In San Francisco, there was little trace of the online vitriol that had been directed at Eileen Gu for weeks.

在旧金山，数周来针对谷爱琳的网络恶意攻击几乎看不到一丝痕迹。

Ms. Gu, the decorated Olympic freestyle skier, wore a wide smile as she sat atop a red convertible during the annual Chinese New Year parade last weekend, making hand hearts for the crowds, who returned the love to their hometown girl.

上周末，在一年一度的春节大游行中，这位屡获荣誉的奥运自由式滑雪选手笑容灿烂，坐在一辆红色敞篷车上，向人群比心，而民众也热情回应这个家乡的女孩。

Bells clanged. Parade-goers snapped photos. Teenagers tried to run alongside the car.

铃声叮当作响。游行观众纷纷拍照。青少年们跟在车旁奔跑。

“Welcome home, Eileen!” several supporters shouted in unison.

“欢迎回家，爱凌！”几名支持者齐声喊道。

Ordinarily, the celebration would have just been the latest party featuring a triumphant athlete. After all, Ms. Gu won three medals in freestyle skiing during the Winter Olympics last month.

通常情况下，这样的庆典不过是又一场为凯旋运动员举行的欢庆活动。毕竟，谷爱凌在上个月的冬奥会上斩获了三枚自由式滑雪奖牌。

But because she won those medals for China, America’s main geopolitical rival, Ms. Gu has been branded a “traitor” and “ungrateful” by conservatives online. The parade itself drew a new round of criticism for Ms. Gu and, to some degree, San Francisco, a liberal city often mocked by the right.

但由于她是代表中国站上领奖台，而中国是美国主要的地缘政治竞争对手，谷爱凌在网络上被保守派贴上了“叛徒”和“忘恩负义”的标签。这场游行本身也引发了对谷爱凌的新一轮批评，在一定程度上也波及了旧金山这座常被右翼嘲讽的自由派城市。

奥运自由式滑雪名将谷爱凌担任旧金山春节游行大礼官，受到现场观众的热烈欢呼。

The mixed reaction to Ms. Gu stands in contrast to the wider embrace for Alysa Liu, the figure skater who captured American hearts — and the gold medal — with her joyful performance competing for Team U.S.A. Ms. Liu, like Ms. Gu, was born in America, has a Chinese immigrant parent and lives in the Bay Area.

外界对谷爱凌的褒贬不一，与花滑选手刘美贤受到的广泛欢迎形成鲜明对比。刘美贤代表美国队参赛，凭借欢快动人的表现赢得了美国民众的心，并夺得金牌。和谷爱凌一样，刘美贤出生在美国，父母一方是华裔移民，也住在旧金山湾区。

Ms. Liu has been mobbed upon her return, to the point where she recently had to ask fans to give her space after someone chased her to her car. And every ticket has been claimed for a Thursday rally in her hometown, Oakland, where thousands are expected to attend and the event will be broadcast on local television.

刘美贤回国后被粉丝团团围住，甚至有人追到她的车旁，迫使她近日不得不请求粉丝给予私人空间。在她的家乡奥克兰，周四为她举办的欢迎集会门票已全部领完，预计将有数以千计的人参加，活动还将在当地电视台播出。

While Ms. Gu’s decision to compete for China became a lightning rod for the right, the divergent reactions to the two medalists have also spurred conversations among Chinese Americans about what it means to be an American in the current era.

谷爱凌代表中国参赛的决定成为右翼攻击的焦点，而两位奖牌得主所受待遇的巨大差异也在美国华裔群体中引发讨论：在当下这个时代，身为美国人究竟意味着什么。

Immigrants and their descendants have long tried to maintain connections to their heritage, no matter their family’s nation of origin, balancing those ties with pressures to assimilate and forge their own identities. For some Chinese Americans and scholars of Asian American history, the criticism of Ms. Gu has been deeply unsettling.

长期以来，移民及其后代无论来自哪个国家，都试图维系与祖籍文化的联系，在这些纽带与同化压力和塑造自我身份之间寻找平衡。对一些美国华裔和研究亚裔美国人历史的学者而言，针对谷爱凌的批评令人深感不安。

In a sports world where it is not uncommon for American athletes to compete for other countries, the intense focus on Ms. Gu reflects a view of Americanness that seems to offer little space for those who might have natural affinities for cultures or countries outside of the United States — especially when that country happens to be a geopolitical competitor like China.

