For years, a philosophical divide over how artificial intelligence software should be created has split Silicon Valley technologists.

多年来，关于人工智能软件应如何创建的理念分歧一直令硅谷分成两派。

This week, that argument reached a boiling point.

本周，这场争论达到了白热化的程度。

On one side are leading A.I. companies like Anthropic and OpenAI, which claim that some A.I. models are too dangerous to be developed in the open and must be tightly controlled — by businesses like themselves — for safety. On the other is the rest of the tech industry, including giants like Microsoft and Nvidia, which contend that so-called open-source A.I. models must remain open for people to further develop technologies and build new businesses.

一方是Anthropic和OpenAI等领先的人工智能公司，它们认为，一些人工智能模型危险性太高，不宜公开开发，而必须由像它们这样的企业严格控制，以确保安全。另一方则是科技行业的其他参与者，包括微软和英伟达等巨头，它们认为，所谓的开源人工智能模型必须保持开放，以便人们进一步开发技术、创建新的企业。

Those camps have started publicly clashing. On Friday, Jensen Huang, Nvidia’s chief executive, said in his first-ever post to X that “the world needs both frontier closed models and frontier open models.” Nine minutes later, Satya Nadella, Microsoft’s chief executive, posted that open-source software was “essential to a healthy A.I. ecosystem.” Both signed a letter supporting open source, which was also signed by executives at Meta, Palantir and IBM.

这两个阵营已开始公开交锋。周五，英伟达首席执行官黄仁勋发布了他在X平台上的首条帖子，称“世界既需要前沿闭源模型，也需要前沿开源模型”。微软首席执行官萨蒂亚·纳德拉在九分钟后发帖，表示开源软件“对健康的人工智能生态系统不可或缺”。两人均联署了一封支持开源的公开信，Meta、Palantir和IBM的高管也在信上署名。

At the same time, OpenAI and Anthropic have lobbied regulators in Washington raising concerns about Chinese open-source A.I. models, five people close to the discussions said. The debate has drawn in Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent and Michael Kratsios, President Trump’s science and technology adviser, who have weighed in on how American A.I. models are valuable intellectual property.

与此同时，据五位五名知情人士透露，OpenAI和Anthropic已向华盛顿的监管机构进行游说，对中国开源人工智能模型提出担忧。这场辩论已引起财政部长斯科特·贝森特和特朗普总统的科技顾问迈克尔·克拉齐奥斯的关注，他们就美国人工智能模型作为宝贵知识产权的重要性发表了看法。

The escalating fight stems from China’s rapid progress in open-source A.I. models, which are freely available to use and build on. In recent weeks, two Chinese A.I. start-ups, Z.ai and Moonshot AI, have released models that rival those from Anthropic and other American labs. Anthropic and OpenAI have claimed that Chinese companies built the models by improperly harvesting data from their A.I. systems, which they said should not be allowed.

这场不断升级的争斗源于中国在开源人工智能模型领域的快速进步。开源模型可以免费使用，也允许开发者在其基础上继续开发。近几周，中国两家人工智能初创公司智谱AI和月之暗面发布了性能足以媲美Anthropic等美国实验室产品的新模型。Anthropic和OpenAI声称，中国企业是通过不当抓取其人工智能系统数据来构建这些模型的，并表示此类行为不应被允许。

But companies like Microsoft and Nvidia, which rely on open-source models to spur demand for their cloud computing services and chips, said that open-source software was important to advancing the technology with shared knowledge and that it would let more people examine its security. And for Silicon Valley start-up founders, constraining open-source software could cement the lead that OpenAI and Anthropic have in A.I., which critics argue could unfairly stifle other companies from building competing products.

