China’s car shipments to foreign markets have quintupled in the past four years. Its solar panels dominate global markets. Even exports in labor-intensive industries like furniture making, which China was once expected to lose to lower-wage countries, are surging.

过去四年，中国对海外市场的汽车出货量增长了五倍。中国的太阳能电池板主导着全球市场。甚至连家具制造等劳动密集型产业的出口也在飙升，在这个领域，中国曾一度被认为会输给低工资国家。

American and European leaders have become increasingly vocal that a flood of Chinese exports is swamping their markets. Developing countries like India and Brazil are joining them in starting to put limits on purchases from China. Rich and poor countries alike fear that many of their factories may need to close, unable to compete with newer, more automated ones in China.

美国和欧洲领导人越来越强烈地表示，大量中国出口商品正在淹没他们的市场。印度和巴西等发展中国家也加入了限制从中国采购的行列。富国和穷国都担心，由于无法与中国更新、自动化程度更高的工厂竞争，本国的许多工厂可能需要关闭。

But China’s manufacturing sector is so strong that its export push will be difficult to counter. China already installs more factory robots than the rest of the world combined. China’s low-cost supply chains produce almost every imaginable part. And Xi Jinping, the country’s top leader, is pushing the country’s banks to lend more money for the construction of even more factories.

但中国的制造业如此强劲，其出口推动力将难以抵挡。中国的工厂机器人装机量已经超过世界其他国家的总和。中国的低成本供应链几乎生产了所有能想到的零部件。国家最高领导人习近平正在推动国家银行提供更多贷款，用于建设更多工厂。

At the same time, Chinese companies are finding ways to bypass trade barriers in the West. They are breaking shipments into small parcels each worth little enough that they are exempt from tariffs. Chinese companies have increased exports to the West through indirect routes in Southeast Asia and Mexico, sidestepping tariffs on goods that come directly from China.

与此同时，中国企业正在想方设法绕过西方贸易壁垒。他们将货物分成小包裹，每个小包裹的价值都很低，足以免除关税。中国企业通过东南亚和墨西哥的间接路线增加了对西方的出口，避开了对直接来自中国的商品征收的关税。

What are China’s leading exports?

中国的主要出口产品是什么？

No category of China’s exports has attracted more attention than cars. In just four years, China has grown from an also-ran to become the world’s largest car exporter, with almost five million cars exported last year.

在中国的出口产品中，没有哪一类比汽车更受关注。在短短四年时间里，中国从一个落后者成长为世界最大汽车出口国，去年出口了近500万辆汽车。

China’s electric car exports have grabbed the most attention, but three-quarters of its exported cars have gasoline engines. As electric cars have gobbled up market share in China, automakers have shipped their excess gasoline-powered cars to markets like Russia, where Chinese cars have captured more than half the market, and Mexico.

中国的电动汽车出口最受关注，但四分之三的出口是燃油动力汽车。随着电动汽车吞噬了中国的市场份额，汽车制造商将多余的燃油车运往俄罗斯和墨西哥等市场。在俄罗斯，中国汽车占据了一半以上市场。

China has begun building its own fleet of 170 transoceanic car-carrying ships to transport its glut of cars to distant markets several thousand at a time. Before the Covid-19 pandemic, the world’s shipyards were delivering only four of these vessels each year.

 为将过剩的汽车运往到遥远的市场，中国开始建造自己的船队，这一船队由170艘远洋汽车运输船组成，每次可运送几千辆。在2019年新冠大流行之前，全球造船厂每年只交付四艘这样的船只。

Ships themselves have also emerged as a big Chinese export, more than doubling in the first three months of this year compared with the same period last year. The United States began an investigation on Wednesday of whether China was using unfair trade practices to expand its shipbuilding industry.

船舶本身也已成为中国的一大出口产品，今年前三个月的出口额较去年同期增长了一倍以上。周三，美国开始调查中国是否利用不公平的贸易行为来扩大其造船业。

Solar panels and their key component, solar wafers, are among China’s fastest-growing exports as measured by quantity. Wafer exports nearly doubled last year. But because solar product prices nearly halved, the total value of China’s solar exports actually edged down slightly last year.

以数量计算，太阳能电池板及其关键部件太阳能晶片是中国出口增长最快的产品之一。去年，中国的晶片出口几乎翻了一番。但由于太阳能产品价格几乎减半，去年中国太阳能产品出口总值实际上略有下降。

The European Union has opened an investigation that could result in limits on Chinese solar exports. The United States has been considering tighter rules on solar imports as well.

欧盟已展开调查，可能导致对中国太阳能产品出口的限制。美国也一直在考虑对太阳能产品进口采取更严格的规定。

中国的一个港口。中国企业避开关税，增加了通过东南亚和墨西哥的出口。

Why is China pushing exports so hard?

为什么中国如此努力地推动出口？

China is trying to export its way out of a housing crisis. Construction of apartment buildings used to be the motor of China’s economy. But a decades-long housing bubble burst and apartment prices plummeted, leading to a sharp slowdown in construction. Dozens of real estate developers have run out of money.