在体坛，美国运动员代表其他国家参赛并不罕见，但对谷爱凌的高度关注反映出一种对美国人身份的理解，它几乎不给那些对美国以外文化或国家怀有天然亲近感的人留出空间——尤其是当这个国家恰好是中国这样的地缘政治竞争对手时。

In more than a dozen interviews, many Chinese Americans said they had ties to China and Chinese culture similar to those of Ms. Gu. She was raised by her mother and her maternal grandmother, both immigrants from China. She grew up visiting relatives in China. And she speaks Mandarin Chinese fluently — with a Beijing accent.

在十多次采访中，许多美国华裔表示，他们与中国和中国文化的联系与谷爱凌相似。她由母亲和姥姥抚养长大，两人都是来自中国的移民；她从小就常回中国探亲；能说一口流利的普通话，还带着北京口音。

谷爱凌上月代表中国参加冬奥会时，在自由式滑雪项目中斩获三枚奖牌。

Ms. Gu has said that she chose to represent China because she could inspire more young people there. While many Chinese Americans said they might not have made the same decision, they felt that competing for China seemed like a logical extension of her identity and did not make her any less of an American. And wasn’t part of being an American having the freedom of choice, anyway?

谷爱凌曾表示，她选择代表中国是因为这能激励更多中国年轻人。许多美国华裔说，他们或许不会做出同样的选择，但认为代表中国参赛是她身份认同的合理延伸，并不会让她变得不美国。更何况，拥有选择的自由不正是美国人精神的一部分吗？

“She is representing her background,” said Justin Chi, 36, a software engineer who grew up in Southern California.

“她只是在展现自己的背景，”36岁、在南加州长大的软件工程师贾斯汀·迟（音）说。

Kevin Leung, 51, an accountant in the Bay Area, saw a different motivation behind Ms. Gu’s decision, pointing to the millions of dollars she has made in sponsorships from Chinese companies and the Chinese government. Which, in some sense, he suggested, was also quintessentially American.

51岁的湾区会计师凯文·梁（音）则认为谷爱凌的决定背后有另一种动机：她从中国企业和中国政府那里获得了成百上千万美元的赞助收入。他表示，从某种意义上说，这同样是非常典型的美国做法。

“It’s her way to make money,” Mr. Leung said. “It’s capitalist.”

“这是她赚钱的方式，”凯文·梁说。“这就是资本主义。”

America has undergone vast demographic shifts in the past quarter-century. One in four children in America has at least one immigrant parent, compared with 13 percent about 25 years ago, according to the Migration Policy Institute, a research center in Washington.

过去25年间，美国人口结构发生了巨大变化。华盛顿研究机构移民政策研究所的数据显示，如今美国每四名儿童中就有一人至少有一位移民父母，约25年前，这一比例为13%。

In California, straddling cultures and countries is even more normal. The state is home to more than one-fifth of the country’s immigrants. Nearly half of children have an immigrant parent.

在加州，跨文化、跨国家的现象更为普遍。该州聚集了全美超过五分之一的移民人口，近一半儿童有移民父母。

Having a transnational identity is especially common among Chinese people, who constitute the largest Asian group in the country. And it is particularly resonant in the Bay Area, where Ms. Gu grew up and now resides as an undergraduate at Stanford University. While there are fifth-generation Chinese Americans in the Bay Area, there are also parts of San Francisco’s Chinatown where as many as 4 in 5 people were born abroad.

跨国身份认同在华裔群体中尤为普遍，华裔是美国最大的亚裔族群。这种现象在旧金山湾区尤为显著，谷爱凌正是在此成长，现就读于斯坦福大学本科。湾区有第五代华裔美国人，然而在旧金山唐人街这样的区，高达五分之四的居民出生于海外。

The city and its surrounding region have long been a hub for “astronaut families,” in which at least one parent shuttles back and forth to a job in Asia. Some second-generation Chinese Americans grew up visiting family and relatives in Asia each year.

旧金山及其周边地区长期以来都是“太空人家庭”的聚集地——父母中至少一方往返亚洲工作。一些二代华裔美国人从小每年都会回亚洲探亲。

美国花样滑冰运动员刘美贤在冬奥会上为美国赢得金牌，受到美国民众的广泛拥戴。她将于周四在加州奥克兰市举行的集会上接受庆祝。

Ms. Gu has often said, “When I’m in the U.S., I’m American, but when I’m in China, I’m Chinese.” Many people can relate.

谷爱凌常说：“我在美国时是美国人，在中国时是中国人。”很多人对此深有共鸣。

“It’s a feeling of not fully belonging in either place,” said Cleo Cao, 25, a tech consultant in the Bay Area who was among the thousands who attended the San Francisco parade.

“这是一种对两边都不完全归属的感觉，”25岁的湾区科技顾问克莱奥·曹（音）说，她是参加旧金山游行的数千人之一。

But plenty of Chinese Americans have criticized Ms. Gu’s decision to represent China, as well. They say that loyalty to America should come first, regardless of cultural affinities. They agree with Vice President JD Vance, who said that athletes who benefit from American education and freedoms should represent the United States.

