄罗斯人的系统要是纳入了这种考量就糟糕了，因为随后他们就会开始改变自己相对北约实力的认知，”刚从乌克兰归来的马西科特说。“这会导致他们得出我们可能不希望看到的结论。”