但微软、英伟达等依赖开源模型来带动云计算服务和芯片需求的公司则认为，开源软件能够通过知识共享推动技术进步，同时让更多人审查其安全性。对于硅谷的初创公司创始人而言，限制开源软件的发展可能会进一步巩固OpenAI和Anthropic在人工智能领域的领先地位，批评者认为，这将不公平地压制其他公司开发竞争产品。

周五，英伟达首席执行官黄仁勋在其X平台的首条推文中表示，他支持闭源与开源模型并存。

“You have two factions fighting over this issue,” said Bill Gurley, a Silicon Valley venture capitalist who opposes restrictions on open-source software. “There’s the people who want OpenAI and Anthropic to own everything, and then there’s everybody else, including customers.”

“围绕这个问题，已经形成了两大阵营。”反对限制开源软件的硅谷风险投资人比尔·格利说。“一派希望由OpenAI和Anthropic掌控一切；另一派则是其他所有人，其中也包括它们的客户。”

Where this ends up has major implications not only for the U.S. tech industry but for the race between America and China to dominate the powerful technology. While China had a later start in developing cutting-edge A.I., it is catching up quickly in part because of its embrace of open source, which has helped Chinese labs improve by publicly sharing their systems and winning them customers around the world with lower prices.

这场争论的走向不仅对美国科技行业意义深远，更关乎美中两国主导这一强大技术的竞争格局。尽管中国在开发尖端人工智能方面起步较晚，但它正在迅速追赶，部分原因在于拥抱开源模式——通过公开分享系统，中国实验室得以持续改进，并以更低的价格赢得了全球用户。

American A.I. companies, including Anthropic and OpenAI, have accused Chinese labs of “distilling” their systems by surreptitiously copying them, which has caught the attention of the Trump administration.

Anthropic和OpenAI等美国人工智能企业指控中国的实验室通过暗中复制它们的系统进行“蒸馏”，这已引起特朗普政府的关注。

On Wednesday, Mr. Bessent said the administration had considered imposing sanctions on Chinese companies that steal intellectual property from American firms. “Open source is not open season on American IP,” he said, referring to intellectual property.

周三，贝森特表示，政府曾经有考虑对窃取美国企业知识产权的中国公司实施制裁。“开源并不意味着美国知识产权可以任人攫取，”他说。

That same day, Mr. Kratsios said that “large-scale, covert industrial distillation aimed at stealing proprietary U.S. technology and undermining American research is unacceptable.”

同日，克拉齐奥斯表示，“以窃取美国专有技术、破坏美国研究为目的的大规模秘密工业蒸馏行为是不可接受的。”

U.S. officials still appear to be debating their options, but seem more likely to approach regulating Chinese open-source models individually as a national security issue, rather than issuing some kind of blanket ban, four people with knowledge of the discussions said.

四名知情人士表示，美国官员似乎仍在权衡各种选项，但倾向于将中国的开源模型作为国家安全问题逐一加以规管，而非颁布某种一刀切的全面禁令。

Publicly, tech executives like Sam Altman, OpenAI’s chief executive, have said they support open-source software even as OpenAI allies quietly lobby for restrictions. Others, like Google and Amazon, which have invested billions in companies such as Anthropic and OpenAI, have spent the past week trying to stay out of the fray.

在公开场合，OpenAI首席执行官萨姆·奥尔特曼等科技高管一直表示支持开源软件，尽管OpenAI的盟友私下里在游说政府加强限制。向Anthropic、OpenAI等公司投资了数十亿美元的谷歌和亚马逊则在过去一周里试图置身事外。

But the tide is turning. Sundar Pichai, Google’s chief executive, posted on social media on Saturday that his company had “long benefited from open source” and was a big contributor to it. He added that Google also signed the industry letter supporting open source.

但风向正在发生转变。谷歌首席执行官桑达尔·皮查伊周六在社交媒体上表示，谷歌“长期受益于开源”，也是开源事业的重要贡献者。他还补充说，谷歌也签署了业界支持开源的联署信。

(The New York Times has sued OpenAI and Microsoft, claiming copyright infringement of news articles. The two companies have denied the claims.)