中国正试图通过出口摆脱房地产危机。公寓楼的建设曾是中国经济的发动机。但长达数十年的房地产泡沫破裂，公寓价格暴跌，导致建筑业急剧放缓。数十家房地产开发商已经耗尽资金。

Beijing’s hope is that strong overseas sales of manufactured goods, together with heavy investment in the factories to make those goods, will help offset the country’s housing debacle. The early signs are that Beijing’s bet is paying off.

北京希望制成品在海外的强劲销售，以及对制造这些产品的工厂进行大量投资，将会有助于抵消中国房地产市场的崩溃。初步迹象表明，北京的押注正在取得回报。

The economy grew at an annual pace of 6.6 percent in the first three months of this year, faster than expected. Manufacturing investments and exports led the way.

今年前三个月，中国经济的年化增长率为6.6%，高于预期。制造业投资和出口引领了增长。

How much is Beijing helping its manufacturers?

中国政府对本国制造商的帮助有多大？

China’s state-directed banks are shoveling money into manufacturing businesses. Loans at low interest rates mean that companies can afford to build factories with lots of robots and invest heavily in research and development.

中国的国有银行正在向制造业注入大量资金。低利率贷款意味着企业有能力建造大量配备机器人的工厂，并在研发方面投入巨资。

The net increase each year in lending to industry has been enormous. It was $83 billion in 2019. By last year, the annual increase in industrial loans had skyrocketed to $670 billion.

对工业的贷款每年都有大幅净增长。2019年为830亿美元。到去年为止，工业贷款的年增长已飙升至6700亿美元。

Big Chinese cities are also vying to assist local manufacturers. Shenzhen is helping electric car producers, like BYD, to obtain export insurance, buy ships and set up overseas research and development centers. Tianjin, a vast port near Beijing, is upgrading its docks and streamlining customs procedures.

中国大城市也在竞相帮助本土制造商。深圳正在帮助比亚迪等电动汽车生产商获得出口保险、购买船舶和建立海外研发中心。靠近北京的大型港口天津正在升级码头，简化海关手续。

The export boom comes as China already produces almost a third of the world’s manufactured goods — more than the United States, Japan, Germany, South Korea and Britain combined, according to the United Nations Industrial Development Organization.

根据联合国工业发展组织的数据，中国生产了世界上近三分之一的制成品，超过美国、日本、德国、韩国和英国的总和。

今年前三个月，中国经济年化增长率为6.6%，高于预期。

Can China overcome trade barriers?

中国能否克服贸易壁垒？

European leaders in Brussels have recently taken preliminary steps toward trade restrictions on Chinese goods. In addition to solar products, they are focusing on electric cars, wind turbines and medical devices.

布鲁塞尔的欧洲领导人最近采取了初步措施，对中国商品实施贸易限制。除太阳能产品，他们还重点关注电动汽车、风力涡轮机和医疗设备。

The Biden administration is following up on the Trump administration’s trade actions. On Wednesday, President Biden called for sharp increases in tariffs on steel and aluminum from China.

拜登政府还在跟进特朗普政府的贸易行动。周三，拜登总统呼吁大幅提高对中国钢铁和铝材的关税。

But Beijing and Chinese companies have had years to learn from President Trump’s imposition of tariffs on nearly half of China’s exports to the United States. China’s precautions may make its exports very hard to stop.

但是这几年来，北京和中国企业已从特朗普总统对中国近半出口美国产品征收关税一事中吸取了经验。中国的预防措施可能使其出口很难被阻止。

China has concluded 21 free-trade pacts with 29 countries and territories in recent years. Many of them, like Vietnam and Thailand, are countries the West has also been wooing as it tries to encourage a shift in global manufacturing away from China.

近年来，中国与29个国家和地区签订了21项自由贸易协定。其中越南和泰国等许多国家，也是西方国家在鼓励全球制造业从中国转移出去的过程中一直在争取的。

Because of its trade deals, China has sold those countries many more components of every sort that are built into goods bound for the West. China’s exports to Southeast Asia have leaped 75 percent over the past four years, according to China’s General Administration of Customs.

由于其贸易协议，中国向这些国家出售了更多各类零部件，它们被组装到运往西方的商品中。根据中国海关总署的数据，中国对东南亚的出口在过去四年中增长了75%。

Chinese companies like Shein have also become adept at sending packages directly to homes in the United States, avoiding tariffs. The United States allows residents to import up to $800 a day worth of goods without paying tariffs, or nearly $300,000 a year.

像希音(Shein)这样的中国公司也已经娴熟地直接向美国家庭发送包裹，从而避免关税。美国允许居民每天从海外购买价值不超过800美元的商品，无需支付关税，相当于每人每年可进口价值近30万美元的商品。

Senator Bill Cassidy, Republican of Louisiana, has begun a legislative push for the United States to match China’s limit on tariff-exempt imports, which is $6.50.

路易斯安那州共和党参议员比尔·卡西迪已经开始推动立法，力求将美国的免关税进口限额调整到跟中国一样的水平，即6.5美元。