但也有不少华裔美国人批评谷爱凌代表中国参赛的决定。他们认为，无论文化上有什么样的亲近感，对美国的忠诚都应放在首位。他们赞同副总统万斯的观点：受益于美国教育与自由的运动员，就应该代表美国。

Some in particular have highlighted Ms. Gu’s evasiveness in response to questions about the Chinese government’s human rights abuses and internet censorship, in contrast to her public comments on anti-Asian hate and racial justice in America.

有些人特别指出，谷爱凌在回答有关中国政府侵犯人权和网络审查的问题时报以回避态度，这与她在美国反亚裔仇恨和种族正义问题上的公开言论形成鲜明对比。

She also has consistently dodged questions about her nationality. China requires that its athletes hold a Chinese passport but it doesn’t allow dual citizenship.

她也一直回避有关国籍的问题。中国要求本国运动员持有中国护照，但不承认双重国籍。

“I don’t deny the sincerity of her connection with China,” said Xiao Qiang, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, and a human-rights activist. “But I still find her actions troubling.”

“我不否认她与中国之间情感的真诚，”加州大学伯克利分校教授、人权活动家萧强说。“但我依然认为她的行为令人不安。”

Ms. Gu did not respond to multiple requests for comment.

谷爱凌没有回应多次置评请求。

For decades after the normalization of U.S.-China relations in 1979, ethnic Chinese scientists, businesspeople and athletes were celebrated by American leaders and universities as bridge builders. But over the last decade, as the U.S.-China relationship has grown frostier, those cultural and educational ties have frayed.

自1979年中美关系正常化后的几十年里，华裔科学家、商界人士和运动员曾被美国政界与高校誉为两国之间的桥梁建设者。但在过去十年，随着中美关系趋冷，这些文化与教育纽带逐渐磨损。

It did not go unnoticed by Chinese Americans that Zoe Atkin, another American-born Stanford student, won a bronze medal in freestyle skiing for Great Britain last month but did not attract the same rancor that Ms. Gu did.

美国华裔注意到一个现象：同样出生在美国、就读斯坦福大学的佐伊·阿特金上月代表英国获得自由式滑雪铜牌，却没有像谷爱凌那样招致如此激烈的敌意。

“This is another opportunity to attack China,” said Gordon H. Chang, a historian at Stanford University. “It’s more about Sinophobia than it is about Gu.”

“这不过是又一个攻击中国的机会，”斯坦福大学历史学家张少书说。“与其说与谷爱凌有关，不如说是和排华情绪有关。”

Back in San Francisco, the honor shown to Ms. Gu in the historic Chinese New Year parade carried a deeper symbolism, said Ellen Wu, an associate professor of history at Indiana University.

印第安纳大学历史学副教授艾伦·吴（音）指出，在旧金山历史悠久的春节游行中，对谷爱凌的礼遇有着更深层的象征意义。

More than 70 years ago, as the Red Scare was taking hold, the Chinatown organizers of the parade appointed a Chinese American combat veteran as the grand marshal and put up anti-Communist signs in an effort to display their sacrifices for the United States and combat suspicions of disloyalty.

70多年前，红色恐慌盛行之时，唐人街的游行组织者曾任命一位华裔参战老兵担任大游行司仪，并悬挂反共标语，以此彰显他们为美国做出的牺牲，消除外界对他们不忠的怀疑。

Generations later, Ms. Gu and her mother, Yan Gu, stepped forward on Saturday night to light the ceremonial firecrackers, kicking off the parade. Local politicians, including Representative Nancy Pelosi, the former House speaker, then watched the procession from the grandstand. At the end of the route, Mayor Daniel Lurie helped Ms. Gu light more firecrackers.

几代人之后，上周六的晚上，谷爱凌和她的母亲谷燕登台点燃仪式性的鞭炮，为游行揭幕。包括前众议院议长南希·佩洛西在内的当地政界人士在观礼台上观看了游行。在游行终点，市长丹尼尔·卢里协助谷爱凌点燃了更多鞭炮。

“It doesn’t matter if you’re undocumented, or a political asylum seeker, or a student, or a foreign citizen. We don’t care,” said David Ho, who advises the Chinese Chamber of Commerce, which organizes the parade. “This is a Chinese New Year parade. Everyone needs to check their citizenship at the door.”

“无论你是无证移民、政治避难者、学生，还是外国公民，我们都不在乎，”为组织游行的中国商会担任顾问的戴维·何说。“这是春节大游行。所有人进场时都得把国籍身份抛开。”