（《纽约时报》已就新闻文章版权侵权问题起诉OpenAI和微软，两家公司均否认相关指控。）

The open-versus-closed software debate has traveled around Silicon Valley since the tech industry’s earliest days. Open-source proponents have argued that sharing information leads to improvements that make software safer and more reliable, while more rapidly spurring innovation. Opponents maintain that software is costly to develop, and that giving it away is just bad business.

围绕软件究竟应该开源还是闭源的争论自硅谷诞生之初便一直存在。开源支持者认为，共享信息能够促进技术不断完善，使软件更加安全、更加可靠，同时更快推动创新。反对者则坚持认为，软件开发成本高昂，把成果免费开放根本不是一种可持续的商业模式。

Today, much of the modern internet runs on open-source technologies, as do some of the most widely used computer systems, like Google’s Android operating system.

如今，现代互联网的大量基础设施都建立在开源技术之上，一些使用最广泛的计算机系统——例如谷歌的安卓操作系统——也都采用开源模式。

The Chinese government and tech industry have embraced the open-source path for A.I. Last year, a Chinese start-up, DeepSeek, unveiled an open-source A.I. system that rivaled those of American companies, shocking the industry. Other Chinese companies have followed. In a speech this month, Xi Jinping, China’s leader, cast the country as a global champion of an open approach to the technology.

中国政府和科技产业则全面拥抱人工智能的开源路线。去年，中国初创公司DeepSeek推出了一个性能可与美国公司媲美的开源人工智能系统，震动了整个行业。随后，越来越多的中国企业跟进。本月的一次讲话中，中国领导人习近平更将中国塑造成推动人工智能开放路线的全球倡导者。

硅谷初创公司表示，限制开源软件可能巩固OpenAI和Anthropic在人工智能领域的领先地位，从而使其他公司难以公平地参与竞争。

China’s advances have rattled executives at OpenAI and Anthropic, who are increasingly concerned that their longstanding head start is disappearing, two people familiar with the companies’ internal deliberations said.

两名了解公司内部商议情况的人士透露，中国的快速进步令OpenAI和Anthropic的高管们深感不安，他们越来越担忧多年积累的先发优势正在消弭。

“These American companies build these big, expensive models, and then the models take a detour to China, where they lose all their value,” said Pedro Domingos, a professor emeritus of computer science and engineering at the University of Washington. “The American companies are justifiably outraged.”

美国华盛顿大学计算机科学与工程系荣休教授佩德罗·多明戈斯说：“这些美国公司投入巨资训练出大型模型，结果模型却绕了一圈流向了中国，在那里失去了原本属于自己的全部商业价值。美国公司对此感到愤怒是完全可以理解的。”

To fight back, Anthropic and OpenAI are offering some cheaper A.I. models to businesses that may not need the “frontier” models that command higher prices. On Friday, Anthropic released Claude Opus 5, a model that he company described as “close to the frontier intelligence of Fable 5 at half the price.” OpenAI is promoting similar lower-cost models.

为了应对竞争，Anthropic和OpenAI开始向那些并不需要价格高昂、性能最先进的“前沿模型”的企业推出价格更低的模型。周五，Anthropic发布了Claude Opus 5。公司称，该模型“在接近Fable 5前沿智能水平的同时，价格只有后者的一半”。OpenAI也在推广类似的低成本模型。

The real action is in Washington. Behind closed doors, executives from OpenAI and Anthropic, as well as investors in the companies, have cited concerns about the global economy, A.I. safety and national security as they try to persuade regulators to increase restrictions on Chinese open-source software, three people familiar with the discussions said.

真正的角力在华盛顿展开。三名知情人士透露，OpenAI和Anthropic的高管及其投资者正在闭门游说，援引全球经济、人工智能安全和国家安全方面的顾虑，

Sarah Heck, Anthropic’s head of public policy, said in a social media post on Wednesday that “illicit, adversarial distillation is IP theft and industrial espionage that supports adversary military and intelligence capabilities.” Anthropic executives claim that open-source models based on the company’s software are too dangerous to let run amok.

