Since the Supreme Court struck down President Trump’s global tariffs in February, his administration has been busily working to reconstruct them, exploring legal options that would allow them to build back the tariff wall between the U.S. economy and the rest of the world.

自最高法院于2月推翻特朗普总统的全球关税以来，其政府一直忙于重建这些关税，探索法律选项以便在美国经济与世界其他地区之间重新建起壁垒。

Late Tuesday night, the Trump administration unveiled part of its Plan B: a tariff of 10 percent to 12.5 percent on 59 countries and the 27-member European Union. The levies were intended to pressure governments that the United States says have not enacted or enforced laws against trading goods made with forced labor.

周二深夜，特朗普政府公布了其B计划的一部分：对59个国家和有27个成员国的欧盟征收10%至12.5%的关税。这些关税旨在向美国认为未制定或未执行禁止强迫劳动制成商品交易法律的政府施压。

Those tariffs could go into effect as soon as July, and they are unlikely to be the last ones. The administration is working on another slate of tariffs related to countries’ manufacturing practices that will presumably be added to the forced labor ones.

这些关税可能最早于7月生效，而且不太可能是最后一批。政府正在制定另一批与各国制造业实践相关的关税，预计将被加入到强迫劳动关税之中。

The tariffs will be rolled out at a sensitive time for the administration, as voters who are dissatisfied with higher prices from the war with Iran and trade policies prepare to head to the polls. But officials appear intent on patching back together Mr. Trump’s vision for replacing the decades-old global trade order, which he argues has been unfair to American business and left the country with fewer factories and growing trade deficits.

这些关税的推出正值政府处于一个敏感时期，因为对伊朗战争和贸易政策导致物价上涨不满的选民正准备前往投票站。但官员们似乎决心修补特朗普的愿景，即取代已有数十年历史的全球贸易秩序。他认为这一秩序对美国企业不公平，导致美国工厂减少和贸易赤字扩大。

The new tariffs will be imposed under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974, a law that allows the president to issue tariffs to respond to other countries’ trade practices. Legal experts said they are likely to be more durable than the initial law Mr. Trump used to enact tariffs, the International Emergency Economic Powers Act.

新关税将根据1974年《贸易法》第301条实施，该法律允许总统针对其他国家的贸易做法征收关税。法律专家表示，这些关税可能比特朗普最初用于实施关税的《国际紧急经济权力法》更具持久性。

Mr. Trump used Section 301 in his first term to wage a trade war with China, and the tariffs he put in place have survived multiple court challenges. No administration, however, has ever used the provision in such a sweeping way.

特朗普在其第一任期内曾使用第301条对中国发动贸易战，他实施的关税经受住了多次法庭挑战。然而，任何一届政府都从未以如此广泛的方式使用该条款。

Trade experts have welcomed efforts to end or reduce forced labor, but some have complained that the new tariffs are primarily aimed at finding a way to block foreign products and raise revenue, not ending human rights abuses.

虽然乐见结束或减少强迫劳动的努力，但一些贸易专家抱怨称，新关税主要旨在寻找阻挡外国产品和增加收入的方式，而非结束人权侵犯。

Edward Alden, a trade expert at the Council on Foreign Relations, called the latest announcement a “transparently cynical effort” and “merely a pretext to maintain tariffs that the administration believes have been effective.”

外交关系委员会贸易专家爱德华·奥尔登称，最新公告“明摆着是一种功利操弄”，“仅仅是为维持政府认为有效的关税而找的借口”。

Mr. Alden said that the Section 301 provision being used was written by Congress as a mechanism to try to impel countries to change practices that were harming U.S. commerce. Lawmakers believed tariffs should be used as a tool to persuade countries to change their practices, with higher tariffs reserved for those with the more harmful practices.

奥尔登表示，国会制定第301条款的目的是作为一种机制，促使各国改变损害美国商业的做法。立法者认为，关税应作为说服各国改变做法的工具，对那些做法危害更大的国家则施以更高关税。

Yet the administration’s latest action made little effort to set tariff rates at different levels depending on the severity of violations. The Section 301 investigation on forced labor also excluded some smaller countries where the U.S. government has identified slavery, human trafficking or forced labor, like Afghanistan, Belarus, Myanmar and Mauritania.

