The Trump administration will impose tariffs of around 10 percent on goods from more than 80 countries on Friday, its latest effort to put in place an expansive protectionist policy that has been repeatedly challenged in court.

特朗普政府将于周五对来自80多个国家的商品加征约10%的关税，这是其落实一项大规模保护主义政策的最新举措，而该政策此前已多次在法院受到挑战。

The tariffs will range from 10 percent to 12.5 percent and take effect at 12:01 a.m. on Friday, replacing a global 10 percent duty set to lapse at the same time. Mr. Trump issued that earlier tariff in February, after the Supreme Court struck down duties he imposed last year.

关税税率将在10%至12.5%之间，于周五凌晨0时01分生效，取代届时到期的全球统一10%关税。特朗普于今年2月宣布了此前的这项关税，在此之前，最高法院推翻了他去年实施的关税。

The move provides fresh evidence of Mr. Trump’s intention to transform global trade, despite numerous court challenges and the protests of U.S. consumers and businesses that have been stuck with higher tax bills. Over the past 17 months, the Trump administration has cycled through trade law after trade law as it tries to build a system to shield the U.S. economy from foreign competition.

此举再次表明，尽管法院多次提出挑战，且美国消费者和企业因税负增加而抗议，特朗普仍有意改变全球贸易格局。过去17个月来，特朗普政府不断尝试各种贸易法，试图构建一套保护美国经济免受外国竞争影响的体系。

The duties will be issued under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974, which allows the president to impose tariffs on foreign countries that engage in unreasonable or discriminatory trade practices. The administration has cited the failure of foreign countries to pass or enforce laws banning the importation of goods made by forced labor into their own countries, saying that disadvantages U.S. businesses that do follow such laws.

此次关税将依据1974年《贸易法》第301条征收。该条款允许总统对存在不合理或歧视性贸易做法的外国征收关税。特朗普政府声称：外国未能通过或执行禁止进口使用强迫劳动生产的商品的法律，这使遵守此类法律的美国企业在竞争中处于不利地位。

Canada, which will be subject to a 10 percent tariff under the arrangement, already prohibits importing forced labor goods. The European Union, also at 10 percent, has a ban that is scheduled to take effect in December 2027. But Trump officials say that the governments have not effectively enforced those laws.

根据这一安排，加拿大将被征收10%的关税。事实上，加拿大早已禁止进口强迫劳动产品。欧盟同样适用10%的关税，而其禁止进口强迫劳动产品的法规计划于2027年12月生效。但特朗普政府官员表示，这些政府并没有切实执行这些法律。

The United States has arguably the strongest restrictions on forced labor imports of any country. It has prohibited the importation of goods made with slave labor for nearly a century, though it still allows prison labor under conditions that labor organizations consider coercive. In 2021, the United States passed a law banning imports from a region of China where it had found forced labor to be rampant.

可以说，美国对强迫劳动产品进口的限制是世界上最严格的国家之一。近一个世纪以来，美国一直禁止进口奴隶劳动生产的商品，不过，它仍允许劳工组织认为具有强迫性质的监狱劳动。2021年，美国通过一项法律，禁止进口来自中国一个被认定强迫劳动现象普遍存在地区的产品。

The Trump administration also pushed Canada and Mexico to adopt a prohibition on imports made by forced labor as part of prior trade negotiations, and 10 other countries have committed to bans as part of trade deals negotiated over the past year, a senior administration official said.

一位政府高级官员表示，在此前的贸易谈判中，特朗普政府还推动加拿大和墨西哥采纳禁止进口强迫劳动产品的规定；此外，在过去一年达成的贸易协议中，还有另外10个国家承诺实施类似禁令。

But critics say the United States, too, has shortfalls on its labor protections. And some say that the administration has seized on forced labor as merely the most convenient way to reimpose tariffs struck down by the Supreme Court.

但批评人士指出，美国自身的劳工保护也存在不足。还有人表示，特朗普政府不过是借强迫劳动作为最方便的借口，以重新恢复被最高法院推翻的关税政策。

Peter Harrell, a visiting scholar at Georgetown Law School and a former Biden administration official, said that the small differential in tariffs between Canada and the European Union on one hand and China on the other “just brings home that USTR is using this forced labor investigation as a pretext to impose tariffs that Trump wants to impose for his own economic theories and preferences.”

