President Biden’s trillion-dollar effort to invigorate American manufacturing and speed a transition to cleaner energy sources is colliding with a surge of cheap exports from China, threatening to wipe out the investment and jobs that are central to Mr. Biden’s economic agenda.

拜登总统耗资数万亿美元振兴美国制造业、加快向清洁能源转型的努力，与中国廉价出口商品的激增产生了冲突，这可能会抹去对拜登的经济议程至关重要的投资和就业机会。

Mr. Biden is weighing new measures to protect nascent industries like electric-vehicle production and solar-panel manufacturing from Chinese competition. On Wednesday in Pittsburgh, the president called for higher tariffs on Chinese steel and aluminum products and announced a new trade investigation into China’s heavily subsidized shipbuilding industry.

拜登正在考虑采取新措施，保护电动汽车生产和太阳能电池板制造等新兴行业免受来自中国的竞争。周三在匹兹堡，总统呼吁对中国的钢铁和铝产品征收更高的关税，并宣布对中国得到大量补贴的造船业展开新的贸易调查。

“I’m not looking for a fight with China,” Mr. Biden said. “I’m looking for competition — and fair competition.”

“我并不是在寻求与中国的对抗，”拜登表示。“我寻求的是竞争——公平的竞争。”

Unions, manufacturing groups and some economists say the administration may need to do much more to restrict Chinese imports if it hopes to ensure that Mr. Biden’s vast industrial initiatives are not swamped by lower-cost Chinese versions of the same emerging technologies.

工会、制造业团体和一些经济学家表示，要确保拜登庞大的工业计划不被使用相同的新兴技术但成本更低的中国货所淹没，政府可能需要采取更多措施来限制中国的进口。

“It is a very clear and present danger, because the industrial policy of the Biden administration is largely focused on not the traditional low-skill, low-wage manufacturing, but new, high-tech manufacturing,” said Eswar Prasad, a Cornell University economist who specializes in trade policies.

康奈尔大学研究贸易政策的经济学家埃斯瓦尔·普拉萨德说：“这是一个非常明显、迫在眉睫的危险，因为拜登政府的产业政策主要关注的不是传统的低技能、低工资制造业，而是新的高科技制造业。

“Those are precisely the areas where China has upped its own investments,” he said.

“这些恰恰也是中国加大投资力度的领域，”他说。

Both America and China are using large government subsidies to stoke economic growth and try to dominate what they believe will be the most important global markets of this century: the technologies meant to speed a global transition away from fossil fuels in order to avert catastrophic climate change.

美中都在利用大量的政府补贴来刺激经济增长，并试图主导他们认为将是本世纪最重要的全球市场：为了避免灾难性的气候变化，旨在加速全球摆脱化石燃料的技术。

But their approach to financing those industries has differed in important ways. Chinese officials have poured money into factories, including offering attractive loans from state-run banks to companies that might not have survived otherwise, to help offset a real estate crisis and sluggish domestic consumption. Those factories often run on low-cost labor.

但是，他们为这些产业提供资金的方式却有很大不同。中国官员向工厂投入大量资金，包括国有银行向那些本来可能无法生存的企业提供优惠的贷款，以帮助抵消房地产危机和国内消费疲软。这些工厂通常依靠低成本劳动力运营。

China’s factories are now exporting goods at prices that are often far below those of their competitors, helping to power its economy. In some cases, other nations allege, Chinese firms are selling products abroad at a loss.

中国的工厂现在以通常远低于竞争对手的价格出口商品，这为中国经济的发展提供了动力。其他国家称，在某些情况下，中国企业向海外亏本销售产品。

Mr. Biden is also funneling federal money into targeted industries, in hopes of seeding innovation and opening new pathways to the middle class through well-paying jobs. He has signed an infrastructure law, an advanced manufacturing law focused on semiconductors and a suite of production incentives contained in his climate law, the Inflation Reduction Act. The spending and tax cuts from those laws have spurred hundreds of billions of dollars in announced corporate plans for new factory investment in the United States.

拜登也在将联邦资金注入目标行业，希望通过高薪工作培育创新，并且开辟通往中产阶级的新途径。他签署了一项基础设施法、一项以半导体为重点的先进制造业法，以及他的气候法《通货膨胀削减法》中包含的一系列生产激励措施。这些法律带来的支出和减税，已经促使企业宣布了数千亿美元的美国新工厂投资计划。

Some of that assistance comes with strings attached. The administration has conditioned federal money on companies paying relatively high wages or providing child care for workers. Other credits are conditioned on factories drawing on components that are mined or produced in America. Mr. Biden has staked his re-election pitch on creating more well-paying jobs, particularly union jobs, but some economists have raised concerns that those efforts to change corporate behavior will undermine his core industrial-policy objectives.

其中一些援助是有附带条件的。政府规定，联邦拨款的条件是企业支付相对较高的工资或为工人提供托儿服务。其他的信用额度则取决于工厂使用在美国开采或生产的零部件。拜登在连任竞选中强调要创造更多高薪工作岗位，尤其是有工会保护的岗位，但一些经济学家担心，这些改变企业行为的努力将破坏他的核心产业政策目标。

Mr. Biden and his economic team increasingly see Chinese imports as a direct threat to the president’s agenda. They are weighing new and higher tariffs on some strategic imports from China and have initiated several investigations into Chinese technologies, like software and other components of electric vehicles and other internet-connected automobiles.