然而，政府最新行动几乎没有努力根据违规严重程度设定不同关税税率。第301条对强迫劳动的调查还排除了一些美国政府已认定存在蓄奴、人口贩运或强迫劳动的较小国家，例如阿富汗、白俄罗斯、缅甸和毛里塔尼亚。

Jamieson Greer, the United States trade representative, has also made clear that he believed tariffs were working and intended to keep them in place, Mr. Alden said.

奥尔登说，美国贸易代表贾米森·格里尔已经明确表示，他相信关税正在发挥作用，并打算继续维持这些关税。

“That shows no serious effort by the administration to force a change in those practices,” he said. “Sometimes you just have to call a spade a spade.”

“这表明政府并非真心想努力改变这些做法，”他说。“有时候你必须实话实说。”

Eswar Prasad, a professor of trade policy at Cornell University, said the administration had switched its justification for broad tariffs onto a “morally and perhaps also legally more defensible ground.” But he pointed out that the Trump administration’s apparent concerns about forced labor in other countries seemed inconsistent with domestic stances that were not friendly toward workers and unions.

康奈尔大学贸易政策教授埃斯瓦尔·普拉萨德表示，政府已将其广泛关税的理由切换到“在道德上、或许也在法律上更站得住脚的理由”。但他指出，特朗普政府对其他国家强迫劳动的明显关切，与其在国内对工人和工会并不友好的立场似乎不一致。

“While the objective of this round of tariffs seems laudable, it’s difficult to escape the feeling that the administration is opportunistically exploiting whatever rationale works legally in wielding tariffs as a broad economic and geopolitical tool,” he added.

“虽然这一轮关税的目标看似值得称赞，但很难摆脱这样一种感觉，即政府正在伺机利用任何在法律上可行的理由，将关税作为广泛的经济和地缘政治工具，”他补充道。

Others praised the move. Representative Jason Smith of Missouri, the chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, said in a statement that many U.S. trading partners “fall short of even basic cooperation with the United States on this issue,” adding, “very few trading partners even have laws on the books to prohibit trade in goods made with forced labor.”

还有一些人则赞扬这一举措。密苏里州众议员、众议院筹款委员会主席贾森·史密斯在一份声明中表示，许多美国贸易伙伴“在这一问题上与美国连起码的合作都没有”，而且“就禁止贸易强迫劳动制成商品制定了法律的国家少之又少”。

The new measures could be the final act for the administration after a chaotic year of trying to realize Mr. Trump’s vision for trade. On what he labeled “Liberation Day” last year, Mr. Trump walked into the White House Rose Garden and announced double-digit tariffs on nearly all trading partners, a plan that he claimed would balance out unfair practices in other countries and make trade flows more reciprocal.

新措施可能是政府在经历混乱的一年试图实现特朗普贸易愿景后的最终行动。在去年他所称的“解放日”，特朗普走进白宫玫瑰园，宣布对几乎所有贸易伙伴征收两位数关税，他声称该计划将平衡其他国家的不公平做法，并使贸易流动更加互惠。

Throughout last year and early into this year, the administration adjusted those rates as it negotiated trade agreements, leaving tariffs on most of the world’s countries between 10 and 50 percent.

去年全年及今年年初，政府在谈判贸易协定时调整了这些税率，使世界上大多数国家的关税维持在10%至50%之间。

But that system was demolished in February, when the Supreme Court ruled that Mr. Trump had exceeded his authority in using an international economic emergency law to impose those tariffs.

但该体系在2月被摧毁，当时最高法院裁定，特朗普在使用国际经济紧急状态法律实施这些关税时超出了其权限。

The Trump administration responded by levying a 10 percent global tariff based on balance of payments issues. That was also struck down by a trade court, though the tariff has been left in place pending appeal. It is set to expire in July regardless, paving the way for the new levies.

特朗普政府随后基于国际收支问题征收10%的全球关税。该关税也被贸易法院推翻，尽管在上诉期间仍维持生效。它无论如何都将在7月到期，为新关税铺平道路。

The Section 301 investigation on forced labor targets more than 80 countries that together represent more than 99 percent of U.S. imports. In a 98-page report issued Tuesday, the trade representative’s office laid out its case on countries varying from Egypt to Canada.

关于强迫劳动的第301条调查针对80多个国家，这些国家合计占美国进口的99%以上。在周二发布的98页报告中，贸易代表办公室列出了从埃及到加拿大的各国情况。

The report said a vast majority of foreign countries had failed to put in place any restrictions against importing goods made with forced labor. It said that Canada, Ecuador, the European Union, Indonesia, Mexico and Pakistan had introduced some laws related to the issue but were failing to adequately enforce them.