乔治城大学法学院访问学者、前拜登政府官员彼得·哈雷尔表示，加拿大和欧盟与中国之间的关税差异很小，“这恰恰说明美国贸易代表办公室只是将强迫劳动调查作为借口，征收那些特朗普基于自己的经济理论和政策偏好本来就想征收的关税。”

“It’s not really about forced labor,” he added.

“这实际上与强迫劳动无关，”他补充道。

While Jamieson Greer, the U.S. trade representative, and other U.S. officials have publicly said they cannot prejudge the outcome of the trade investigations, administration officials have privately reassured multiple foreign governments that their tariff rates will end up being the same as in deals negotiated last year, people familiar with the discussions said.

尽管美国贸易代表贾米森·格里尔及其他美国官员公开表示，他们不能预先判断贸易调查的结果，但据知情人士透露，政府官员私下已向多个外国政府保证，它们最终适用的关税税率将与去年谈判达成的协议一致。

“Trump’s next trade scheme is ordering USTR to reconstruct his illegal global tariffs under the guise of addressing forced labor,” Senator Ron Wyden, Democrat of Oregon, said in a Congressional hearing Wednesday. “If the administration wants to get serious about forced labor, the first step is to look at its own enforcement record.”

“特朗普的下一个贸易计划是命令美国贸易代表办公室以解决强迫劳动问题为幌子，重新构建他那些已被裁定违法的全球关税，”俄勒冈州民主党参议员罗恩·怀登在周三的国会听证会上表示。“如果政府真想严肃对待强迫劳动问题，第一步就是审视自身的执法记录。”

美国贸易代表贾米森·格里尔周三在国会山举行的参议院财政委员会听证会上接受质询。

The new tariffs will exempt oil and gas and certain national resources, as well as goods already covered under the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement, or national security-related tariffs Mr. Trump has imposed on cars, steel and other goods.

新关税将豁免石油、天然气及部分国家资源，以及美墨加协定涵盖的商品或特朗普已对汽车、钢铁等商品征收的国家安全相关关税。

More duties are likely to be on the way in the coming weeks. The administration has proposed another batch of tariffs, also using Section 301, on 15 countries and the European Union to offset what the White House calls unfair practices in their manufacturing sectors. An administration official said Thursday that an investigation was continuing.

未来数周可能还会有更多关税出台。政府已提议依据第301条对15个国家和欧盟再征收一批关税，用于补偿白宫所称这些国家制造业中的“不公平做法”。一名政府官员周四表示，相关调查仍在进行中。

Mr. Trump has long maintained that U.S. tariffs on imports were unfairly low, and he came into office wanting to transform that system. But his efforts have been met with plenty of stops, starts and setbacks, reflecting the fact that a president’s legal authority over tariff policy is in some ways limited.

特朗普长期以来一直认为，美国对进口商品征收的关税过低，因此他上任后便希望彻底改变这一体系。但他的努力屡屡受阻、反复启动又受挫，这也反映出，总统在关税政策上的法律权限在某些方面其实是有限的。

The Constitution gives Congress the power to regulate trade, but legislators have written numerous laws that allow the president to issue tariffs in certain circumstances. But typically, those laws are designed to help the president address unfair trade practices in certain countries or industries, not to replace the U.S. tariff system wholesale.

宪法赋予国会监管贸易的权力，但国会也制定了许多法律，允许总统在特定情形下征收关税。不过，这些法律通常都是为了帮助总统应对某些国家或行业的不公平贸易行为，而不是让总统全面取代美国现行的关税体系。

Mr. Harrell said that Mr. Trump’s use of Section 301 was much broader that the statute intended, and that it likely would be challenged in court. While Section 301 was supposed to be used to create leverage to push a country to address an unfair trade practice, he said, “Trump is reinterpreting the statute to try to impose perpetual tariffs on almost all imports.”

哈雷尔表示，特朗普对第301条的运用远远超出了这项法律原本的立法目的，很可能会再次受到法院挑战。他说，第301条本应被用来向他国施压，迫使其纠正不公平贸易行为，而“特朗普正在重新解读该条款，试图对几乎所有进口商品征收永久性关税”。

“They are showing that on tariffs, they can kind of run faster than the courts will, and they’re going to force the courts to keep playing catch up,” he added.