拜登和他的经济团队日益将中国进口产品视为对总统议程的直接威胁。他们正在考虑对从中国进口的一些战略产品征收新的和更高的关税，并对中国技术展开了多项调查，如电动汽车和其他联网汽车的软件以及其他组件。

Administration officials are mindful of how previous surges of cheap Chinese exports of steel and aluminum hollowed out American manufacturing hubs in previous decades. Although heavily subsidized exports of solar panels, batteries and electric vehicles are helpful for containing inflation and combating climate change, administration officials believe that the prospect of lost jobs and shuttered businesses is too high, politically and economically.

政府官员注意到，在过去的几十年里，廉价的中国钢铁和铝材出口激增，掏空了美国的制造业中心。尽管进口大量受补贴的太阳能电池板、电池和电动汽车，有助于遏制通胀和应对气候变化，但政府官员认为，无论是从政治还是在经济角度来看，导致失业和企业倒闭的可能性都太高了。

The competing goals represent a challenge as the Biden administration tries to make the case that China should scale back its production of clean energy technology.

在拜登政府试图证明中国应该缩减清洁能源技术生产之际，这些相互矛盾的目标构成了挑战。

“On the one hand the Biden administration is doing everything it can to increase consumption of renewable energy products,” said Scott Lincicome, a trade expert at the Cato Institute, a libertarian research center. “On the other hand, it is warning China against the sale of cheap renewable energy products, which would boost American consumption of the very products we’re trying to encourage.”

“一方面，拜登政府正在尽一切努力增加可再生能源产品的消费，”自由意志主义研究中心卡托研究所的贸易专家斯科特·林西科姆说。“另一方面，它警告中国不要出售廉价的可再生能源产品，尽管这些廉价产品将会促进美国人消费我们正在鼓励的产品。”

拜登正在考虑采取新措施，保护太阳能电池板制造等新兴行业免受来自中国的竞争。

Janet L. Yellen, the Treasury secretary, admonished her Chinese counterparts for unfair trade practices on a visit to China last week. Administration officials voiced concerns about Chinese overproduction on Tuesday, ahead of Mr. Biden’s announcements in Pittsburgh.

美国财政部长耶伦上周访问中国时，就不公平的贸易行为向中方官员发出了警告。周二，拜登在匹兹堡发表声明之前，美国政府官员表达了对中国产能过剩的担忧。

“China’s policy-driven overcapacity poses a serious risk to the future of the American steel and aluminum industry,” Lael Brainard, who heads the White House National Economic Council, said during a call with reporters. “China cannot export its way to recovery. China is simply too big to play by its own rules.”

“中国政策驱动的产能过剩对美国钢铁和铝行业的未来构成了严重风险，”白宫国家经济委员会主席莱尔·布雷纳德在与记者的电话会议上表示。“中国不可能靠出口来实现复苏。中国太大了，不能让它自行其是。”

Chinese officials have levied similar complaints against the Biden administration. In a response to the new investigation of Beijing’s shipbuilding subsidies, officials at China’s Commerce Ministry issued a statement saying that “the development of Chinese industries is the result of technological innovation and active participation in market competition by Chinese enterprises” and not unfair state support.

中国官员也对拜登政府提出了类似的抱怨。在回应针对北京造船业补贴的新调查时，中国商务部官员发表声明称，“中国产业的发展是企业技术创新和积极参与市场竞争的结果，”而不是不公平的国家支持。

“We urge the U.S. to respect the facts and multilateral rules, immediately stop its wrong practices and return to the rules-based multilateral trading system,” the officials said.

“我们敦促美方尊重事实和多边规则，立即停止错误做法，回到以规则为基础的多边贸易体制中来，”官员们说。

But Americans are not alone in their complaints about China’s new tide of exports. European leaders have raised similar concerns, including Chancellor Olaf Scholz of Germany, who complained about Chinese goods being sold at a loss in Europe during an official visit to Beijing this week.

但是，抱怨中国新一轮出口浪潮的并非只有美国人。欧洲领导人也提出了类似的担忧，包括德国总理肖尔茨，他在本周对北京进行正式访问期间，抱怨中国商品在欧洲亏本销售。

The European Union is carrying out its own investigations into Chinese imports of electric vehicles, which could ultimately result in tariffs on those products. The bloc has already put in place a carbon border tax that is expected to hit China, which has looser environmental regulations. The new program will charge duties based on carbon emissions associated with the production of imported goods. And Mexico and Brazil are also pursuing anti-dumping investigations into China that could lead to new trade restrictions.

欧盟正在对从中国进口的电动汽车进行自己的调查，最终可能导致对这些产品征收关税。欧盟已经实施了一项碳边境税，预计这将对环境监管更宽松的中国产生影响。新计划将根据与进口商品生产相关的碳排放征收关税。墨西哥和巴西也在对中国进行反倾销调查，这可能导致新的贸易限制。

Bruno Le Maire, the French finance minister, noted on Wednesday that the deficit between what Europe exports to China and what it imports had tripled over the last 15 years and that more needed to be done to level the playing field.

