Telegram, a popular messaging app known for its resistance to government scrutiny, has been used widely by protesters and news organizations evading authoritarian control. However, it has also been accused of enabling terrorism, crime and disinformation.

Telegram是一款以抵抗政府审查而闻名的流行消息应用，广泛被抗议者和新闻机构用来规避威权控制。然而，它也被指责助长恐怖主义、犯罪和虚假信息。

Governments around the world have tried to limit Telegram through bans, restrictions and criminal investigations, including in France, where its creator has faced criminal charges.

世界各国政府已试图通过禁令、限制措施和刑事调查来限制Telegram，其中法国对其创始人发起了刑事指控。

The app was banned by Russia, where it had been used for political dissent; restricted from government-issued devices in Ukraine over national security reasons; and temporarily suspended in Brazil for what the authorities said was its failure to curb illicit activities.

该应用在俄罗斯被禁止（此前Telegram常被用于政治异见活动）；在乌克兰，它因国家安全原因被禁止在政府发放的设备上使用；巴西一度对其进行临时封禁，当局称是因为它未能遏制非法活动。

In the latest example, India this week banned the app until June 22 after finding that it had been used in a fraudulent effort to sell what users claimed to be leaked pages from an upcoming national medical college entrance exam.

最新事例是，由于发现其被用于欺诈活动——兜售被用户认为是即将举行的全国医学院入学考试泄露试卷的材料，印度本周禁止该应用至6月22日。

Here’s a partial list of places where Telegram has faced regulatory hurdles.

以下是Telegram面临监管障碍的部分国家和地区列表。

India

印度

India, among Telegram’s largest markets with over 150 million users, temporarily banned Telegram over what the government called a last-ditch attempt to halt an effort to defraud students preparing for the entrance exam for medical colleges.

印度是Telegram最大的市场之一，拥有超过1.5亿用户。该国临时禁止Telegram，政府称这是为防止医学院入学考试考生遭欺诈不得已而为之。

Millions of candidates took the test in May. But India’s National Testing Agency said on Tuesday that Telegram channels had sold what they called leaked exam questions to candidates and their families that turned out to be fake. It also scrapped the scores from the exam and scheduled a retest for Sunday.

数百万考生在5月参加了考试。但印度国家考试局周二表示，Telegram频道向考生及其家人出售所谓泄露的考题，结果这些考题是假的。该机构还取消了本次考试的成绩，并安排周日进行重考。

The move has fueled dissatisfaction and protests among young people who accuse the government of mismanaging the exam system.

此举引发了年轻人的不满和抗议，他们指责政府对考试系统管理不善。

Pavel Durov, the founder of Telegram, criticized the ban, writing on X that it punished ordinary Telegram users and not the people defrauding exam takers. He added that Telegram had removed hundreds of channels related to exam materials and related scams in India.

Telegram创始人帕维尔·杜罗夫批评了这一禁令，他在X上发文称，此举惩罚了普通Telegram用户，而不是那些欺诈考生的人。他补充说，Telegram已移除印度数百个与考试材料和相关诈骗有关的频道。

Russia

俄罗斯

Russia, where Mr. Durov was born, has also banned Telegram. In 2018, a Russian court allowed the government to block Telegram after the app refused to give Russian security services access to users’ encrypted messages. Mr. Durov, who had fled the country in 2014, said that the app’s encryption systems made it impossible for the company to comply with the government’s demands.

杜罗夫的出生地俄罗斯也已禁止Telegram。2018年，一家俄罗斯法院允许政府封锁Telegram，因为该应用拒绝向俄罗斯安全部门提供用户加密消息的访问权限。2014年逃离俄罗斯的杜罗夫表示，应用的加密系统使得公司无法遵守政府的要求。

The move faced technical hurdles. It also put the Kremlin in an awkward position because Telegram was widely used by Russian government agencies. By 2020, Russia lifted its ban saying Telegram had agreed to step up efforts to block extremist content, among other demands.

封锁行动遇到了技术障碍，也让克里姆林宫陷入尴尬，因为俄罗斯政府机构广泛使用Telegram。2020年俄罗斯解除禁令，称Telegram已同意加强封锁极端主义内容等要求。

Earlier this year, the Russian government tried again to block Telegram as part of a wider crackdown on free speech on the internet during the war against Ukraine. Russia’s communications regulator accused Telegram of failing to combat fraud, protect personal data and prevent the app from being used by terrorists and criminals.