Anthropic公共政策主管萨拉·赫克周三在社交媒体发帖称，“非法、对抗性的蒸馏行为是知识产权盗窃和工业间谍活动，它会增强对手国家的军事和情报能力”。Anthropic的高管们还认为，基于该公司软件构建的开源模型危险性过高，不能任其自由传播。

OpenAI executives are urging the Trump administration to enact policies requiring mandatory security evaluations of some new A.I. models overseen by government agencies, the company said in a blog post last month. OpenAI said it was “encouraged” by the work it was doing with the administration on the framework.

OpenAI则在上个月的一篇博客文章中表示，公司正敦促特朗普政府出台政策，要求由政府机构监督，对部分新的人工智能模型实施强制性的安全评估。OpenAI表示，对于与政府共同推进这一监管框架的工作，公司“深受鼓舞”。

Open-source proponents have spent the past week drumming up support to push back against OpenAI and Anthropic. On Wednesday, nearly 200 Silicon Valley start-ups, calling themselves the Little Tech Association, signed letters urging the Trump administration not to limit access to Chinese open-source models.

开源支持者过去一周一直在加紧争取支持，以反击OpenAI和Anthropic。周三，近200家硅谷初创公司——自称为“小型科技协会”——致函特朗普政府，呼吁不要限制对中国开源模型的访问。

Big Tech soon followed. On Friday, Elon Musk, Meta’s Mark Zuckerberg, Mr. Altman and others lined up behind Mr. Huang and Mr. Nadella to throw the weight of their companies behind open source, followed by Mr. Pichai on Saturday.

大型科技公司很快跟进。周五，埃隆·马斯克、Meta的马克·扎克伯格、奥尔特曼等人相继公开支持黄仁勋和纳德拉，利用各自公司的影响力为开源站台。周六，皮查伊也加入了这一阵营。

“Jensen is right,” Mr. Musk posted. “This has my full support.”

“黄仁勋说得对，”马斯克发帖称，“我完全支持。”

“Open source is a positive and important force,” Mr. Zuckerberg wrote.

扎克伯格则写道：“开源是一股积极而重要的力量。”

One incident this week underscored the stakes of the divide. On Tuesday, OpenAI disclosed that a handful of its most advanced A.I. models broke containment during a test of their cybersecurity abilities, gained access to the internet and hacked the servers of an A.I. company called Hugging Face. OpenAI executives latched on to the moment as proof of how dangerous A.I. models can be even in a closed environment, emphasizing the need for regulation.

本周发生的一起事件也凸显了这场分歧的利害关系。周二，OpenAI披露，在一次网络安全能力测试中，其少数最先进的人工智能模型突破了隔离环境，访问了互联网，并入侵了一家名为Hugging Face的人工智能公司的服务器。OpenAI高管立即将此视为证据，认为即使是在封闭环境中，人工智能模型也可能具有极大的危险性，因此需要加强监管。

Clement Delangue, the chief executive of Hugging Face, which is one of the most popular online libraries of open-source software, had a different point of view. To defend the company from OpenAI’s hack, he turned to an open-source A.I. model created by China’s Z.ai.

然而，作为最受欢迎的开源软件在线代码库之一，Hugging Face的首席执行官克莱门特·德朗格对此有着截然不同的看法。为了抵御OpenAI的入侵，他转向了中国智谱AI开发的一款开源人工智能模型。

In social media posts on Friday, Mr. Delangue made his position on the debate unmistakable. He said he planned to hold a march in San Francisco on Saturday to demonstrate support for open-source technology.

德朗格周五在社交媒体发帖，旗帜鲜明地表明了自己在这场争论中的立场。他宣布计划周六在旧金山组织一场游行，以示对开源技术的支持。

“Open models for the win!” he wrote.

“开源模型必胜！”他写道。