Donald Trump ascended to office 10 years ago while publicly jousting with Pope Francis, who was routinely making headlines for the progressive Catholicism he elevated, pushing the Roman Catholic Church to focus on climate change and the rights of immigrants. The pope suggested that Mr. Trump was “not Christian”; Mr. Trump fired back that Francis was “disgraceful.”

10年前，特朗普就任总统时曾与教宗方济各公开论战。当时，方济各因推行进步天主教理念频频登上头条，推动罗马天主教会关注气候变化与移民权利。教宗曾称特朗普“不是基督徒”，特朗普则反击称方济各“可耻”。

Mr. Trump capitalized on growing discontent among conservative Christians and won the White House. The chasm only further widened between the Vatican and conservative American Catholics, who often saw in Mr. Trump a champion.

特朗普利用保守派基督徒日益增长的不满情绪赢得了大选。梵蒂冈与美国保守派天主教徒之间的裂痕由此进一步扩大，后者常将特朗普视为他们的捍卫者。

Pope Leo XIV, who was elected less than a year ago, is not Francis. For Mr. Trump, who is now in his second term, he presents a new foil at the Vatican with a markedly different standing among Catholics. As the first American in the seat of St. Peter, he has a native fluency in American politics and culture, and his leadership is supported across broad swaths of the American church.

当选不足一年的教宗良十四世与方济各截然不同。第二任期的特朗普在梵蒂冈遇到了一位全新对手，他在天主教徒中的地位与前任截然不同。作为首位坐上圣彼得宝座的美国人，良十四世对美国政治与文化有着与生俱来的熟悉，其领导地位也获得了美国教会广泛群体的支持。

This new dynamic was at play in a pointed exchange on Sunday night and Monday, when Mr. Trump unleashed a tirade on social media against Leo, who then stood his ground.

这种全新态势在周日晚间至周一的激烈交锋中尽显无遗：特朗普在社交媒体上对良大肆抨击，教宗则寸步不让。

“I’m not sure this is ultimately going to be a positive fight for the president to wage,” said Matt Salisbury, whose firm provides strategic communications for many conservative Catholic clients.

“总统发起这场论战，我看最终恐怕对他没什么好处，”为众多保守派天主教客户提供战略传播服务的马特·索尔兹伯里表示。

He added that many of his Catholic friends in the Washington area who, like him, voted for Mr. Trump, including some who work in the administration, were “unanimously critical” of the president’s outburst.

他还说，自己在华盛顿地区的许多天主教友人——他们和他一样投票支持特朗普，其中包括一些在政府任职的人——都“一致批评”总统的过激言论。

Unlike his predecessor, Leo has growing support from conservative Catholics in pews across the United States. As the anniversary of his election approaches next month, he has so significantly rebuilt the Vatican’s relationship with the American Catholic right that many in Mr. Trump’s own camp rushed to the pope’s defense on Monday.

与前任不同，良十四世正日益获得美国各地保守派天主教徒的支持。下个月将是他当选一周年，他已大幅修复了梵蒂冈与美国天主教右翼的关系，以至于特朗普阵营内不少人周一纷纷站出来为教宗辩护。

Interviews with conservatives attending Mass at Catholic parishes across the country revealed significant displeasure with the president for his harsh criticism of the pope, a dynamic hard to imagine not long ago.

对全国各地天主教堂参加弥撒的保守派信徒的采访显示，他们对总统严厉批评教宗的行为极为不满，这种局面在不久前还是难以想象的。

Outside midday Mass at the Basilica of Our Lady of San Juan del Valle National Shrine in San Juan, Texas, not far from the border with Mexico, Rudy Gutiérrez, 68, said he had voted for Mr. Trump in each of the past three presidential elections. But the attack on the pope for speaking out against war in Iran amid the threat of escalating violence went too far, he said.

在靠近墨西哥边境的得克萨斯州圣胡安市，圣胡安圣母国家圣殿大教堂的午间弥撒结束后，68岁的鲁迪·古铁雷斯说，过去三次总统选举他都投给了特朗普。但他认为，教宗针对伊朗战争升级风险发声反战却遭特朗普总统攻击，这实在太过分了。

“As a Catholic, I take offense to that, and I am Republican,” Mr. Gutiérrez said.

“作为天主教徒，我对此感到被冒犯，而我还是共和党人，”古铁雷斯说。

At first, many conservative Catholics were wary of Leo’s election, worrying he might be a Francis protégé. But he quickly made it clear that he was gently returning the church to a more traditional path. He has chosen to live in the pope’s quarters of the Apostolic Palace and to renew an old practice of Pope John Paul II by carrying the cross through the Colosseum on Good Friday. He has focused on issues like artificial intelligence, a largely nonpartisan issue in the church, and has not antagonized conservatives over the Latin Mass.

起初，许多保守派天主教徒对良当选心存疑虑，担心他是方济各的门徒。但他很快明确表示，自己正温和地将教会带回更传统的路线。他选择住在宗座宫的教宗官邸，并恢复了约翰·保罗二世时期在耶稣受难日手持十字架穿过罗马斗兽场的旧例。他聚焦人工智能等教会内基本无党派分歧的议题，也未在拉丁弥撒问题上激怒保守派。

2015年教宗方济各访问纽约期间在肯尼迪机场。许多保守派天主教徒不喜欢方济各直言不讳地倡导贫困群体和移民权益。

When Pope Francis toured the United States in 2015, it was his first time in the country. Pope Leo, born Robert Prevost in Chicago, was elected last May after spending most of his career abroad in South America and then Rome.

