Kaja Kallas, the top European Union diplomat, recently suggested that ending the continent’s dependence on China was like trying to cure a disease. “Chemotherapy” might be needed, she said, and it was likely to be painful.

欧盟最高外交官卡娅·卡拉斯最近表示，结束欧洲对中国的依赖就像是尝试治愈一种疾病。她说，可能需要用到“化疗”，而且过程很可能会充满痛苦。

The comments were an example of the tone Europe is increasingly taking on China, the second-largest goods trading partner for the 27-nation European Union, after the United States.

这些言论是欧洲对中国态度日益强硬的一个例子。对由27个国家组成的欧盟而言，中国是仅次于美国的第二大商品贸易伙伴。

As Beijing adopts more aggressive trade policies and as imports from China into Europe soar, European leaders and companies are fretting over their reliance on Chinese products — and debating how to pull back. With China only growing more dominant in manufacturing, Europe sees an existential threat to its own industries.

随着北京采取更具攻击性的贸易政策、从中国进口的商品激增，欧洲领导人和企业正为其对中国产品的依赖而感到焦虑——并讨论如何抽身。中国在制造业中的主导地位不断增强，欧洲看到了对其自身产业的存亡威胁。

“The tone is basically panic,” said Jeromin Zettelmeyer, director of Bruegel, an economic think tank in Brussels. “There’s a sense of imminent collapse of industry, of imminent danger.”

“这种语气基本上就是一种恐慌，”布鲁塞尔经济智库布鲁盖尔研究所所长杰罗敏·泽塔米尔表示。“人们有一种工业即将崩溃，危险迫在眉睫的感觉。”

Anxiety in Brussels is being met with hostility in Beijing, where officials warn that China will hit back at any protective measures. The sparring is likely to heat up further in the coming weeks.

布鲁塞尔的焦虑引发了北京的敌意，中国官员警告称，中国将对任何保护性措施予以回击。这种博弈在未来几周很可能会进一步升级。

World leaders will talk about global economic imbalances at a Group of 7 meeting in Evian, France, next month. China is then expected to be on the agenda at a meeting of the European Union’s 27 top leaders shortly after.

各国领导人将于下个月在法国埃维昂举行的七国集团会议上讨论全球经济失衡问题。此后不久的欧盟27国最高领导人会议上，中国预计将成为议题。

On Friday, the European Union’s executive arm is expected to have an early debate on policies toward China that could help to set the tone for the coming discussions.

预计欧盟执行机构将于周五就对华政策进行初步辩论，这可能有助于为即将到来的讨论定下基调。

European officials still express hope that they might be able to work cooperatively with China to alter trade imbalances, which have become more pronounced as Beijing has dialed up exports to juice economic growth. But they are also mulling more powerful trade and industrial measures to curb China’s growing dominance in sensitive fields.

欧洲官员仍表示希望能够与中国开展合作以改变贸易失衡，随着北京通过加大出口来刺激经济增长，这种失衡已变得更加显著。但他们还在酝酿更强有力的贸易和工业措施，以遏制中国在敏感领域日益增强的主导地位。

Cutting back on China could prove profoundly tricky for Europe. Politicians and businesses fear retaliation, and consumers are hooked on what China is selling. Europeans continue to snap up cheaper Chinese goods, especially electric vehicles, which the European Union has already tried, unsuccessfully, to stop from flooding their market.

对欧洲而言，事实可能会证明削减对中国的依赖是件极其棘手的事。政治人士和企业害怕遭受报复，而消费者已经对中国销售的产品产生了依赖。欧洲人继续抢购更便宜的中国商品，尤其是电动汽车，欧盟此前曾试图阻止这些商品涌入其市场，但未能成功。

2月，中国快时尚零售商Shein在法国西部昂热市的门店的开业。对于欧洲而言，减少对中国商品的依赖可能极其棘手。

“We’re not in a good place,” said Rebecca Arcesati, who is based in Brussels for the Mercator Institute for China Studies, a think tank. She noted that European leaders need to contend with voters and with more short-term political considerations — and that makes it hard to counter the flow from China, especially if Beijing retaliates.

“我们的处境不妙，”智库墨卡托中国研究中心驻布鲁塞尔分析师丽贝卡·阿尔切萨蒂表示。她指出，欧洲领导人需要应对选民以及更多短期的政治考量——这使得抗衡来自中国的商品流变得困难，尤其是如果北京采取报复行动的话。

“Our systems were not designed to contend with such a challenge,” Ms. Arcesati said.

阿尔切萨蒂说：“我们的体制本身就不是为了应对这样一种挑战而设计的。”

China has government subsidies and programs that have strengthened the position of the country’s factories and companies. The government in Beijing has leaned on industry after a property crisis left policymakers needing another engine for growth. And as American tariffs made exporting to the United States more complicated for Chinese producers, those factories increased their exports to markets like Europe.

中国拥有政府补贴和项目，这些举措强化了本国工厂和企业的地位。在一场房地产危机使得政策制定者需要另一个增长引擎后，北京方面开始倚重工业。此外，由于美国关税给中国生产商向美国出口制造了困难，这些工厂增加了对欧洲等市场的出口。

In the first quarter of this year, imports from China into Europe jumped sharply. An analysis of 2026 customs data by the online newsletter Soapbox and the Mercator Institute for China Studies found that China’s trade imbalance with the European Union reached record levels early this year as electric vehicles flooded in.

今年第一季度，从中国进口到欧洲的商品急剧上升。网络通讯Soapbox和墨卡托中国研究中心对2026年海关数据进行的一项分析发现，随着电动汽车的大量涌入，中国与欧盟的贸易失衡在今年年初达到了创纪录的水平。

The jump came as Chinese carmakers faced slumping demand at home and pushed into Europe. At the same time, European consumers turned to greener alternatives as the war in the Middle East pushed up fuel prices.