法国财政部长布鲁诺·勒梅尔周三指出，过去15年来，欧洲对华出口与进口之间的逆差增加了两倍，需要采取更多措施来创造公平的竞争环境。

“Europe must show her teeth on trade and on the trade relationships,” Mr. Le Maire said, explaining that while trade wars would be damaging, Europe should embrace the kinds of industrial policies that China and the United States have adopted.

“欧洲必须在贸易和贸易关系上亮出自己的牙齿，”勒梅尔说。他解释说，虽然贸易战会造成损害，但欧洲应该接受中国和美国已经采取的那种产业政策。

“I just want to emphasize the need for Europe to better protect its economic and industrial interest,” he said.

“我只是想强调，欧洲需要更好地保护自己的经济和工业利益，”他说。

The United States and its allies have struggled in the past to muster a coordinated response to threats to their domestic industries from Chinese competition. That could change this time around, said Mark Haefele, the chief investment officer of UBS Global Wealth Management. The success of China’s manufacturing exports, he said, could prove to be “a catalyst for a more coordinated response” from the United States and Europe on trade.

过去，美国及其盟友一直难以协调一致地应对中国的竞争给国内产业构成的威胁。瑞银全球财富管理首席投资官马克·海费勒说，这一次情况可能会改变。他说，中国制造业出口的成功，可能会成为美国和欧洲在贸易问题上“采取更协调反应的催化剂”。

The arguments for tougher protectionism were on display at the spring meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank this week. While the fund warned that tariffs were a threat to the global outlook, top economic policymakers explained why they viewed measures to safeguard their domestic industries as necessary.

在本周举行的国际货币基金组织和世界银行春季会议上，加强保护主义的主张得到了体现。尽管国际货币基金组织警告称，关税是对全球前景的威胁，但高层经济政策制定者解释了他们为什么认为保护本国产业的措施是必要的。

“There’s been a surge in investment in manufacturing, and in these sectors capacity utilization is very low,” Ms. Yellen said on China’s spending on green energy technology. “With these subsidies, the amount of capacity exceeds global demand, and what it’s likely to be even over the next decade.”

“制造业投资激增，而这些行业的产能利用率非常低，”耶伦在谈到中国在绿色能源技术上的支出时说。“有了这些补贴，中国的产能超过了全球需求，未来10年内可能都是如此。”

She added: “And so this isn’t a level playing field.”

 “所以这不是一个公平的竞争环境，”她还说。

The administration has faced pressure to do more to protect American industry. Senator Sherrod Brown, Democrat of Ohio, who is facing a difficult re-election bid, called last week for Mr. Biden to ban Chinese electric vehicles, which already face high tariffs. He called Chinese E. V.s an “existential threat to the American auto industry.”

美国政府面对着采取更多措施保护国内工业的压力。正值艰难连任竞选的俄亥俄州民主党参议员谢罗德·布朗上周呼吁拜登，禁止已经面临高关税的中国电动汽车。他称中国的电动汽车是“对美国汽车业的生存威胁”。

Mr. Biden upset Mr. Brown and other manufacturing supporters in 2022 when he declared a two-year pause on existing tariffs on imported Chinese solar panels, effectively allowing more of them to enter the U.S. market. He vetoed a bipartisan bill in 2023 that would have reinstated those tariffs ahead of June 2024, when the two-year pause will expire.

拜登在2022年宣布两年内暂停对中国进口太阳能电池板征收关税，实际上允许更多太阳能电池板进入美国市场，此举令布朗和其他制造业支持者感到不安。拜登在2023年否决了一项两党法案，该法案将在2024年6月两年暂停到期之前恢复这些关税。

He has also faced pressure to raise tariffs on Chinese components for electric vehicles or other clean energy technology. Tariffs are currently 7.5 percent on electric vehicle battery packs but 25 percent on the components of those packs, said Brad Setser, a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations in Washington and a former adviser to the U.S. trade representative under Mr. Biden. The lower rate should be raised, he said.

拜登还面临着提高中国电动汽车或其他清洁能源技术零部件关税的压力。华盛顿外交关系委员会高级研究员、曾任拜登政府美国贸易代表顾问的布拉德·塞策说，目前电动汽车电池组的关税为7.5%，但这些电池组的零部件关税为25%。他说，较低的那个税率需要提升。

Mr. Setser also noted that China had long steered its subsidies to companies that manufacture and source their products in China — and sometimes had required those companies to be Chinese-owned.

塞策还指出，中国长期以来一直将补贴提供给在中国制造和采购产品的公司，有时还要求这些公司为中资所有。

“In order to build up industrial sectors where China has a first-mover advantage and now a cost advantage,” he said, “you need to have an insulated market — and to use some of the tools that China has already used.”

“要在中国具有先发优势和成本优势的工业部门进行建设，你需要有一个绝缘的市场，并且使用中国已经使用过的一些工具，”他说。