今年早些时候，俄罗斯政府在乌克兰战争期间作为打击互联网自由言论的广泛行动的一部分，再次试图封锁Telegram。俄罗斯通信监管机构指责Telegram未能打击欺诈、保护个人数据，并防止该应用被恐怖分子和犯罪分子使用。

Mr. Durov pushed back, saying that the government was restricting Telegram access to force Russians to switch to a state-controlled app he said had been “built for surveillance and political censorship.” Telegram is now effectively blocked in the country.

杜罗夫反击称，政府限制Telegram访问是为了迫使俄罗斯人转向一个由国家控制的应用，他说该应用“专为监控和政治审查而建”。Telegram目前在该国实际上已被封锁。

Ukraine

乌克兰

During Russia’s war on Ukraine, Telegram has been a lifeline for millions of Ukrainians seeking information about impending Russian attacks or looking for food and medical aid. But Ukrainian officials have also expressed concern that the platform was enabling Russian disinformation and spying.

在俄罗斯对乌克兰的战争期间，Telegram成为数百万乌克兰人生活不可或缺的一部分，被用于获取即将到来的俄罗斯袭击的信息，或寻找食物和医疗援助。但乌克兰官员也对该平台助长俄罗斯虚假信息和间谍活动表示担忧。

The Ukrainian authorities in 2024 banned military and government officials, along with people working on critical infrastructure, from using Telegram on their work phones out of security concerns. Some officials proposed rules requiring Telegram to disclose who is behind large anonymous channels.

2024年，乌克兰当局出于安全考虑，禁止军事人员、政府官员以及关键基础设施工作人员在工作手机上使用Telegram。一些官员提议制定规则，要求Telegram披露大型匿名频道背后的运营者。

Europe

欧洲

Telegram has run into hurdles in other European nations. In 2023, Norway’s justice minister said in an official notice that state officials should not have Telegram or TikTok on their work devices because the government saw the apps as threats to national security.

Telegram在其他欧洲国家也遇到障碍。2023年，挪威司法部长在一份正式通知中表示，国家官员的工作设备上不应安装Telegram或TikTok，因为政府视这些应用为国家安全威胁。

In France, the authorities arrested Mr. Durov when he landed there in 2024, and charged him with a wide range of crimes for failing to prevent illicit activity on the app. He was also barred from leaving the country. Telegram played a role in multiple criminal cases in France tied to child sexual abuse, drug trafficking and online hate crimes.

在法国，当局于2024年在杜罗夫落地时逮捕了他，并以未能防止应用上的非法活动为由，对他提出多项犯罪指控。他还被禁止离开该国。Telegram在法国多起涉及儿童性虐待、毒品走私和网络仇恨犯罪的刑事案件中扮演了角色。

Telegram said at the time that it abided by European Union laws, and that it was absurd to claim that a platform or its owner was responsible for abuse of that platform.

Telegram当时表示，它遵守欧盟法律，并称将平台或其所有者视为平台滥用的责任方是荒谬的。

Mr. Durov was temporarily allowed to leave France last year. He said at the time that he had returned home to Dubai.

杜罗夫去年被临时允许离开法国。他当时表示已返回迪拜的家。

Brazil

巴西

Brazil’s Supreme Court banned Telegram nationwide in 2022 ahead of a presidential election. It said that the app had failed to comply with orders to remove accounts tied to a supporter of former President Jair Bolsonaro who was being investigated for spreading disinformation and threatening Supreme Court judges.

2022年巴西总统选举前，巴西最高法院在全国范围内禁止Telegram。法院称，该应用未能遵守命令，删除与前总统雅伊尔·博尔索纳罗的支持者相关的账户，该支持者正因散布虚假信息和威胁最高法院法官而接受调查。

Mr. Durov said in an apology at the time that Telegram hadn’t always responded to the Brazilian Supreme Court because the company had missed the court’s emails.

杜罗夫当时道歉称，Telegram未能及时回复巴西最高法院，因为公司错过了法院的邮件。

The ban was lifted when Telegram complied with court orders. Another Brazilian judge in 2023 ordered that Telegram be blocked nationwide after it failed to comply with court orders demanding complete user data from neo-Nazi group chats. Telegram told the police at the time that the groups had been deleted and that it could not recover the data.

在Telegram遵守法院命令后，禁令被解除。2023年，另一名巴西法官下令在全国封锁Telegram，因为它未能遵守要求提供新纳粹群聊完整用户数据的法院命令。Telegram当时告诉警方，这些群组已被删除，且无法恢复数据。

An appeals court later lifted that suspension but upheld a hefty fine.

上诉法院后来取消了该暂停措施，但维持了高额罚款的裁决。