2015年教宗方济各访美是他首次踏上美国国土。而本名罗伯特·普雷沃斯特的教宗良十四世出生于芝加哥，去年5月当选之前的职业生涯大部分时间在南美、随后在罗马度过。

“Where you’re from matters,” said Kathleen Sprows Cummings, a history professor who specializes in Catholicism at the University of Notre Dame. “He’s got friends, he’s got siblings in the United States. He understands American politics. He knows Republicans and Democrats.”

“出生地很重要，”圣母大学专攻天主教历史的凯瑟琳·斯普劳斯·卡明斯教授说。“他在美国有朋友、有兄弟姐妹。他懂美国政治，了解共和党和民主党。”

“That doesn’t mean that’s why he was elected, or he’s even approaching this as an American,” she said. “But he understands it and he would have been paying attention to Donald Trump in a way that Pope Francis wouldn’t have.”

“这并不意味着他当选是因为这个原因，甚至不意味着他会以美国人的视角处理事务，”她表示。“但他理解美国政治，而且他关注唐纳德·特朗普的方式是方济各不会做的。”

Leo’s modest, calm style also shapes his approach to how he manages volatile American politics. Many conservative Catholics disliked Francis’ outspoken advocacy for the poor and migrants, which they viewed as coming at the expense of other priorities. Although Leo also speaks out for the poor and migrants, he is less dramatic in his speeches.

良谦逊、冷静的风格也塑造了他应对动荡美国政治的方式。许多保守派天主教徒反感方济各直言不讳地倡导贫困群体和移民权益，认为这牺牲了其他优先议题。尽管良十四世也为穷人和移民发声，但他的演讲风格更为克制。

“He’s a very disciplined, reserved person, and that makes his criticism that much harder to dismiss,” said David Gibson, director of the Center on Religion and Culture at Fordham University. “This isn’t, ‘There goes Pope Francis again.’ You can’t say that about Leo. This is a person who thinks, who deliberates and says what he means.”

“他是个非常自律、内敛的人，这让他的批评更难以被无视，”福特汉姆大学宗教与文化中心主任戴维·吉布森说，“这不是‘教宗方济各又来了’。对良十四世你不能这么说。他是一个深思熟虑、审慎斟酌、实话实说的人。”

Leo is showing that Catholic teaching does not fit neatly into American political boxes, said Ashley McGuire, a senior fellow at the Catholic Association, a small nonprofit that promotes conservative causes.

推动保守事业的小型非营利组织天主教协会高级研究员阿什利·麦奎尔称，良十四世正在表明，天主教教义无法简单套入美国的政治框架。

“This continues to vex the president, who is treating him like a political adversary,” she said. “If anything, however, that he is American and still defying American political agendas is demonstrating all the more that the papacy is a spiritual, not a political, office.”

“这持续困扰着总统，他把良十四世当成政治对手对待，”她说。“但恰恰因为教宗是美国人却仍敢于违抗美国政治议程，这更能证明教宗职位是属灵职位，而非政治职位。”

Leo has an 84 percent favorability rating among American Catholics, with overwhelmingly high support regardless of political party, according to a Pew Research Center survey from last year. Francis’ favorability rating was just as high the first year of his papacy, but by the time of his death it had dropped to 78 percent.

皮尤研究中心去年的调查显示，良十四世在美国天主教徒中的支持率高达84%，在两党中都获得了极高的支持率。方济各任教宗首年支持率同样极高，但去世时已降至78%。

At Mass at St. Lawrence Catholic Church in Cincinnati, Ohio, on Monday, Fernanda Moreira said she voted for President Trump in 2016 and again in 2024, but now had strong concerns.

周一，在俄亥俄州辛辛那提市圣劳伦斯天主教堂的弥撒上，费尔南达·莫雷拉表示，她2016年和2024年都投票给了特朗普，但如今深感担忧。

“It’s scary,” Ms. Moreira said. “I was for him very much, but I think he’s going in the wrong direction. It’s sad because he’s done so much that is good.”

“这很可怕，”莫雷拉说，“我以前非常支持他，但我觉得他现在走错了方向。很遗憾，因为他做过很多好事。”

Theresa Thien said she voted for Mr. Trump in 2016 because she was tired of career politicians, but after his first four years he lost her support. Now Ms. Thien believes that the president is in a “downward spiral.”

特蕾莎·廷表示，2016年她因厌倦职业政客而投票给特朗普，但在他首个四年任期后便不再支持他。如今，廷认为总统正处于“恶性循环”状态。

“What kind of leader preaches Christ and Christian behavior and threatens to annihilate a population?” asked Ms. Thien, a lifelong Catholic, referring to Mr. Trump’s recent comments about Iran. “Where people say ‘He’s the best’ or ‘He’s appointed by God,’ I don’t know — I have a hard time with that. He threatened the pope.”

“一边宣扬基督和基督徒行为，一边威胁要灭绝一个民族，这算什么样的领导人？”终身信奉天主教的廷谈及特朗普近期关于伊朗的言论时质问道。“当人们说‘他是最棒的’或‘他是上帝选中的’，我实在难以认同。他还威胁教宗。”

At least one conservative Catholic — perhaps the most prominent one — did not seem to object to the president’s outburst.

不过，至少有一名保守派天主教徒——或许是最有影响力的一位——似乎并不反对总统的过激言论。

Leo should “stick to matters of, you know, what’s going on in the Catholic Church,” Vice President JD Vance, who converted to Catholicism in 2019, said on Monday night on Fox News.

2019年皈依天主教的副总统万斯周一晚间在福克斯新闻频道表示，良应该“专注于天主教会内部事务”。