这一激增发生在中国汽车制造商面临国内需求下滑并大举进入欧洲之际。与此同时，随着中东战争推高了加油站的汽油价格，欧洲消费者转向了更环保的替代选择。

That followed a trade deficit in goods in 2025 of about $418 billion, based on E.U. figures.

根据欧盟的数据，在此之前2025年的商品贸易逆差约为4180亿美元。

The combination is threatening European manufacturers and their employees, especially in places like Germany, which has traditionally been a big car and chemical manufacturer and is now struggling to compete.

在两者的共同作用下，欧洲制造商及其员工备受威胁，特别是在德国等地。作为汽车和化学品的传统制造大国，德国在目前的竞争中处境艰难。

As worries mount, Europe has turned to harsher rhetoric and bolder ideas.

随着担忧加剧，欧洲转向了更严厉的措辞和更大胆的想法。

2月，在德国埃姆登市的一家大众电动汽车工厂。该国是汽车和化工品传统制造大国，如今却在艰难应对竞争。

Emmanuel Macron, the French president and long a China critic, has called on the European Union to create measures that protect strategic industries, similar to ones that the United States has and uses.

法国总统埃马纽埃尔·马克龙长期以来一直是中国的批评者，他已呼吁欧盟制定保护战略工业的措施，类似于美国所拥有并使用的措施。

Pedro Sánchez, Spain’s prime minister who is often seen as one of the more Beijing-friendly leaders in Europe, said during a recent trip to Beijing that the continent needed China “to open up so that Europe does not have to close itself off.”

西班牙首相佩德罗·桑切斯在欧洲经常被视为对北京最友好的领导人之一，他在最近的一次访问中表示，欧洲大陆需要中国“敞开大门，这样欧洲才不必将自己封闭起来”。

Spain joined France, Italy, Lithuania and the Netherlands recently in preparing a paper urging the European Union to respond aggressively, including with new trade tools. While the paper did not single out China by name, it criticized trading partners with “systemic and structural industrial overcapacity.”

西班牙最近加入了法国、意大利、立陶宛和荷兰的行列，共同准备了一份文件，敦促欧盟做出激进的回应，包括使用新的贸易工具。虽然该文件没有点名中国，但批评了存在“系统性和结构性工业产能过剩”的贸易伙伴。

Brad Setser, an economist at the Council on Foreign Relations, a think tank, said that many European leaders have to tread lightly with China out of fear of retaliation. But, he added, their fear of manufacturing losses may come to outweigh that, including in places like Germany.

智库美国外交关系协会经济学家布拉德·塞瑟表示，许多欧洲领导人由于害怕遭到报复，不得不小心翼翼地对待中国。但他补充说，他们对制造业流失的恐惧可能会压倒这一点，包括在德国等地。

Europe is already taking some steps to protect itself, including with the European Union’s proposed Industrial Accelerator Act, a wide-ranging policy meant to rebuild the bloc’s manufacturing base. The plan’s design would effectively bar Chinese companies from benefiting from some key subsidies, helping European-made electric vehicles, in particular.

欧洲已经采取了一些措施来保护自己，包括欧盟提议的《工业加速器法案》，这是一项旨在重建欧盟制造业基础的广泛政策。该计划的设计将有效阻止中国企业从某些关键补贴中获益，从而特别有助于欧洲制造的电动汽车。

That policy has been met with outrage from Beijing, which has denounced the plan as protectionist and warned of retaliation.

该政策遭到了北京方面的愤怒反对，北京指责其为保护主义并警告将进行报复。

But China’s own increasingly aggressive stance on trade has helped the European backlash to intensify.

但中国自身在贸易上日益强势的姿态，有助于让欧洲的反弹势头加剧。

Last year, China twice prohibited exports of rare-earth minerals and magnets in retaliation to American tariffs. The bans hit Europe, which uses both materials in high-tech and green-energy production.

去年，中国曾两次禁止稀土矿物和磁铁的出口，以报复美国的关税。这些禁令打击了欧洲，欧洲在高级技术和绿色能源生产中都需要使用这两种材料。

The breakdown in supply laid bare to European companies just how dependent they were.

供应链的崩溃让欧洲企业清楚地看到它们究竟有多么依赖中国。

去年，位于中国东部省份江西的一家稀土加工厂。这些材料对高科技产业至关重要。

In April, Beijing unveiled rules giving officials power to examine corporate records, interrogate employees and even prevent executives from leaving China if they were determined to be helping to move supply chains out of the country.

4月，北京公布新规，赋予官员审查公司记录、审问员工乃至阻止高管离开中国的权力，如果这些高管被认定正在协助将供应链迁出中国的话。

According to a recent assessment by the European Chamber of Commerce in China, that move “could now inflict an unprecedented level of damage on Europe’s economy.”

根据中国欧盟商会最近的一项评估，此举“目前可能会对欧洲经济造成前所未有程度的破坏”。

China’s pushback has come partly because Beijing senses a less unified front against its trade policies as Washington and Brussels spar, said Noah Barkin, an expert on European-Chinese relations for the Rhodium Group, a research firm.

研究机构荣鼎集团欧中关系专家诺亚·巴尔金表示，中国的反击部分是因为，在北京看来，随着华盛顿和布鲁塞尔发生争执，对抗其贸易政策的阵线已经不那么统一。

Beijing’s “message to Europe is: ‘Your “Best Friend Forever” is gone and even the Americans are seeking stability with us, so don’t test us,’” Mr. Barkin said.

巴尔金说，北京“向欧洲传达的信息是：‘你们的“死党”已经不复存在，甚至连美国人都在寻求与我们保持稳定，所以别来挑衅我们。’”