“他们表明，在关税问题上，他们的行动速度可以比法院更快，并迫使法院不断疲于追赶，”他补充道。

The Supreme Court invalidated Mr. Trump’s preferred legal tool in February, when it said his use of an international emergency law to impose tariffs was unlawful and ordered roughly $160 billion in tariff revenue to be refunded. Mr. Trump had used the emergency law to announce his “Liberation Day” tariffs on foreign countries last year, and to penalize Canada, Mexico and China for their real or alleged role in channeling fentanyl to the United States.

今年2月，最高法院否定了特朗普最常使用的法律工具，裁定他依据一项国际紧急经济权力法征收关税属于违法，并下令退还约1600亿美元的关税收入。特朗普此前正是依据这部紧急状态法于去年宣布了针对外国的“解放日”关税，并以加拿大、墨西哥和中国在芬太尼流入美国问题上的真实或所谓责任为由施以惩罚。

After the Supreme Court decision, Mr. Trump turned to Section 122 of the Trade Act of 1974 as a stopgap, a law which had never been used to impose tariffs before. Section 122 allows a president to impose a tariff to address balance of payments issues, but it has a 150-day time limit that is set to expire early Friday.

最高法院作出裁决后，特朗普转而援引1974年《贸易法》第122条作为过渡措施。这项法律此前从未被用于征收关税。第122条允许总统为解决国际收支问题征收关税，但规定最长只能实施150天，而该时限将于本周五凌晨到期。

Mr. Trump’s use of Section 122 has also faced legal challenges. A group of small businesses and a coalition of states each sued the administration, claiming that the government did not satisfy the law’s strict criteria. In May, a majority of judges on a federal trade court agreed, handing down the second major tariff defeat against Mr. Trump.

特朗普援引第122条的做法同样遭遇了法律挑战。一批小企业和多个州的联盟相继对政府提起诉讼，声称政府未能满足该法律的严格适用条件。今年5月，联邦贸易法院多数法官支持了这一立场，这是特朗普第二次在关税问题上遭遇重大挫折。

The administration appealed the decision, and the courts have allowed the government to continue collecting the 10 percent tax on imports as the appeal progresses.

特朗普政府随后提起上诉，而法院允许政府在上诉审理期间继续征收这项10%的进口关税。

The provision that the administration is turning to next, Section 301, is more battle tested. Mr. Trump used it to impose tariffs on China in his first term, and his use of it has survived multiple challenges in court. But it has never before been used in such a sweeping way, to issue tariffs on dozens of countries simultaneously.

政府接下来准备援引的第301条经过了更多的司法检验。特朗普在第一任期内曾援引该条款对中国征收关税，且经受住了多轮法律挑战。但以此条款同时对数十个国家大规模征收关税尚属首次。

The administration also turned to another obscure trade law earlier this week, when Mr. Trump signed orders to impose a 50 percent tariff on billions of dollars of Canadian exports. The law, the Tariff Act of 1930, also known as the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, was written by Congress to shield American businesses during the onset of the Great Depression, though many historians believe it actually deepened the crisis. The Section 338 provision of the act that the administration used had never been used to impose tariffs.

本周早些时候，特朗普政府还援引了另一部鲜为人知的贸易法律，当时特朗普签署命令，对价值数十亿美元的加拿大出口产品征收50%的关税。他所依据的是1930年《关税法》，也就是《斯穆特—霍利关税法》。这部法律是国会在大萧条初期制定的，旨在保护美国企业，但许多历史学家认为，它实际上加剧了当时的经济危机。而特朗普政府此次援引的该法第338条此前也从未被用来征收关税。

Testifying in Congress Wednesday, Mr. Greer said that the administration remained intent on imposing tariffs, regardless of the legal approach.

格里尔周三在国会作证时表示，无论采用何种法律依据，政府都将继续征收关税。

“The specific authorities this administration is using have changed, but the trade strategy has not,” Mr. Greer said. “We are committed to continuing to use tariffs and to negotiate deals to support the re-industrialization of our economy, protect American workers and increase their wages and shrink our trade deficit.”

“这届政府具体援引的法律依据在变，但贸易战略没有变，”格里尔说。“我们将继续坚定地运用关税，并通过谈判达成协议，以支持我们经济的再工业化，保护美国工人，提高他们的薪资水平，缩减贸易赤字。”