报告称，美国以外的大多数国家未能针对进口强迫劳动制成商品制定任何限制。它指出，加拿大、厄瓜多尔、欧盟、印度尼西亚、墨西哥和巴基斯坦引入了一些相关法律，但未能充分执行。

The United States is unique in having laws against the trade of goods made with forced labor, though some critics say the Trump administration has not been doing enough to enforce its own forced labor laws. The United States has a nearly century-old ban on imports made with forced, convict or indentured labor, as well as a 2021 law that restricts any imports from Xinjiang, a far-western region of China, unless they can be shown to be free of forced labor.

美国在禁止贸易强迫劳动制成商品方面独一无二，尽管一些批评者表示，特朗普政府自己在执行强迫劳动法律方面做得不够。美国有一项近百年历史的禁令，禁止进口由强迫劳动、囚犯劳工或契约劳动制成的商品，此外还有2021年的一项法律，限制来自中国新疆地区的任何进口，除非能证明其不含强迫劳动。

Trump officials pushed to include a ban on the import of forced labor goods in the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement, which was negotiated during Mr. Trump’s first term. And in the past year, the trade agreements the administration negotiated with Argentina, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Indonesia, Malaysia and Taiwan have included commitments to prohibit the import of such goods.

特朗普官员推动在第一任期谈判达成的《美墨加协定》中纳入禁止进口强迫劳动商品的内容。在过去一年中，政府与阿根廷、孟加拉国、柬埔寨、厄瓜多尔、萨尔瓦多、危地马拉、印度尼西亚、马来西亚和台湾谈判达成的贸易协定中，都包含禁止进口此类商品的承诺。

But the Trump administration has issued only a handful of new orders banning imports from specific companies over the use of forced labor. Two of the so-called “withhold release orders” the administration has issued to ban such imports were against companies in Serbia and Mauritius. Neither is included in the list of countries that will be subject to forced labor tariffs.

但特朗普政府仅发布了少数几项新命令，禁止从特定公司进口使用强迫劳动的产品。政府已发布的所谓“暂扣放行令”中，有两项针对塞尔维亚和毛里求斯的公司。这两个国家均未被列入将受强迫劳动关税影响的国家名单。

The report issued by the Trump administration Tuesday also calls out countries like Poland and Spain for importing rice from Burma and tobacco from Malawi that are made with forced labor, but does not impose tariffs on Burma or Malawi.

特朗普政府周二发布的报告还点名波兰和西班牙等国进口了缅甸的大米和马拉维的烟草——这些产品由强迫劳动制成——但并未对缅甸或马拉维征收关税。

Some trade analysts said the Trump administration may have chosen a rationale with bipartisan support in an effort to make its tariffs more politically durable. Democrats and labor unions have also fought for tougher rules against forced labor, and could be reluctant to revoke tariffs based on the issue. The strategy also allows the administration to hit nearly all major trading partners with tariffs in one stroke, as no other countries have as advanced laws as the United States does.

一些贸易分析师表示，特朗普政府可能选择了一个获得两党支持的理由，以使关税在政治上更具持久性。民主党人和工会也一直争取更严格的反对强迫劳动规则，可能不愿撤销基于这一问题的关税。该策略还允许政府一举对几乎所有主要贸易伙伴征收关税，因为没有其他国家拥有像美国这样先进的法律。

Ryan Majerus, a trade lawyer at King & Spalding, said it looked “curious” that new tariff rates were similar to those the administration had imposed before, he added that the brilliance in the solution was that “the forced labor issue is somewhat of concern to everyone.” The administration could be sued again for these tariffs, but he thought a court would be unlikely to overturn them.

金和斯伯丁律师事务所贸易律师瑞安·马杰鲁斯表示，新关税的税率与政府之前实施的相似，这看起来“很奇怪”，他补充说，该解决方案的巧妙之处在于“强迫劳动问题多少让每个人都感到关切”。政府可能再次因这些关税被起诉，但他认为法院不太可能推翻它们。

“It’s pretty hard to argue against the notion that countries shouldn’t have a forced labor law or that they shouldn’t effectively enforce it,” he said.

“让各国拥有强迫劳动法律或应该有效执行它，这是个很难辩驳的想法，”他说。